普通农业植物病理学课件

Melons/CucumberDiseases1.DownyMildew瓜类霜霉病1.1OccurringanddamageThediseaseismostimportantinthewordonCucumbermuskmelon,pumpkin,andwintersquash,thoughallcucurbitsaresusceptible.Ifappropriateconditionsarepresent,plantingscanbeinfectedsorapidlythattheyappeartohavebeenfrosted.世界性病害。我国各地都有发生，露地和保护地栽培的黄瓜，常因此病为害而遭受很大损失。流行速度快，菜农称之为“跑马干”，一两周内即可使除顶端嫩叶外的其他所有叶片枯死，减产高达30%~50%，有的地块因此病为害只采1~2次瓜后就提早拉秧。1.2SymptomsMayharminentireperiodoflifetothemelon,matureperiodheavy.Mainlydamagestheleafblade.Foliarsymptomsvarydependingonhowquicklyinfectionoccurs.Uppersurfacesofleavesmayshowangularpale-greenareasboundedbyleafveinsthatgivetheimpressionofmosaic(花叶).Theseareaschangetoyellowangularspotsandbecomenecroticasthediseaseprogresses.Whenleavesareinfectedbyaheavysporeshower,smallindividualnecrotic(坏死)andchloroticflecks(褪绿斑)appearontheuppersurfaceInamoistenvironment,sporulation(产孢)occursonthelowerleafsurface.Thechloroticflecksappearaslightbrownareaswhenhelduptothelight.Areaswithactivesporulationgivetheundersurfaceapurplishordarkbrownsootyappearance.1.3Pathogens（病原物）1.3.1scientificnameandtaxonPseudoperonosporacubensis

古巴假霜霉菌属鞭毛菌亚门假霜霉菌属

Sporangiophore(孢囊梗)Sporangium(孢子囊

)Oospore(卵孢子)1.3.2Shape（形态）Themycelium(菌丝体)nosepta(隔膜),colorless,spreadinthehostintercellularspace,orentersthehostcelltoabsorptnutrientbytheovalorbranchingfingerhaustorium(吸器).无性繁殖产生孢囊梗(sporangiophore)和孢子囊(sporangium)。孢囊梗由寄主叶片的气孔伸出，单生或2~5根丛生，无色，主干上有3~5次锐角分枝，分枝顶端产生孢子囊。孢子囊淡褐色，椭圆形或卵圆形，顶端具乳突。孢子囊在水中萌发产生6~8个游动孢子。Thefungalgrowthconsistsoflargelemon-shapedsporescalledsporangiathatareborneonbranchedstructurescalledconidiophores.

游动孢子无色，圆形或卵形，有2根鞭毛，在水中游动30~60min后形成休止孢，再萌发产生芽管，从寄主气孔侵入。孢子囊在较高温度和湿度不充足的条件下，也可直接萌发产生芽管侵入寄主。Thisfungusmayproducetheoospore,butisextremelyrare.1.3.3Pathogen(病原)biologyPathogenissuitabletogrowandreproduceunderthehumidity,itssporangium(孢子囊)production,sprouting,zoospore(游动孢子)sproutingandinvasionrequesttheveryhighhumidityandthemoisturecontent.whentheleafbladehasthewaterfilm,under15℃sporangium

cansproutafter1.5h,after2hthezoospore

invadehostimmediately.Ifnowaterfilmontheleafblade,difficulttocomeon.病菌适宜于高湿下生长繁殖，其孢子囊的产生、萌发，游动孢子的萌发、侵入均要求很高的湿度和水分。叶片上有水膜时，15℃下孢子囊经1.5h即可萌发，2h后游动孢子随即萌发并侵入寄主。若叶片上无水膜，即使接种病菌也很难发病。病菌喜欢偏低温度，孢子囊(sporangium)在5-32℃范围内都可萌发，萌发适温为15-22℃，温度升高孢子囊可直接萌发产生芽管。病菌在10-28℃范围内均可侵入寄主，侵入适温为16-22℃，产生孢子囊的最适温度为15-20℃。Resistanceofzoosporeisbad,thelifeisshort,onlysurvivesgenerally1~5d.

1.3.4DifferentiationofPathogenicity(致病性)ofPlantPathogensandhostPathogenmainlyinfectsCucumber,melon,muskmelon,pumpkin,andtowelgourd.国外报道，病菌存在不同的专化型或生理小种。但我国有的学者提出我国的黄瓜霜霉病菌不存在生理分化现象。1.4DiseasesCycle1.4.1OverwinterSoutharea:Theentireyearlyhasthecucumbercultivation,thegerminvadesunceasinglybythesporangiumonvariousstubblescucumberdamages,anniversarycirculation.华北、东北、西北等黄瓜区：冬季，病菌在保护地黄瓜上侵染为害，并产生大量孢子囊，第二年逐渐传播到露地黄瓜上；秋季，黄瓜上的病菌再传到冬季保护地黄瓜上为害并越冬，以此方式完成周年循环。北方高寒地区：BecausethefungusdoesnotoverwinterintheNorth,thediseaseisreintroducedeachseasonbyairborneconidiablownintotheareafromsouthernstates.1.4.2Spread：mainlybyairflowandrainwater1.4.3TheinvasionandbetakenbadAfterthesporangiumsprouts,invadesfromhostblowholeordirectpenetratehostepidermis.Whentheenvironmentissuitableincubationperiodonlyis4-5d,theenvironmentisnotsuitable,incubationperiod(潜育期)ispossibletolengthento8-10d.1.4.4Reinfection(再侵染)

Ondiseasespotproducesthesporangium

unceasingly,invadesmanytimes.

1.5Epidemiology（流行因素）

1.5.1Theclimaticfactor（气候因素）

Generalwhentemperature10℃above,thehumidityisappropriate,startstobetakenbad.20-24℃mostfavorstobetakenbad,incubationperiod(潜育期)shortest.Whentheaveragetemperaturereaches30℃above,evenifthehumidityissuitable,plantdiseasealsodevelopsslowly.

此病的发生和流行与温、湿度关系密切。通常湿度是决定发病的关键因素。多雨、多露、多雾、昼夜温差大、阴晴交替等气候条件有利于该病的发生和流行。保护地通风不当，棚室内湿度过高，昼夜温差大，夜间易结露，该病会严重发生。

1.5.2varietyresistanceTheresistanceofcucumberdifferentvarietyhasverybigdifferencetothefrostmildew.Thegeneralprecocious(早熟)variety,resistanceofgoodqualityvarietyisbad.resistantvariety：中农系列、津杂系列、津春系列等susceptiblevariety：长春密刺、山东密刺等密刺类品种

1.5.3CultivationconditionThecultivationmanagementmeasureisimportantfactortodecidedegreeoffrostmildew,theprotectingcultivationisespeciallyso.Generally,nearbythegreenhouseandtheseedbedcucumberistakenbadearlyalsoisseriously;Hypsographylow-lying,cultivatesexcessivelydensely,ventilatesbad,fertilizerinsufficient,watersexcessivelymore,theadultplantexcessivegrowth,thesurfaceismoistandsoonalltobetakenbadheavily.保护地管理操作不当，放风排湿时间不够，晚上闭棚过早，叶面水膜形成多，霜霉病发生就重。1.6Control

(防治方法

)Thecontrolstrategy(策略):usesthedisease-resistantvarietyprimarily,strengthensthecultivationmanagement,promptlycarriesonthechemicalcontrol.1.6.1Resistantvariety露地栽培的品种有：中农2号、中农6号、中农8号，津杂3号、津杂4号，京旭2号等；保护地栽培的品种有：津春3号、津春4号，津杂2号，中农7号，碧春等。

1.6.2StrengthensthecultivationChoosinghypsographyhigh,drainingwaterisgood,farfromthegreenhouse.Thelandmustdeeplyploughandleveling,applyformulafertilizerthetechnologyaccordingtothesoilfertility.Cultivatesandselectsthestrongseedling,suitablecontrolwateringafterthefieldplantinginthegrowthearlierperiod,attherightmomentploughstopromotetherootsystemgrowth.采用滴灌和膜下暗灌技术，避免大水漫灌。生长后期叶面喷0.1%尿素加0.3%磷酸二氢钾，或喷施宝每ml兑水11-12kg，可提高抗病性。另外，喷施1%红糖或蔗糖溶液，也可减轻病害发生。1.6.3．Ecologycontrol(controlswarmcontrolswet)andairtightgreenhouseforhightemperature生态防治（控温控湿）和高温闷棚Theprotectingfieldcucumbermayusetheecologycontrolcontrolsthefrostmildew.Namely,usedifferentrequestofcucumberandthefrostmildewgrowthtotheenvironmentalcondition,tocreatemethodsfavoringthecucumbergrowthandsuppressingdiseasepathogens,achievedthegoalofcontroldisease保护地黄瓜可采用生态防治来控制霜霉病。即利用黄瓜与霜霉病菌生长发育对环境条件要求不同，创造利于黄瓜生长发育，抑制病原菌的方法达到防病目的。上午升温降湿：日出后使棚温迅速升至25~30℃，湿度降到75%左右，有条件的早晨可排湿30min，实现温湿度双控制，既抑制了发病，同时又满足了黄瓜光合作用的条件，增强了抗病性。下午降温降湿：温度上升时即放风，使温度下降到20~25℃，湿度降到70%左右，实现温度单控制。上半夜：温度降至15~20℃，湿度保持在70%左右，既控制了湿度，不利于发病，又创造了利于光合产物输送和转化的温度条件。下半夜：湿度上升至85%以上，温度降至12~13℃，低温对霜霉病的发生不利，对黄瓜生理活动也无影响。当夜间温度高于12℃时，即可整夜通风，实现温湿度双控制。

Airtightgreenhouseforhightemperature：Infinedaynoon,cancausethetemperatureriseto44-46℃inthegreenhouse,maintainsfor2hours,thenrapidlyletsinfreshair,thetemperaturedecrease,after15daysdoitagain,continuouslytwocancontrolsplantdiseaseseffectivly.1.6.4Chemicalcontrol

使用药剂有：露地可用达克宁、克露、安克-锰锌、克露、乙膦铝·锰锌、霜霉威、克霜氰、普力克、扑霉特等喷雾。保护地还可用烟雾法或粉尘法进行防治，常用的烟剂有：疫霉净、百菌清、霜霉清等；粉尘剂有：百菌清、多百、防霉灵等。Inordertoavoidhavingtheantibioticnature,theChemicalmustuseinturn.

2.CucurbitsPowderyMildew

（瓜类白粉病）2.1Occurringanddamage

Cucurbitspowderymildewoccursgenerallyinourallcountryingreenhouseandfield.Thecucumber,thepumpkin,thepumpkin,themelonsuffersinjuryseriously,thewintermelonandthewatermelonarenext,theresistanceoftowelgourdisstrong.oncediseaseoccurs,theexpansionspreadisveryquick,createstheheavylosstotheproduction.瓜类白粉病在我国各地的保护地和露地各种瓜类上普遍发生。黄瓜、西葫芦、南瓜、甜瓜受害较重，冬瓜和西瓜次之，丝瓜抗病性较强。此病一旦发生，扩展蔓延很快，给生产造成巨大损失。2.2Symptom2.2SymptomThisdiseasecanoccurincucumber'sentireperiodoflife,butinthecenter,andlaterperiodharmsheavily.mainlyharmleafblade,thestemandthepetiolealsomaysufferinjury,thefruitdoesnotsufferinjurygenerally.叶片发病，初期叶正面或背面产生白色近圆形的小粉斑，后逐渐扩大成边缘不明显的连片白粉斑，形似撒上一层白粉状物，此即病原菌的菌丝体、分生孢子梗和分生孢子。严重时，白粉布满整个叶片，随后白色粉状物也渐变为灰白色或灰褐色。秋季或生长后期，有些地区的病斑上可散生许多黑色小颗粒（闭囊壳）。叶柄和嫩茎受害，症状与叶片相似，只是霉斑较小，白粉较少。2.3PathogensPathogensofCucurbitspowderymildewhavetwokindsErysiphecucurbitacearumZhengetChen(葫芦科白粉菌)andSphaerothecacucurbitae（Jacz.）Z.Y.zhao(瓜类单囊壳)。BelongtoAscomycotina(子囊菌亚门)ErysipheandSphaerotheca.后者比前者更为常见。两种病菌的无性态相似，都产生成串、椭圆形、单胞无色的分生孢子(conidia)。有性态均产生扁球形，暗褐色的闭囊壳，附属丝菌丝状。两者的主要区别是闭囊壳内子囊数和子囊内子囊孢子(ascospore)数目。Erysiphecucurbitacearum：闭囊壳(Cleistothecium)生于灰黄色至锈褐色的菌丝层内，较少见，直径80~140μm；每一闭囊壳内有4~39个子囊(ascus)，一般10~15个，子囊卵圆形或椭圆形，大小为40~58μm×30~50μm；每个子囊内只有2个单细胞，无色，椭圆形的子囊孢子(ascospoore)，大小为20~28μm×12~20μm。Sphaerothecacucurbitae：闭囊壳(Cleistothecium)生于白色至淡灰色的菌丝表面，较常见，直径70~120μm；每一闭囊壳内只有一个子囊(ascus)，阔卵圆形或近球形，无小柄，大小为63~98μm×46~74μm；每个子囊内有8个单细胞，无色，椭圆形的子囊孢子(ascospoore)，大小为15~26μm×12~17μm。Therequestedthehumidityscopeofconidiasproutingisbig,therelativehumidityabove25%thensprouts,waterfilmontheleafsurfaceisdisadvantagetosprouts.Thesuitablywarmforconidiatosproutis20~25℃,temperaturerange10~30℃.两种白粉菌都是活体营养型生物。寄主范围广，除葫芦科作物外，还可侵染向日葵、车前草、蒲公英、月季等多种植物。都有许多变种和生理小种，专化性较强。2.4Pathogens2.5EpidemiologyNorthlowtemperaturedryarea,thegermoftenoverwintersbythecleistothecium(闭囊壳)alongwiththesickremainsinthefield;inthegreenhousethegermalsomayoverwintersbythesporeandthehyphainhostplantandinvadesunceasingly.Secondyearspring,whentemperaturein20~25℃,cleistotheciumreleaseascosporeorthehyphaproducesconidia,whenwarm,thehumidityaresuitabletosproutandproducethehyphainthehostepidermis,thenentersinthehostepidermalcellbythehaustoriumtoabsorbthenutrition.Conidia(分生孢子)canspreadbytheaircurrentandtherainwater,reinfectsmanytimes.Tothelateautumntoformthecleistotheciumtosurvivethewinteroncemore.

2.6DiseaseControl控制白粉病应以选用抗病品种和加强栽培管理为主，结合药剂防治的综合防治措施。2.6.1选用抗病品种与加强栽培管理

一般抗霜霉病的品种也抗白粉病，防治霜霉病的栽培管理措施也适用于防治白粉病。主要是：注意田间通风透光，降低湿度，加强肥水管理，防止植株徒长和脱肥早衰等。具体品种和管理方法参照黄瓜霜霉病。

2.6DiseaseControl

TimingFungicidesforCucurbitsPowderyMildewPowderyMildewControl“Mildewcides”QuadrisFlintTopsinMNovaMicrothiolDisperssBenlatePROBLEMSQuadris/FlintmustalternatewithChlorothalonil（百菌清）orMancozeb.ChlorothalonilandMancozebarenotgoodmildewcides.SOBenlateorNovaorTopsinM（托布津）areaddedtoalternatingspraysofMancozeborChlorothalonilforPowderyMildewControl.BUTBenlateisnolongermanufactured(suppliesshouldbeadequateforgrowingseason2002).Note:TopsinMisasimilarchemistry.PowderyMildewProgramBeginsprayslastweekofJulySpray#1=Quadris/FlintSpray#2=ChlorothalonilorMancozeb+NovaSpray#3=#1Spray#4=ChlorothalonilorMancozeb+BenlateorTopsinMPowderyMildewProgramIfmorespraysareneededrepeatschedule.Continueprogramtoprotecthandles.Remembernumberofapplicationsaredeterminedalsobytotalusagelimitsonlabel.FurtherConsiderationsGeneticresistanceforPowderyMildewpermitscontrolwithfewerspraysandlessspecificfungicides.(Merlin/MagicLantern)Veg.Prod.Guide*PMTFurtherConsiderationsPowderyMildewprogramasoutlinedwillcontrolmostfoliarandfruitdiseases.IfAnthracnoseisaprobleminwetsprings,startprograminmid-JunewithoutadditionofMildewcides.FurtherConsiderationsIfMicrodochiumBlightisaproblemstartprograminJunewithMancozebfungicideswithoutmildewcides.BeginoutlinedPowderyMildewPrograminallcasesthelastweekofJuly.CulturalManagementCleanSeedCropRotationCorn,GrassCrops/GoodVineCrops,Tomato,Pepper,Soybean/BadCulturalManagementGoodInternalandSurfaceSoilDrainageCoverCropsInsectControl3.CucurbitsFusariumwilt（瓜类枯萎病）3.1Occurringanddamage

CucurbitsFusariumwiltiscausedbyaseedandsoilbornefungusthatisspecifictomelon.Eachplaceinourcountryhasthedisease.Thecucumber,thewatermelon,thewintermelonaretakenbadheavily.Thecucumberdiseaserateis10%~30%generally,whenseriousmayreach50%,thecontinuouscroppingwatermelonmaydieup.3.2Symptoms(症状)Althoughplantsmaybeaffectedinanystageofdevelopment.Onyoungseedlings,ahypocotylrotanddamping-offmayoccur.Inolderplants,thereismarginalyellowingprogressingtoageneralyellowingoftheolderleaves,andwiltingofoneormorerunners.Insomecases,suddencollapseoccurswithoutanyyellowingofthefoliage.Onstemsnearthecrownoftheplant,alinear,necroticlesionmaydevelop,extendinguptheplantandusuallyononesideofthevine.3.3Pathogens3.3.1scientificnameandtaxonDeuteromycotinaFusarium(半知菌镰刀菌属)

①F.oxysporiumf.sp.Cucumarinum(黄瓜专化型)：主要为害黄瓜，人工接种对甜瓜有较强的致病力，能轻度感染西瓜、冬瓜。②F.oxysporiumf.sp.Niveum(西瓜专化型)：主要侵染西瓜，也可侵染甜瓜，很少侵染黄瓜。③F.oxysporiumf.sp.Melonis(甜瓜专化型)：侵染甜瓜，也侵染黄瓜。④F.oxysporiumf.sp.Luffae(丝瓜专化型)：主要侵染丝瓜。3.3.2ShapeThesmallconidia(分生孢子)more,producesquickly,colorless,oblong,singlecell,two-cellbychance;Theconidia

colorless,producesslowly,few,hookshape3septa.Theapicalcellislong,graduallythepoint,thefootcellhasornot;Thechlamydospores(厚垣孢子)producesslowly,few,paleyellow,circular.3.4DiseasesCycle

3.4.1Overwinter病菌主要以菌丝和厚垣孢子在土壤、病残体、种子及未腐熟的带菌粪肥中越冬，成为翌年的初侵染来源。病菌的生活力极强，在土壤中可存活5~6年，厚垣孢子通过牲畜的消化道后仍能存活。

3.4.2Dissemination(传播)Thelocaldisseminationofthepathogenoccursprimarilyviamovementofinfestedsoilandplantdebris.Infectionofthehostoccursbypenetrationoftheroot,primarilyintheareaofelongation,andisaidedbywounds.Root-feedinglarvaeofthestripedcucumberbeetlemayincreasetheincidenceofwiltandalsoreducethenumberofpropagulesnecessarytoinducewilt.3.4.3Invasion（入侵）Thepathogensinvadethroughtherootwoundordirectlyfromthelateralrootbranchingplacecrackandtheseedlingstembaseopening,firstthespreadinthehostthinwallintercellularspaceandthecell,thenentervascularbundle(维管束).3.4.4Reinfection（再侵染）

functionless3.5Epidemiology（流行）

Plantdiseaseoccurswiththevarietyresistance,thesoilnature,thecultivationcultivation,irrigatesappliesfertilizerandsoontheclosecorrelation.Thecontinuouscroppingisseriouslyill,thecroprotationgetssicklightly;Soilsourness,thesoiltexturemountsheavily,topographylow-lying,drainswaternotgood,soilcoldwet,soillayerinfertile,thecultivationisextensive,entireisuneven,theevenfurrowofcultivation,watersandsoontobeadvantageousexcessivelymanyinbeingtakenbaddifferentvariety（抗病性）hasthecertaindifference.

病害发生与品种抗性、土壤性质，耕作栽培，灌水施肥等密切相关。

连作地病重，轮作地病轻；土壤酸性，土质黏重，地势低洼，排水不良，土壤冷湿，土层瘠薄，耕作粗放，整地不平，平畦栽培，浇水过多等均有利于发病。

不同品种的抗病性有一定差异。3.6Control(防治方法)防治策略是：采取以种植抗病品种为主，结合栽培管理、药剂防治等综合防治措施。3.6.1Resistantvariety：

ThemosteffectiveandpracticalmeansofcontrollingFusariumwiltofmelonisthroughtheuseofresistantvarieties.Worktodevelopresistantvarietiesbeganassoonasthediseasewasdescribed,andnowresistancegenesconferringresistancetoraces0,1,and2havebeenincorporatedintoU.S.commercialvarietiesandhybrids.黄瓜品种有：津研5号、津研7号，津杂1号、津杂2号、津杂3号、津杂4号，津春4号，春丰2号，早丰2号，中农5号等。西瓜品种有伊姆、京欣1号，京抗1号、京抗2号、京抗3号，郑抗1号、郑抗2号、郑抗3号等。3.6.2

Croprotationisgenerallynottotallyeffectivebecausechlamydosporessurvivesolonginthesoilandthepathogencansurviveinorontherootsofsymptomlesscarrierplants.Soilfumigationwithabroad-spectrumbiocideprovidesgoodinitialcontrol,butrecolonizationofthesoiloccursveryquickly.LimingthesoiltopH6.0-7.0,aswellasreducingnitrogenlevelsinthesoil,significantlyreduceswilt.

StudykeystoneofthischapterKnowthekindsanddamageofmainfruitinnortharea.Section1FruittreeleafdiseaseSection2FruittreefruitdiseaseSection3Fruittreestemandrootdisease苹果斑点落叶病AlternariamaliSection1Fruittreeleafdisease苹果褐斑病Marssoninacoronaria

苹果锈病Applerust苹果白粉病Applepowermildew梨火疫病Pearfireepidemicdisease梨火疫病葡萄霜霉病Plasmoparaviticola

桃缩叶病Taphrinadeformans

桃穿孔病细菌穿孔病Xanthomonaspruni

霉斑穿孔病褐斑穿孔病枣锈病Phakopsoraziziphi-vulgaris

4.Thewholetreedisease苹果花叶病Applemosaicdisease苹果小叶病Applelobuledisease苹果锈果病Applerustdisease枣疯病JujubeWitche’sBroom葡萄病毒病Grapevirusdisease生理性病害---缺铁Lackiron1.GrapeDownymildew

（葡萄霜霉病）Downymildewisamajordiseaseofgrapesthroughouttheword.Thefunguscausesdirectyieldlossesbyrottinginflorescences(花序),clustersandshoots.Indirectlossescanresultfromprematuredefoliation(落叶)ofvinesduetofoliarinfections.Thisprematuredefoliationisaseriousproblembecauseitpredisposesthevinetowinterinjury.Itmaytakeavineyardseveralyearstofullyrecoverafterseverewinterinjury.1.1SymptomsAttacksallgreenpartsofthevine.Initially,lesionsareyellowishandoily,andbecomeangular,yellowtoreddishbrownspots.Infectedshootsthickenandcurl,thenturnbrownanddie.Youngberriesbecomegraywheninfected.Rachisinfectioncanspreadintoolderberriescausingabrownrot.Allinfectedparts,exceptolderfruit,arecoveredwithwhitefungalgrowthduringmoistweather.主要危害叶片，也危害新梢、叶柄、卷须、幼果、果梗及花序等幼嫩部分，叶正面形成多角形的黄褐色病斑，叶背产生白色的霜霉状物。1.2pathogen该病由鞭毛菌亚门单轴霜霉属真菌葡萄单轴霉Plasmoparaviticola侵染所致。病菌产生孢子囊及卵孢子。1.3diseaserecycle病菌主要以卵孢子(oospore)在病组织中或随病叶等在土壤中越冬(overwinter)。气候温暖地区，也能以菌丝在芽鳞或未脱落的叶片内越冬。卵孢子在潮湿的土壤表层存活最好，可长达2年。Thefungusoverwintersprimarilyininfectedleavesontheground.Itmaysurviveasmyceliuminbudsduringmildwinters.Nextspring,whentheconditionissuitable,oosporedisseminatesbywindandraintotheadultplant,sproutsandinvadeshost,causesinitiallyinfectionandreinfection.1.4theconditionofdisease1.4.1Plantdiseaseoccurrenceandpopularlycorrelatewiththeclimaticconditions,humidityisthemainfactor,thetemperature,theilluminationalsohasthecertainrelations.Everyincreasesoil,theairandthehostsurfacehumidityfactorandthedaytimedonothavethedirectlightaswellasthegloomyenvironment,likerains,thebadfog,thecloudydayandsoonareadvantageoustothegerminvasion.Themulti-rain,thehumidity,cooliseasytocauseplantdiseasetobepopular.病害的发生和流行与气候条件密切相关，其中湿度是主导影响因子，温度、光照也有一定关系。凡增加土壤、空气和寄主表面湿度的因子和白天无直射光以及阴暗的环境，如降雨、大雾、阴天等均有利于病菌侵入。多雨、高湿、冷凉最易引起病害流行。1.4.2.Cultivationmanagement:lateexecutesthenitrogenousfertilizerormore,theshelfexcessivelylowly,asurfacedense,drainingwaterimpeded,overgrownwithweeds,deadwood,thefallenleafhaspilerandomly,ventilatebad,microclimatemoist,allcancauseplantdiseaseseriouslytooccurandbepopular.品种间的抗病性有明显差异，一般来说，美洲种葡萄、夏葡萄、园叶葡萄、沙地葡萄、心叶葡萄较抗病，欧亚种葡萄高度感病。一般抗病性较强的品种有康拜尔早生、尼加拉、岚-5、镇3、留-8、留-9、商-23、白-35-1等。感病的品种有红地球、巨峰、新玫瑰香、甲州、甲斐路、粉红玫瑰、里查玛特等。1.5Diseasecontrol1.5.1清除果园菌源秋季结合修剪，剪除架上病梢、病枝和病果，清除架下枯枝落叶，集中烧毁或深埋，减少越冬菌源。发病始期发现病花序、叶片及果粒及时摘除深埋。Thefungusoverwintersprimarilyininfectedleavesontheground.Itmaysurviveasmyceliuminbudsduringmildwinters.

对于常年严重发病的葡萄园应考虑定植或更新抗病性较强的品种。Grapevarietiesvarygreatlyintheirsusceptibilitytodownymildew.Ingeneral,vinifera(Vitisvinifera)varietiesaremuchmoresusceptiblethanAmericantypes,andtheFrenchhybridsaresomewhatintermediateinsusceptibility.CabernetFranc,CabernetSouvignon,Catawba,Chancellor,Chardonnay,Delaware,Fredonia,Gewurytraminer,Ives,Merlot,Niagra,PinotBlanc,PinotNoir,Riesling,RougeonandSauvignonBlancarereportedtobehighlysusecptibletodownymildew.

1.5.2StrengthensthecultivationmanagementSevereannualpruningisaveryimportantpracticeforcontrolling

disease.Itisnecessarytopruneoutandburnallexcessgrowth.

Toimproveaircirculation,controlweedsandtallgrassesinthevineyardandsurroundingareas.适当增施磷钾肥，提高植株抗病能力。1.5.3SpraymedicinetoprotectplantintimingPrebloomspraysarenecessaryforcontrol.Promptlysprayprotectingagentbeforedisease,copperpreparationisthegoodmedicamentcontrolingthefrostmildew.可在发病前结合防治其他病害喷布1:0.7:200~240倍的波尔多液(Bordeauxmixture)。2.Jujubewitches’sbroomJujubewitchesbroomisthedestructivediseaseinjujubetrees.Thediseasedistributedaroundthewholecountry,especiallyinhebei,henan,andshandongprovince.Ifthediseaseoccurs,theyoungjujubetreewilldiein1-2years,andtheadulttreesin3-4years,leadingtolargeareajujubetreestobedestroyed.2.1symptomIngeneral,thejujubewitchesbroomhappenfromoneormoretwigs,andthenspreadtoothertwigsorthewholeplant.adenseclusteroftwigsgrowingfromacentralsource.Infectedbranches,theflowerorganbecometoleavesorsmalltwigs.Thediseasedtwigsareslim,andtheknotbecomeshort,theleavesaresmallandchlorosis.2.2CausalOrganism

Thepathogenofjujubewitchesbroommianlyisphytoplasma.Phytoplasmaisirregularlyspherical,thediameteris90-260nm,andoftenliveinconglobationandbunchinessTransmissionofphytoplasmastoplantsoccurswhenleafhoppersfeedfromplantphloem.Thebacteriaareintroducedintoplantphloemwithinsectsaliva.Inplants,phytoplasmasremainrestrictedtothephloemtissuewheretheysystemicallyspreadthroughouttheplant.Phytoplasmascauseseveresymptoms,suchas,stunting,phyllody（变叶病）,witchesbroom,yellowing,andyieldlossesinover300economicallyimportantplantspeciesworldwide.Theseorganismsarenottransmittedviaplantseeds,butmaybetransmittedtonext-generationleafhoppers.Themolecularandgeneticmechanismsunderlyingthediverseinteractionsbetweenplantpathogenicphytoplasmasandtheirplantorinsecthostsremainunknown.2.3DiseasecycleTherootsofinfectedjujubescancarrythepathogenalltheyearround.Sothephytoplasmacanoverwinterintherootsofjujube；inthenextyear,thephytoplasmainrootscanbetransportedtoovergroundpartofjujubewiththenutrientscausingwitchesbroom.Invadedphytoplasmamustmovetorootsalongthephloemandreproduceinrootsandthenmovetothebranchescausingdisease.Graftandinsectvecterallcantransmitphytoplasma,butvectortransmissionisthemainwaytotransmitphytoplasma.2.4Control2.4.1UsingresistantvarietiesResistantvarietiesisthekeymeasuretocontroljujubewitchesbroom.Usingresistantwildjujubeorresistantjujubeasstocktocultivateresistantjujubevarieties,orusingthepathogen-freesciontoreproducedisease-freestock.2.4.2Cultivationmanagementintensifyingthefertilizerandwatermanagement,improvingthesoilconditionbyincreasingtheorganicfertilizer,promotingthegrowthofjujubetreetoenhancetheresistancetophytoplasma2.4.3ControlthevectorinsectsSprayingtheinsecticideintimetokillthevectorinsect-leafhopper,ingeneral,theoptimaldateofsprayingtheinsecticidearethelastten-dayofApril,May,andJune.10%cypermethrin（氯氰菊酯）isincommonuse.2.4.4SurgerymeasureRing-cuttingthetrunkcanblockthemovementofphytoplasma,bythisway,thediseasecanbecontrolledoralleviatedSection2FruitDiseases苹果轮纹病苹果炭疽病苹果青霉病苹果霉心病苹果煤霉病苹果褐腐病梨黑星病梨轮纹病葡萄白腐病葡萄黑痘病葡萄黑腐病柑橘青霉病柑橘绿霉病桃褐腐病桃褐斑病枣黑腐病（缩果）枣炭疽病1.1OccurringanddamageBrownRotisoneofthemostcommonandseriousdiseasesaffectingpeachfruits.Fieldlossesofnectarinescanbeextensiveifconditionsfavorablefordiseasedevelopmentoccurduringtheblossomingorpreharvestandharvestperiods.Lossesofpeachvarywithsusceptibilityofthecultivar.桃褐腐病又称果腐病、菌核病，是我国南北方桃树上的重要病害。温暖潮湿地区虫害严重的果园常流行成灾。可危害桃、杏、李、樱桃等。1.BrownRot,Moniliniafructicola桃褐腐病1.2Sympotom（症状）Fruitrotstartswithasmall,roundbrownspot,whichexpandstoeventuallyrottheentirefruit.Infectedfruitturnsintoamummyonthetree.Exceptfruititcanalsoinfectflowerblossomsandshoots.Thediseasebeginsatbloom.Infectedflowerswiltandturnbrownveryquickly.Shootinfections(usuallyfromflowerinfections)resultinsmall(1to3inches),gummycankers,whichprovidethesourceofinfection（侵染）forfruitrot.Sporesfrominfectedflowersandcankersinfectabortingfruitandhealthygreenfruitduringlongwetnessperiods.Infected,abortedfruitremainattachedinthetreeandprovideanadditionalsourceofsporesformoreinfectionsinsteadofdroppingoffinanormalfashion.Infectionsinapparentlyhealthygreenfruitremaininactiveuntilthefruitbeginstoripen（成熟）.1.3Pathogen该病由子囊菌亚门核盘菌属monilina和无性世代的丛梗孢属monilia真菌侵染所致。病菌产生子囊盘和子囊孢子，并产生分生孢子。

1.僵果及子囊盘

2.分生孢子梗分生孢子链及分生孢子

1.4RuleofdiseaseoccurringDiseaseCycle(侵染循环)M.fructicolaoverwintersinorchardsasmyceliumonmummies,fruitstems,blightedblossomsandtwigs,andcankers.Sporodochiadevelopundercool,wetconditionsduringthewinterandearlyspring.Occasionally,cup-likeapotheciaofM.fructicolawhichproduceascosporescanbefoundonfruitmummiesunderthetree.影响发病的因素开花期低温多雨易引起花腐、叶腐或枝腐，果实成熟期温暖、潮湿、多雨、多雾易引起果腐。贮藏期间病健接触也能传病。果实皮薄多汁发病重。虫害的发生程度和病害的危害轻重密切相关，虫害多发病重。管理粗放，栽植过密、修剪不当、通风透光差病害发生重桃、杏、李混载也有利于发病。DiseaseCycle1.5PreventionandTreatment1.5.1Culturalpractices:Sanitationisessentialifyourorchardistobeconsideredalowriskforabrownrotepidemic.Thepracticeslistedbelow,iffollowed,shouldminimizebrownrotsporepopulationsandlimitthelikelihoodofanepidemicwhenconditionsarefavorableforrapiddiseasedevelopment.1.5.2ChemicalmanagementFungicidesareusuallyrequirediffruitripeningoccursduringaperiodofwarm,wetweather.Itisimportanttobeginsprayingjustbeforethefruitbeginstoripen.Lookforthefirsttingeofchangeintheyellowbackgroundcolor.Startingasprayprogramwhenrottenfruitisevidentwillresultinpoordiseasecontrol.Selectafungicidecontainingthiophanatemethyl,captan,orazoxystrobinthatislabeledforuseonpeaches.Thesefungicidesareonlyeffectiveifcompleteandthoroughcoverageofthetree(s)canbeobtained.Alwaysapplyallpesticidesaccordingtodirectionsonthelabel.2Pearscab（梨黑星病）2.1OccurringanddamageScabisthemostseriousdiseaseofapplesandpearsinallcountry.Althoughitiscostlytocontrol,neglectingorwronglyapplyingcontrolmeasuresma