高中高考英语阅读理解解题技巧专题-干扰选项的特征

高考阅读理解题六种常见干扰项设置手法 阅读理解是高考试卷中分值最大的题型。近年来随着高考命题指导思想的开展，阅读理解题的考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，干扰项常使很多考生陷入误区。抓住试题选项特征，

正确答案手到擒来！1．包含项原那么 在分析选项时，假设A选项的内容概括其他三个选项(或其中一个选项)的内容，那么，我们就说选项A是其他选项的包含项，包含项A往往就是正确答案。 例1Livinginaresidencehallcarriescertainobligation(义务).Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary(卫生)aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerantofanotherperson’shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate’stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate’sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary例2Q:Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat______.

A.

QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.

Healthyhabitsbenefitourhealth

C.

FruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilkD.

Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.包含项原那么预示：选项中内容全面、概况性强的，往往是正确答案。有时不读原文照样可以做对题，但这绝对不是瞎蒙。两选项陈述的内容完全相矛盾叫正反项。假设四个选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般是A项或B项。用排除法先缩小范围，以增加得分几率。2.正反项原那么例3Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.

wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions例4Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusisalittlebetter,butthesurface’stemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause______.A.ithasverythinatmosphereB.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater

3．委婉项原那么所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。语气平和、委婉的选项往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不肯定或试探性语气的词语，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition，tendto，beliableto等等。

而含有绝对语气的词语往往不是正确答案，如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。例5Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,___. A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconcept B.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpower C.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergies D.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.例6Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage? A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementof

all

employees. B.Goodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfield C.Theonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskills D.Whiletheimportanceofone’sabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.以后遇到此类干扰项，可以大胆作出判断！掌握了此类瞬间解题秘诀，不仅缩短了答题时间，还能保障近乎100%的准确率！这就是所谓的“窍门”！

当然并非所有题目都可以这样的。4．同形项原那么 几个选项如存在形式与结构上的相似，那它们就互为同形项。同形项之间只有语言形式的细微变化，考查学生的分辨能力。同形项原那么告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项里一般存在有正确答案。例7Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(与……平行)localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossible B.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry5．常识项原那么那些符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，符合一般规律，属于普遍现象的选项往往是正确答案。这是常识项。植树造林是我国的一大国策，目的在于防止洪涝、风沙、旱灾，所以C为正确答案：树木可以帮助人类阻挡洪涝与旱灾。相对于其它三项，C项意义更加深远。例8Treesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?A.

TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.

TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.

TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.

Theygivehimshade这也是常识项。众所周知，保险公司之所以能盈利，那是因为被保险的对象平安无事，所以，人活得越长，他交的保险额就越多，保险公司利润就越高，IfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.Q:Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits.A.ifthepremium〔保险费〕isincreased.B.ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.

ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.

ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.同形项原那么6．因果项原那么阅读理解逻辑推理根本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理的选项中，有的会推理不到位，有的会推理过头，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原那么：四个选项中，如果因项可以产生几个结果，那么答案就是因项；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果项。Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Q:Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.

advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantagesD.

advocatedoingawaywithuniforms

果项因项果项Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Q:Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.

advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantagesD.

advocatedoingawaywithuniforms

果项因项果项推理过头推理过头六种常见干扰项设置手法1．包含项原那么2．正反项