脑科学课件(英文版)

2024/2/271脑科学徐耀忠生命科学学院2024/2/272BrainScience

SchoolofLifeSciences2024/2/273近代飞速发展1。Cajal

染色神经系统解剖高尔基染色2。神经外科医生

1861Broca运动性语言区

CharlesSherrington麻醉猴

WilderPenfield麻醉人

BrendaMilner两种记忆

DonaldHebb突触可塑性2024/2/2742024/2/275Dr.Milner2024/2/276Dr.PierrePaulBroca2024/2/277近代飞速发展3。Pavlov

经典条件反射4。EdwardThordikeB.F.Skinner

操作式条件反射2024/2/278近代飞速发展5。

RadiographPneumoencephalogramAngiogram2024/2/2792024/2/27102024/2/27112024/2/2712神经科学实验方法（1）在位实验（2）离体实验（3）无损伤实验2024/2/27132024/2/2714电发放记录2024/2/2715延缓非样本配对任务2024/2/2716DNMS操作成绩比较2024/2/27172024/2/27182024/2/27192024/2/27202024/2/2721在位实验实验动物猴、狗、猫、、兔、鼠、荷兰猪鸡蛙、蟾蜍蟑螂枪乌贼、海兔2024/2/27222024/2/27232024/2/27242024/2/2725

NeuronalfastsignallingR.Y.Cajal

GoljiNerveCellWhatistheshapeofaneuron?AxonMyelinsheathDendrites[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmission[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmissionSynapseAsynapticdelay<1msThesynpaticpotentialislocalSynaptobrevinSNAP-25Syntaxin[Caentry]ResponseDoseTransmitterreleaseFastsignallingKd=afewµMHormonalsignallingKD=afewnMGapjunction[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmissionmusclespindleProprioception:musclespindleNeurogliaFigure1.4.Neuroglialcells.Tracingsofanastrocyte(A),anoligodendrocyte(B),andamicroglialcell(C)visualizedbyimpregnationwithsilversalts.Theimagesareatapproximatelythesamescale.(D)Astrocytesinthebrainlabeledwithanantibodyagainsttheastrocyte-specificprotein(glial

fibrillaryacidicprotein).(E)Ascanningelectronmicrographofasingleoligodendroglialcellimagedintissueculture.(F)AperipheralaxonensheatedbytheprocessesofSchwanncells(ingreen),exceptforatadistinctregioncalledthenodeofRanvier(labeledinred).(G)Amicroglialcellfromthespinalcord,labeledwithacell-type-specificantibody.(ACafterJonesandCowan,1983;DcourtesyofA.-S.LaMantia;E,FcourtesyofB.Popko;GcourtesyofA.Light.)Wejustspokeoffastsignallingintheneuronwhichisitselfpartofacomplexnetwork….Intheneuron,

Whatistheroleofthesoma? Theco-releaseofpeptidesandfasttransmitters Thereleaseofgrowthfactors…..[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmission

神经递质(1)Ach(2)nonepinephrine(3)neuromodulator(4)Dale’sprincipleReceptor(1)cholinergicreceptor(2)adrenergicreceptor(3)othersDendritesCerebellarglomerulusmusclespindleProprioception:musclespindleNeurogliaRestingPotentialIonicEquilibria

Nernstequation

ExperimentsDataActiveIonPumpingNa+,K+-ATPasePumpiselectrogenicK+equilibriumpotentialActionPotential

NerveActionPotentialActionPotentialActionPotentialActionPotential Na+equilibriumpotentialNa+ChannelK+ChannelVoltageClampVoltageCurrentPatchClampSingleChannelInteractionoftheSensory,Motor,andMotivationalSystemsisEssentialforEvenSimpleBehaviorFourPrinciples(1)RelayCenters(2)distinctPathways(3)EachPathwayisTopographicallyOrganized(4)MostPathwaysCrosstheBody’sMidlineEachSystemIscomposedofSeveralDistinctPathways

(1)Sensorysystem(2)Motorsystem(3)MotivationalsystemVAB100mMKCl10mMKClK+

permselectivemembraneI10mMKCl100mMKClIVIVUnpolarizableelectrodesElectrophysiologicalRecordings-90/-60mV0mVAcellmembranewithaspecificpermeabilityandalsoelectrical

properties:

channelsareproteinsinalipidicenvironmentRestingPotentialIonicEquilibria

Nernstequation

BigcylindricalaxonsAndchannelconceptSmallmyelinatedaxonsLargeneurons

molluscs

motoneuronesMediumsizeneuronsSmallneuronsAndothercellsAndChannels~1mm1-5µm500µm75µm<20µm5-10µmMetalelectrodesPatch-clampSucrosegapGlasselectroderecordingK.Cole1940sA.Hodgkin&Huxley1950s

HoldandSampleB.SakmannAndE.Neher1992NeurontypeSizeTechniqueHistoryLing1949ThevoltageclampIVVcommandmembrane5mMK+145Na+110Cl-1Ca2+2.Electrical

propertiesofanon-excitablecell:Arestingpotential:

leak(background)channels+Na+/K+ATPaseOnthelongterm,thepumpimposesanassymetrical

ionicdistributionSelectivepermeabilitytoK+Ofthemembraneimposesmostofthemembranepotential140mMK+4-15Na+4-30Cl-0.0001Ca2+CellExtracellular-80/-60mV+osmolarityNa+/K+ATPaseGoldman-Hodgkin-Katzequation-90/-60mV0mVAcellmembranewithaspecificpermeabilityandalsoelectrical

properties:

channelsareproteinsinalipidicenvironmentExperimentsDataNB:Onpassing

current,theionsmovinginthecellandintheexternalmediumisnotthesame(KandNarespectively)ExperimentsDataActiveIonPumpingNa+,K+-ATPasePumpiselectrogenicK+equilibriumpotentialActionPotential

NerveActionPotentialActionPotentialThesynapticcurrentislocalActionPotentialActionPotential Na+equilibriumpotentialNa+ChannelK+ChannelVoltageClampVoltageCurrentThesynapticcurrentislocalRecordinginvoltageclampconditionsNa+K+FromthecurrentstothespikeThresholdConduction,VelocityAnactionpotentialisallornone!PatchClampSingleChannelInteractionoftheSensory,Motor,andMotivationalSystemsisEssentialforEvenSimpleBehaviorFourPrinciples(1)RelayCenters(2)distinctPathways(3)EachPathwayisTopographicallyOrganized(4)MostPathwaysCrosstheBody’sMidlineEachSystemIscomposedofSeveralDistinctPathways

(1)Sensorysystem(2)Motorsystem(3)MotivationalsystemGoldman-Hodgkin-Katzequation

ExperimentsDataActiveIonPumpingNa+,K+-ATPasePumpiselectrogenicK+equilibriumpotentialH-H方程

OrganizationofNerveSystem

InteractionoftheSensory,Motor,andMotivationalSystemsisEssentialforEvenSimpleBehaviorFourPrinciples(1)RelayCenters(2)distinctPathways(3)EachPathwayisTopographicallyOrganized(4)MostPathwaysCrosstheBody’sMidlineEachSystemIsComposedofSeveralDistinctPathways

(1)Sensorysystem(2)Motorsystem(3)MotivationalsystemDevelopmentoftheNervousSystem(1)NeuralCellIdentityiscontrolledbyCellLineageandInductiveInteractions(2)AxonalPathwaysAreFormedinResponsetoLocalGuidanceCues(3)SynapseFormationattheNeuromuscularJunctionInvolvesInductiveinteractionsBetweentheMotorNerronandtheMuscleCell(4)SurvivalofNeuronsIsRegulatedbyInteractionswithTheirTargetsBrain:input/outputrelations+emergingpropertiesInputOutputTheknee-jerkresponse(themyotaticreflex)ThebraindeveloppsfromahollowtubeMelanocytesAdrenalglandDorsalrootganglionAutonomicsystemThespinalcord81255WhiteandGraymattersMetameresCerebrumBrainStemCerebellum+Spinalcordtheendocrine

brainInputs/OutputsBonesupportsthecentralnervoussystemAdiagram+thebones!AmetamericorganizationThecerebrospinalfluidAndChoroidPlexusesThemeningesTheventriclesBloodsupply(andstroke)aB-B-Bthough:thebrain-blood-barrierMidbrainPonsMedullaBrainstemHindbrainInjuries:warcasualtiesStrokeandbloodsupplyofspecificareasEEGbrainrecording,deeprecordingelectrodesBrainimagingComputarizedtomographyMagneticresonanceimagingThespinalcord81255WhiteandGraymattersMetameresBonesupportsthecentralnervoussystemAdiagram+thebones!AmetamericorganizationComputarizedtomographyMagneticresonanceimagingComputarizedtomographyMagneticresonanceimaging脑脑干间脑端脑小脑脑干延髓脑桥中脑脑脑干间脑端脑小脑脑干延髓脑桥中脑间脑一。间脑的分区

1。前区2。内侧区3。外侧区4。后区前区从前往后1。视前核2。视上核3。视交叉上核4。室旁核5。下丘脑前核内侧区1。腹内侧核2。背内侧核3。结节核4。灰白结核外侧区下丘脑外侧核（其间穿插有内侧前脑束）后区下丘脑后核乳头体核下丘脑的功能1。体温调节2。水平衡调节3。对腺垂体激素的调节4。生物节律控制5。摄食行为的控制生物节律控制1。生物节律

高频（低于一天）

中频（日周期）

低频（长于一天）生物节律控制日节律血细胞数、体温、促肾上腺皮质激素分泌下丘脑腹内侧区（视交叉上核）小脑VentralsurfaceInputstothecerebellumMiddlepeduncleInferiorpeduncle(20millionaxons)Theefferentprojections脑脑干间脑端脑小脑小脑作用并不小调节身体平衡（前庭小脑）调节肌紧张（小脑性共济失调、）协调运动编制和存储精巧运动程序处理感觉信息VentralsurfaceInputstothecerebellumMiddlepeduncleInferiorpeduncle(20millionaxons)TheefferentprojectionsFig10Fig11Fig12Fig13脑脑干间脑小脑端脑端脑左右大脑半球大脑皮质、髓质、基底神经节端脑半球间裂胼胝体大脑小脑裂端脑三沟

中央沟、大脑外侧裂、顶枕裂四叶

额叶、顶叶、枕叶、颞叶、脑岛

大脑的内部结构

（1）基底神经节

1。纹状体------尾状核，豆状核屏状核

杏仁核（2）大脑半球的白质

1。连合系-----胼胝体、前连合、海马连合

内囊额部：大脑额叶

脑桥核

丘脑

额叶膝部：皮质脑干束枕部：前份

---皮质脊髓束

中份

---丘脑皮质束

后份

---枕、颞、桥束

听辐射、视辐射（3）侧脑室

前角、后角、下角（4）大脑皮质的结构和分区

脑脑干间脑小脑端脑讨论（一）1。你认为神经系统的构成有什么原则？2。小脑皮层的结构和功能？3。比较小脑皮层、大脑皮层的结构有何特点，和功能有何相关？4。学习神经系统后，有何想法？讨论（二）5。帕金森氏症的病因？6。老年性痴呆症的病因？7。舞蹈病的病因？8。估计桑兰的病是脊髓何处折断？理由是什么？研究学习和记忆（神经生物学和生理学）的历史和进展？

Learningandmemory

XuYaozhongSchoolofLifeSciences脑脑干间脑小脑端脑讨论（一）1。你认为神经系统的构成有什么原则？2。小脑皮层的