2022届高考英语一轮复习 阅读理解练习之说明文

2022高考英语阅读理解专题练习之说明文

（A）

Imagineyouhadnevertastedlemonade.Youwouldstillprobablyassumethatlemonjuice

mixedwithsugartastesbetterthanlemonjuicealone.Becauseyouknowwhatlemonstastelike,

andyouknowwhatsugartasteslike.

Youcanrecallthosepastexperiences,andmakeapredictionaboutyourresponseto

somethingnew.Researcherscalltheabilitytopredictourfutureemotionalstate“affective

forecasting".Andsomehavesuggestedthattheskillisuniquetohumans.Butisit?

“Wecombineddifferentliquidsandaskedparticipants,theorangutan（猩猩）andthehumans,

topredictwhatsuchnovelliquidcombinationstastelike,andwhethertheypreferoneorthe

other,“LundUniversitycognitivescientistGabriela-AlinaSaueiuctoldus.

Sheandhercolleaguesofferedtheircocktails（鸡尾酒）toa21-year-oldmaleorangutan

namedNaong,wholivesinSweden'sFuruvikZoo.Theyusedfouringredients-cherryjuice,

rhubarbjuice,lemonjuice,andapplecidervinegar-whichtheycombinedintosixunfamiliar

mixtures.Altogether,thatmadefor24possiblecomparisonsofonedrinkagainstanother.

Naongwatchedtheresearchersmixhisdrinks.Thenhegottochoosefromthetwosets

beforehim.Andin21ofthe24trials,Naongmatchedtheresearchers'predictions：thathischoice

wouldbebasedonhisrelativefondnessfortheseparateingredients.Forexample,sinceheliked

rhubarbjuicebetterthan

lemonjuice,healsopreferredrhubarb-cherryjuicetolemon-cherryjuice-despitehavinghad

noexperiencewitheither.

“WeareimpressedwithNaong*sabilitytobesoconsistentinhischoices.nBothhumanand

orangutanspeciesseemedtomakeconsistentchoicesaboutfutureeventseveniftheyhadno

previousexperiencetoguidetheirdecision-making.

It'sasinglestudywithasingleorangutan.Butprobablywewillsoonmarkyetanotherskill

offthelistofthingsthatwereoncethoughttobespecifictoourspecies.Perhapswhat'struly

uniqueaboutusisourongoingsearchforsomethinguniqueaboutus.

1.WhatdidthescientistsaskNoangtodointhestudy?

A.Separatedrinkingredients.

B.Chooseoneoutoftwomixeddrinks.

C.Combinedrinksintomixtures.

D.Tastenovelliquidcombinations.

2.Whatisapreconditionforthestudy?

A.Naongcouldappreciatecocktails.

B.Naongcouldreadthescientists'mind.

C.Naongwasunfamiliarwiththeingredients,

D.Naonghadapreferenceforcertainingredients.

3.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Similarresearchfindingsareexpectedtofollow.

B.Theresearchhasdrawnasafeconclusion.

C.Thereisalistofalltheuniquelyhumanskills.

D.Animalsequalhumansineveryway.

4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.OrangutanTaughttoMakePredictions.

B.IntelligenceFoundintheAnimalKingdom.

C.AffectiveForecasting：NotUniquetoHumans.

D.TheOn-goingSearchforUniquelyHumanSkills.

(B)

Inthe1960sand1970s,thegreatestfearwasthatthehumanrace,andpossiblyalladvanced

lifeformsontheplanet,couldbewipedoutbynuclearmissiles.Today,however,environmental

problemshavetakenoverasthegreatestrisktolifeon.

Earth.Scientistsarethinkingofwaystolowerthisrisk,suchasreplacingcoalandoilwith

formsofrenewableenergy.Buttheyarealsopreparingfortheworst:what

canwedoiftheterrifyingscenesinfilmssuchasTheDayAfterTomorrowhappeninreal

life?WhatisourplanBforEarth?

Oneoptionistoexploreotherplanetstoseeifwecouldliveonthem.Themostlikelychoice

isMars,whichisrelativelyclosetoEarthandhasanenvironmentlesshostilethanthatofother

planets.Marshasfascinatedpeoplesinceancienttimes,andtodayourinterestinMartian

explorationisgreaterthaneverbefore.Besides,moregovernmentsaremakingeffortstoeducate

thepublicontheRedPlanet.

ThereisnodoubtthathumankindisdrawntowardsMars.However,sendingpeoplethere

willrequirealltheskill,courageandintelligence.WhiletheMooncanbereachedwithindays,it

wouldtakemonthstoreachMars,travellingthroughdangeroussolarradiation.Andevenifthe

firstsettlersdoreachMarssafely,theymaynotbeabletoreturntoEarth—ever.Stayingalive

willbeadailychallenge,butasprovedbytheBiosphere2experiment,notimpossible.Asearlyas

the1980s,scientistswerebuildingBiosphere2intheArizonadesert,consistingofaclosedspace

inwhichpeople,animalsandplantscouldlivetogether.Althoughthetwo-yearexperimentwas

notasuccess,itdidprovideuswithabetterunderstandingofhowhumansmightbeabletoliveon

anotherplanet.

Fornow,humansettlementofMarsisstilldecadesaway.Untilwearefinallyabletoliveon

anotherplanet,weneedtotakemuchbettercareofourown.Rightnow,it'stheonlyonewehave!

1.Whatwasthebiggestthreattohumansinthe1960sand1970s?

A.Humanracethemselves.B.Alladvancedlifeforms.

C.Nuclearmissiles.D.Environmentalproblems.

2.WhyisMarssoattractivetoscientists?

A.It*sclosesttotheearth.

B.Ithasrelativelyappropriatelivingconditions.

C.Ithasdrawnthepublic'sattentioninrecentyears.

D.Ithasamorehostileenvironment.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?/

A.HumanshavevisitedMars.

B.TheBiosphere2experimentprovedtobevalueless.

C.Humanswillhavetogoandliveonanotherplanet.

D.OurPlanAincludesdevelopingrenewableenergyresources.

4.Fromwhichmagazinewouldthepassageprobablybetaken?

A.TheTraveler.B.EnvironmentalConcerns.

C.MlAboutSpace.D.BiologyforFun,

(C)

Withover4.1billionpeople,oraround55percentoftheworld'spopulation,livinginurban

areas,citiesandtownsworldwidearegettingincreasinglyjammed.Inadditiontospendinghours

stuckintraffic,residentsarealsoexposedtohighairpollutionlevelscausedbytransportation

emissions(排放).Now,SaudiArabiahopestooverturnurbanlivingwith“TheLine“一a

futuristiccitydesignedaroundnature,withoutcars,roadsandcrowdedplaces!

Thetotallydifferentcity,announcedonJanuary10,2021,isthebrainchildofSaudiCrown

Prince(王储)MohammedbinSalman(MBS).LocatedinNeom,a10,000-square-milehigh-tech

planneddevelopmentontheRedSeacoast,TheLinewillbethebaseofMBS'sSaudiVision

2030.ThestrategicplanaimstodiversifySaudiArabia'soil-dependenteconomyintootherfields,

liketourism,andcreateexcitingjobopportunitiesforitscitizens.

The105-mile-longcity,expectedtocostbetween$100billionand$200billion,willbebuilt

alongastraightlineandcompriseseveralself-sustainingcommunities.Toensureallservicesare

withinashort,five-minutewalk,eachcommunitywillfeatureathree-layerinfrastructure(基石出

设施).

Therewillbenocarsorroadsonthetop44pedestrianlayer",soresidentscanfreelywalkand

bikeinthesurroundinggreenspaces.Thesecond€tservicelayer"，willincludeallessentialdaily

services,suchasschools,medicalclinics,leisurefacilities,andgrocerystores.Thethirdt4spine

layer^willhouseultra-high-speedtransportationandautonomousvehiclestransportingresidents

acrosscommunitiesinlessthan20minutes.Theentirecitywillbepoweredwithrenewableclean

energysourcessuchassolarandwind,andpossiblyevenhydrogen.

Ifallgoesaccordingtotheplan,constructionofthisgroundbreaking,complexinfrastructure

projectwillstartbeforetheendof2021.Inadditiontoprovidinguptoamillionresidentswitha

cleanandstress-freelivingenvironment,TheLineisexpectedtocreate380,000newjobs,

promoteeconomicdiversification,andcontributeashocking$48billiontoSaudiArabia'sGross

DomesticProduct(GDP)by2030.Moreimportantly,MBSbelievesitwillprovidegovernments

worldwideablueprintforhowpeopleandplanetcanco-existinharmony.

1.WherecanyoupurchaseabikeiflivinginTheLine?

A.Pedestrianlayer.B.Servicelayer.

C.Spinelayer.D.Thegreenspaces.

2.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheprojectofTheLine?

A.Widely-accepted.B.Ill-considered.

C.Risk-taking.D.Mind-blowing.

3.WhatdoesMBSthinkisthemostimportanteffectofTheLine?

A.TofacilitateSaudieconomicdiversification.

B.Toofferamodelfornature-manintegration.

C.Toboostthegovernment'sfinances.

D•Tocreatemorejobopportunities.

4.Whatmightbethebesttitleofthetext?

A.SaudiVisionforEnvironmentalProtection

B.TheConstructionofTheLineIsUnderway

C.MBS：AnInfluentialLeaderofSaudiArabia

D.MBS'VisionofaFuturisticZeroCarbonCity

(D)

Thisyear,newtechnologieswillenablemoredriverstotaketheirhandsoffthesteering

wheel(方向盘)whileontheroad.Butthatdoesn*tmeantheircarswillbefullyself-driving一

thatdaystillremainsfarinthefuture.

AutomakerslikeGeneralMotors(GM),FordandStellantisareintroducing,orupgrading

existingtechnologies.ButinthewordsofKayStepper,anautomateddrivingexpert,these

systemsare"feetoffand"handsoff,buttheywillnotbe"eyesoff*or“mindoff.

Forthetimebeing,thesesystemswillonlybeusedonlimited-accesshighways,wherethere

arenopedestriansorbicyclists.Vehicleswiththistechnologywillbeabletodriveatrelatively

highspeeds,butonlyinsimpletrafficsituations.

BryanReimer,aresearcherwiththeMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology'sAgeLab,saidit

willbedecadesbeforepeoplecanbuytrulyself-drivingcarsinwhichhumansrideaspassengers.

Still,thetechnologythatwillberolledoutbythemajorautomakersthisyearwilldomore

thanmostso-calledAdvancedDriverAssistanceSystems,orADAS,donow.

GM'sSuperCruisesystemallowsdriverstocompletelyletgoofthesteeringwheelwhile

drivingonselectedhighways.Itwasintroducedin2017ontheCadillacCT6sedan,whichwas

discontinuedlastyear.AnimprovedversioniscomingthisyearontheCadillacEscaladeSUVand

theCadillacCT4andCT5sedans.

SuperCruiseonlyworksonhighwaysthathavebeenpreviouslylaser-mappedinthree

dimensions.GPSpositioningandthevehicles,radarsensors(传感器)andcamerasareusedto

enabledriverstounhand-andunfoot-allthecontrols.

Driversstillneedtopayattention,however.Acamerainthecarmakessurethedriveris

lookingattheroadatalltimes.Ifthedriverlooksawayfromtheroadformorethanafewseconds,

thesystemwillstopworking.

1.Atpresent,whatcantheself-drivingcarsdo?

A.Theycandrivefreelyoncitystreets.

B.Theycanrunwithouthumandrivers.

C.Theyhandlecomplexroadconditionsontheirown.

D.Theyallowdriverstotaketheirhandsoffthesteeringwheel.

2.WhatdoesParagraph6mainlytalkabout?

A.GM'sSuperCruisesystem.B.GM'slatestcarmodels.

C.GM'sdevelopmentplan.D.GM'sclosecompetitors.

3.WhatcanweinferfromthewordsofKayStepper?

A.Peopleneedtotrustnewtechnology.

B.Peoplestillneedtopayattention.

C.Peoplecanlookawayfromtheroad.

D.Peoplecan*tunhandallthecontrols.

4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.It'sHighTimetoGetaNewCar

B.TheIndustrialRevolutionIsUnderway

C.SuperCruiseDoesMorethanMostADAS

D.TheRealSelf-drivingRemainsFarAway

(E)

Unlessyou'reveryyoungorveryold,it*slikelyyouhavesomekindofrelationshipwith

email,whetheryougethundredsofmessagesadayorafewdozenaweek.Anewstudysuggests

thathowwedealwiththeseincomingmessagescouldbeaffectingourstresslevelsandoverall

health.

AteamfromtheFutureWorkCentreintheUKsurveyed2,000peopleacrossvarious

industries,sectors,andjobroles,askingparticipantshowtheymanagedtheiremailandhowmuch

associatedstresstheyfeltasaresult.Overall,thosewhospentthemosttimeorganisingand

stayingontopofmessagesfeltthemostemailrelatedpressuretoo.

“Whileemailcanbeavaluablecommunicationtool,it'sclearthatit'sasourceofstressand

frustrationformanyofus.Thepeoplewhoreporteditbeingmostusefultothemalsoreportedthe

highestlevelsofemailpressure,“saidoneoftheteam,RichardMacKinnon.

Twoofthehabitslinkedtomoreemailrelatedstresswerecheckingformessagesthefirst

thinginthemorningandthelastthingatnight.Halfofthosesurveyedhadpushnotifications（消

息推送）setupfornewemail,while62percentofrespondentslefttheiremailappopenallday

andallnight.Bothwerelinkedtohigherlevelsofemailpressure.Thesurveyalsofoundthat

managerssufferedmorethannonmanagers.

Stressisnotjustaproblemwhenitcomestoourmood-it'sbeenlinkedtoalotofdisorders

suchasheartdisease,weightgain,memoryimpairment（减弱）,digestiveproblems,and

depression.

Theresearcherssuggestthattherelationshipbetweenemailrelatedstressandthenegative

impactonhomelifeisnotthesameforeveryone.

1.What'sthepurposeofthestudy?

A.Tofindouthowmanypeoplehaveanemailaccount.

B.Toknowwhatsortofpeopleuseemailmost.

C.Tofindouthowemailmanagementisrelatedtostress.

D.Toshowwhatchangesemailhasbroughtabouttopeople.

2.WhatdoesRichardMacKinnonthinkofemail?

A.Itbringsmorestrengths.B.Itisnotanessentialtool.

C.Itisadoubleedgedsword.D.Itmakespeoplepuzzled.

3.Whichofthefollowinghabitscausesthemoststress?

A.Checkingemailinthemorning.

B.Checkingemailintheevening.

C.Keepingemailappopenatwork.

D.Settinguppushnotificationsfornewemail.

4.Wheredoesthetextmostprobablycomefrom?

A.Sciencefiction.B.Asciencereport

C.Afashionmagazine.D.Abookguide.

(F)

Attentiontothefightagainstclimatechangetendstobefocusedontrees,but75%ofthe

planet'ssurfaceiscoveredbytheocean,andanaturalprocesstakingplaceunderwaterhasexcited

scoresofinvestorsattherecentWorldEconomicForumwhomaywanttohelp.

DuringtherecentwildfiresintheAmazonrainforest,journalistsoftendescribedtreesasthe

“lungsoftheworld",butthattitlemostcertainlybelongstophytoplankton,whichalonerefreshes

nearly50%oftheatmosphericoxygenonplanetearth,thevalueoffourAmazons.

And,intheefforttostopthewarmingoftheplanet,ourgreatestassistantscouldbelongto

whales,becauseofthegreatamountoftheirexcrementleftinthesea.

AnewpaperpublishedbyeconomistDr.RalphChiantihighlightstheinfluencethatwhales,

especiallybluewhales,andtheirexcrementhaveonclimatechange.Itisallduetowhales*

excrementinthedietsofphytoplankton.

Thetinymarinealgaefloatsatthecenterofseveralmari