高一地理必修一总结

高一地理必修一总结(Senioronegeographycompulsorysummary)

Unit1earthintheuniverse

I.Thebasicformsoftheearthmotion:revolutionandrotation

Revolvearoundthecenterofthesun'saxis

ThedirectionfromwesttoEast(NorthPolelookingoverthe

counterclockwise)fromwesttoEast(seeabovetheArctic

counterclockwise,theAntarcticopposite)

Siderealday(23:56,4seconds)oftheyearofaperiodicstar

(365days,6minutes,9minutes,10seconds)

Theaverageangularvelocityoflo/perihelion(earlyJanuary)

(earlyJuly)fastfastaphelionaroundequalto150perhour

(exceptthepoles)

Theaveragespeedofthelineis30km/h,decreasingfromthe

equatortothepoles,theequatoris1670KM\hours,andthe

polesare0.

Therelationbetweentherotationoftheearthandrevolution:

(1)theobliquityangle:theequatorialplaneandtheplaneof

theecliptic.It's23o26now

(2)thedirectmotionofthesunbetweentheTropicofcancer

Two:thegeographicalsignificanceoftherotationoftheearth

(1)dayandnightchange(2)localtime(3)deviationalongthe

surfacehorizontalmovement,thenorthernhemisphereisright,

thesouthernhemisphereleft

Three:thegeographicalsignificanceoftherevolutionofthe

earth

(1)thelengthofdayandnightandthechangeofsolaraltitude

atnoon

Changesinthelengthofdayandnight

Thenorthernhemisphere:thesummerhalfyear,themoreNorth

daylongerthesuninthehemisphere,

NorthoftheArcticCircleappearlightphenomenonthe

hemispherethatdaylong,theequatorthroughouttheyear

Winterishalfayear,thedaysareshortandthenightsare

long,themorenortherly,theshorterthedays,thedaysand

nightsareequal

NorthoftheArcticCircleappeardarkequinoxphenomenon

SouthernHemisphere:ContrarytotheNorthernHemisphere

Changeofsolaraltitudeatnoon

Springandautumndays:fromtheequatortothenorth-south

direction,fromthedirectpointofthesuntothenorthand

South

Withthechangeoflatitude,thesummersolsticedatedecreases

from23o26toNanddecreasestothenorthandSouth

Wintersolstice:loweredby23o26StothenorthandSouth

23o26,N,reachesthemaximumonthesummersolsticenorthof

thedirectpoint

Astheseasonchanges,thegreaterthe23o26,S,thegreater

themaximumonthewintersolstice

TherearetwodirecthitsbetweentheTropicofcancerevery

year

Four:illuminationinterpretation

(1)determinethenorthandsouthpoles,usuallyusedinthe

topviewport,basisforjudgment:fromthepointoftheearth

toseetheearth'srotationiscounterclockwise,clockwisefrom

thesouthpoletosee;orseethelongitudeeastlongitude

increasingdirectionisthedirectionoftheearthrotation.

(2)determinethesolarterm,dateandsunpointlatitude

Twilightring(orapoleoverandwarp,coincidence)Sunpoint

istheequator,isthespringequinox;twilightlineandcircle

tangenttotheArcticCircle,ifaday-phenomenonforthe

northernhemispheresummersolstice,thesunisnorthlatitude

23o26.“Ifthereis,theArcticpolarnightphenomenonforthe

northernhemispherewintersolstice,thesunis23o26south”

(3)determinetheplaceinthelightofthesun,wherethewarp

is12midday,themiddlepartofthemeridiansurroundedby

twilight1inefor12points,themorninglineandthe

intersectionpointof6equatoriallongitudelineandthe

intersectionpoint,withequatorialwarpas18points,

accordingto150everytime.Adifferenceof1hours,everylo

is4minutes,thetwofirstcalculatethelongitudedifference

(ipsilateralcontralateralsubtraction,addition),andthen

convertedintotime,accordingtotheprincipleofreduction

ofEastWest,calculatethelocaltime

(4)judgethelengthofdayandnight,andseekthelengthof

day(night)ofaplace,thatistosay,thelengthofday(night)

arconthelatitudecoiloftheearth,

Thislengthcanalsobecalculatedfromthelongitudeofthe

day(night)arc

(5)todeterminetheheightofthesunatnoonforthefirst

cornerareaandthesunpointlatitudedifference,ifthedemand

andsunpointinthesamehemisphere,thetwolatitude

difference,ifthedemandandthesunarenotinthesame

hemisphere,thetwolatitudesandtwolatitudeby90o-the

differenceisthesolutiontotheheightofthesunatnoon

Five:twilight1inewithwarpandweft

(1)accordingtotheterminatorlineandweftintersected

judgment

Theterminatorlinethroughthenorthandsouthpolescanbe

judgedonthisdayinMarch21storSeptember23rdafter

TheterminatorlineandtangentpoleofNorthandsouth,north

oftheArcticCirclefortheday,candeterminethedaybefore

June22nd,thenorthernhemispheresummersolstice,the

northernhemispheresummer,southernhemispherewinter

TheterminatorlineandtangentpoleofNorthandsouth,north

oftheArcticCircleforthenight,candeterminethedaybefore

December22nd,thenorthernhemisphereisthewintersolstice,

thenorthernhemispherewinter,thesouthernhemispherein

summer

(2)accordingtotheterminatorlineandmeridianintersection

relationjudgmentdaysarelongandthenightsarelong

Alongdayornightlongprojections,andthelengthoftheday,

thelatitudecircleislocatedinthedaytimehemisphereranges

frommorningtodusktheintersectionlineandweftlineand

weftintersection,thecrosslongitudedividedby15thelength

oftheday,ifthefigurepaintingonlyhalfdayhemispherenote

that2timesinthedaytimelongitudedifference,dividedby

15isthedaylong

Seven:area,localtimecalculation

Thefirststepistoseekthelongitudedifferencebetweenthe

twoplaces

Thesecondstep:tofindthetimedifference,eachlongitude

differenceof4minutestocount

Thethirdstep:thendeterminethedirectionoftheEastand

West,EastandWest,anduseless.Ifthetimeisgreaterthan

24hours,thenminus24,thedateplus1days,ifthetimeis

negative,thenadd24hours,minus1days

Secondunitatmosphere

I.compositionandverticalstratificationoftheatmosphere

1)compositionoftheloweratmosphere:dryair(nitrogen-

oxygen-organismsbasiccomponents,biologicallife

sustainingactivitiesofthebasicmaterial,carbondioxide,

photosynthesisofbasicrawmaterialsandozoneabsorptionof

solarultraviolet"earthlifeumbrella"),watervaporandsolid

impurities(necessaryforChengYuntorain)

2)verticalstratificationoftheatmosphere(Textbook29,page

2.1)

Theinfluenceofhightemperatureandatmosphericmotionon

humanactivities

2000-3000kmofionosphereintheupperatmospherereflects

radiowaves

Stratospheric50-55kmrisewithaltitude,advection,ozone

absorption,ultravioletwarming,andconduciveto

high-altitudeflight

Thelowlatitude:17-18km,10-12km,Zhongwei:latitude:8-9

kmwithincreasingaltitudeanddecreasingconvectionweather

phenomenoniscomplicated,mostcloselyrelatedtohumanbeings

Two:atmosphericthermalaction

(1)theweakeningeffectofsolarradiation

Absorption:selective,watervaporandcarbondioxideabsorb

infraredrays,ozoneabsorbsultravioletlightandabsorbsless

forvisiblelight

Reflection:withoutselectivity,thethickertheclouds,the

strongerthereflex.Duringthecloudysummermonths,the

temperatureisnotveryhigh

Scattering:selective,shortwavelengthvioletlight

scattering,soclearskyisblue

(2)theinsulationeffectontheground

Atmosphericabsorptionoflongwaveradiationontheground,

Trappingheatandincreasingtemperature,becausethe

atmosphericabsorptioncapacityofsolarshortwaveradiation

isrelativelypoor,buttheabsorptionoflongwaveradiation

onthegroundisverystrong,somostofthegroundradiation

isabsorbedbytheatmosphere

Theatmosphericreverseradiationisakindofatmospheric

radiation,whichisdirectedtowardthegroundandcompensates

fortheheatoftheground

Two:atmosphericthermalconditions

Thethermalactionoftheatmosphere

1)thermodynamiccirculation:aircirculationcausedbyuneven

groundtemperatureisoneofthesimplestformsofatmospheric

motion.

Itcanbeseenfromthefigure,nearthegroundtothedirection

oflowpressureisobar(down)bending,highpressuredirection

totheisobars(up)raised

2)horizontalmovementoftheatmosphere-wind

Impact:theisobarmoreintensiveplace,thenthehigherthe

wind(Figure2.10,2.11,2.12)

Intheroleofasinglehorizontalpressuregradientforceunder

theverticaldirection:isobar,pointingtolowpressure

TheCoriolisforceonthehorizontalpressuregradientforce

andunderthewinddirectionandparalleltotheisobars

Intheroleofthreeforces:thewinddirectionandtheisobars

formanincludedangle,alwaystowardthelowerpressurebyhigh

pressuredirection.

Three:GlobalAtmosphericCirculation

1)threecirclesofcirculation(Textbook37,2.14)

Theformationofthesevenzonesandsixwindpressureonthe

surfaceoftheearth,windzonewithsunpointmovingnorthand

Southandthenorthandthesouth,inthenorthernhemisphere,

thesummertothenorth,thelocationofthenorthtotheSouth;

inwinter,thesoutherlyposition(Figure2.15).

Theinfluenceoflandseadistributiononatmospheric

circulation

(3)monsooncirculation(Figure2.18)

RegionEastAsia,SouthAsia,SoutheastAsia

Climatetype,temperatemonsoonclimate,subtropicalmonsoon

climate,tropicalmonsoonclimate

Thedifferenceoflandseathermalpropertiesofsea-land

thermodynamicproperties,theseasonalmovementofatmospheric

pressureandwind

Winddirection;winternorthwestwind(Asiancontinent);

northeastwind(mainlandAsia)

Thesummerwind(Pacificsouthwestwind)(Indiaocean)

Four:commonweathersystem

1)frontalsystems-coldandwarmfronts(Fig.2.19,2.20)

Thewarmfront

Theconceptofcoldairgroupmovestowardstheradiatorand

theradiatormovestowardstheairmass

Weatherfeatures,singleairmasscontrolbeforetransit,clear

weather,singleairmasscontrol,lowtemperature,clear

Duringthetransit,cloudy,rainandsnow,wind,cooling,

continuousprecipitation

Afterthecrossing,theairpressurerises,thetemperature

drops,theweatherisfine,thetemperaturerises,theair

pressuredropsandtheweatherturnsforthebetter

Precipitationdistributiongenerallyoccursinfrontof

precipitation,precipitationgenerallyoccursbeforethefront

Atmosphericexamplesincludenorthernsummerrainstorm,winter

andspringgale,coldwaveandduststorm

2)lowpressureandhighpressuresystemscyclonesand

anticyclone(takingthenorthernhemisphereforexample,

figure2.21)

Cyclonicanticyclone

Lowatmosphericpressure(lowcenter,foursideshigh),high

pressure(centerhigh,fourlow)

Thehorizontalmovementaroundtheconvergencetothecenter

(North"inversetothesurroundingdivergence(Center)along

theNorthSouthinverse)

Verticalmovementupanddown

It'srainyandsunnyandsunnyanddry

Forexample,thetyphoonintheYangtzeRiverBasininnorthern

drought,“aninvigoratingautumnclimateweather

Five.Theformationandchangeofclimate

1)formationfactorsofclimate(solarradiation,ground

conditions,atmosphericcirculation,humanactivities)

Airtemperaturecharacteristicsofdifferentclimatetypes

ThetemperaturedistributionofL,isgenerallylowlatitude

andhightemperature,hightemperatureandlowtemperature;

mountainlowerthanthefootofthemountain;streamthrough

theregionthroughtheregionofhightemperaturethancold

Linthesamelatitudearea,becauseofthedifferentunderlying

surface,thetemperaturesituationindifferentplacesis

different,andtheinfluenceislargerthanthatofoceanand

land

ComparisonofcontinentalclimateandoceanicclimateofL

(northernhemisphere)

Climatetypediurnaltemperaturerangetemperaturemaximum

temperatureminimumtemperaturemonthmonth

ContinentalJulyJanuary

MarinesexsmallAugustFebruary

Precipitationconditionsofdifferentclimatetypes

Ltheequatorialregionisdominatedbyconvergenceandhas

abundantrainfallthroughouttheyear

TheregressionlinebetweenLNorthandsouthtoNorthandsouth

latitude30o,inthesubtropicalhighandthewindunderthe

controlofperennialdrought

L,WestBank,two,toEuropeasanexample,theMediterranean

region(subtropical),summerinthecenterofthesubtropical

highedge,sinkingairdryandlittlerain,thewinterdueto

thesubtropicalhightothesouth,hereiscontrolledbythe

Westerlies,multicycloneactivity,humidandrainy.InEurope

(WenDai),thewesterlywindprevailsalltheyearround,with

moreprecipitationineachmonth,andevenmoreevenly

L,ontheeastcoast,inEurasiaasanexample,inthecontrol

ofthemonsooncirculation,wintercoldanddryairfromthe

mainland,notaffectedbysummerprecipitation,warmairfrom

thesea,moreprecipitation

Ltheinteriorofthecontinent,takingtheEurasiancontinent

asanexample,iscontrolledbythecontinentalairmass

throughouttheyear,withlessprecipitation

Lpolarregionsaredominatedbyconvergenceanddowndraft,

withlessprecipitationthroughouttheyear

2)thetypeofclimate(textbook,page47,figure2.26)

3)thejudgmentofthe10mainclimatictypes(Textbook48,page

2.27)

Aconclusionbasedonfactors

Determinethehighest(orlowest)temperatureinthenorthand

southhemispheres,6.7.8monthsinthreemonths,thehighest

temperatureintheNorthernHemisphere

12.1.2threemonths,thehighesttemperatureinthesouthern

hemisphere

Thetemperaturedeterminetheaveragetemperatureofthe

coldestmonthaveragetemperatureofthecoldestmonthat>15

tropicalclimate

Thelowesttemperatureis0to15DEGCorsubtropicalclimate

temperateclimate

Thelowesttemperaturein15to0DEGCtemperateclimate

Thehottest05Ccoldclimate

Determinethespecificclimatetype,theannualdistribution

ofprecipitation,theannualrainfallpattern,tropical

rainforestclimate,>2000mm

Temperatetemperatemarineclimate7001000mm

XiaYutropicalsavannaclimate(750~1000mm)tropicalmonsoon

climate1500~2000mm)

Subtropicalandsubtropicalmonsoonclimate

Temperatetemperatecontinentalclimate

ThewinterraintypesubtropicalMediterraneanclimate

Lesstropicaltropicaldesertclimate

Arcticclimate

Six,atmosphericenvironmentprotection

(1)globalwarming

Thereason:theincreaseincarbondioxideincreasesthe

temperature

Thereasonsfortheincreaseincarbondioxideare:alarge

numberofburningfossilfuels;deforestation

Danger:risingsealevelsandfloodingland

Changingtheprecipitationconditionandthedryandwet

conditionindifferentplaces,leadingtothechangeofthe

economicstructureofthecountriesallovertheworld

Protectivemeasures:improvingtheutilizationofenergyand

theefficiencyofenergyutilization,andadoptingnewenergy

sources

II.Effortstostrengtheninternationalcooperation

(2)destructionandprotectionoftheozonelayer

Thereason:inadditiontonaturalcauses,mainlyhuman

emissionsofchlorofluorocarbonsusedrefrigerationequipment

Hazards:endangerhumanhealth,damagetotheecological

environmentandagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandryand

fishery

Protectionmeasures:toreduceandgraduallyban

chlorofluorocarbonssuchasozonedepletingsubstances

emissions,strengtheninternationalcooperation

(3)acidrain

Concept:peoplegenerallysayrainwaterwhosepHvalueisless

than5.6iscalledacidrain

Origin:alargeamountofacidgassuchassulfurdioxideand

nitrogenoxidesdischargedfromburningminerals

Hazards:acidificationofriversandlakes,acidificationof

thesoil,damagetoforestsandcrops,erosionofbuildingsand

culturalrelics,etc.

Preventionandcontrolmeasures:themostfundamentalmeasure

topreventacidrainistoreducetheemissionsofman-made

sulfuroxidesandnitrogenoxides.Chinahasadoptedmeasures

todevelopcleancoaltechnologyandcleancombustion

technologytocontrolacidrain

Unitthirdlandandsea

1.Compositionandcirculationofcrustalmaterials

(1)amineralconsistingofrocks

Elements:frommoretolessoxygen,silicon,aluminum,iron

Combination

Mineral:themajorrockformingmineralsarequartz,mica,

feldspar,andcalcite

Accumulationofigneousrocks(granite,XuanWuyan)

Sedimentaryrock:havingabeddingstructure,oftencontaining

fossils,includinglimestone(shale,shale,sandstone,

conglomerate)

Metamorphicrocks:marble,slate

(2)thecirculationofcrustalmaterials

Frommagmatotheformationofvariousrocksandtothe

formationofnewmagmas,thisprocessisthecycleofmatter

intheearth'scrust

Two:crustalchangeandsurfacemorphology

1)geologicalaction:accordingtodifferentsourcesofenergy,

itisdividedintointernalforceandexternalforce

Internalforce:earthquake,volcaniceruption,crustal

movementandmetamorphism

Weathering:weathering,erosion,transportation,deposition,

debrisflow,landslides,landslides

2)thebasicformofcrustalmovementanditsinfluenceon

Geomorphology

Theinfluenceofcrustalmovementonthesurfacemorphology

Horizontalmovementformfoldmountains,suchastherift

valleyandthesea,theGreatRiftValley,formedbythe

horizontalmovementoftheAtlanticmainly,supplementedby

verticalmovement

Verticalmovementcausessurfaceirregularitiesandsealand

changes

3)thebasicargumentofthetheoryofplatetectonics

(1)thegloballithosphereisdividedintosixmajorsections

(Textbook63,page3.11)

(2)theplatesareinconstantmotion,theplatesarerelatively

stableinside,theplatesborder,thecrustactive,volcanoes,

earthquakesandsoon

(3)thetensilezoneplateoftenformedtheriftorsea,Rudong

RiftValley,theAtlantic,intheextrusionplatecollision

zone,oftenformingmountains,whenOceanicandcontinental

platescollide,formingatrench,islandarc,coastmountains,

whenthecontinentalandcontinentalplatescollidetoforma

hugemountainfold

4)geologicalstructureandtectonicgeomorphology

(1)theconceptofgeologicalstructure:crustaldeformation

anddisplacementcausedbycrustalmovement

(2)commongeologicalstructureandtectonicgeomorphology;

Theshapeofthefoldedrock,theerosionofthesurface

morphology,theerosionofthesurfacemorphologyandhuman

productionrelations

Anticlineisusuallyupwardarchingintothemountains,many

anticlinetoptension,oftenerodedintovalleys,oilstorage

structure

Thesynclineusuallybendsdownwardandbecomesavalley.Many

synclineissqueezedandisnoteasytobeeroded

Thefaultonbothsidesalongthefracturerockdislocationof

theriftvalley,onthenorthslopeofHuashanbigcliff;rising

rock:Huashan,MountLu,Taishan,

Fallingrocks:Weiheplain,FenRiverValley,PoyangLake.

Constructionisreinforcedoravoidedincaseoffaults

5)externalforceandtopography

Erosiontransportaccumulation

Effectofsurfacewatererosion,suchasloessplateaulandform

watertomillionsofgulliesandvalleysweredeepenedand

widenedaftercorrosionproducthandling,suchassandflow

ratedecreased,graduallyaccumulatedsedimentdepositionof

sandalluvialfanandalluvialplain,theriverinthemiddle

andlowerreachesoftheRiverDelta

Windforce,winderosiongullyandwinderosiondepressionform

Gobianddesertsandaccumulation,formingsanddunes,sand

ridgesanddesertmarginloessaccumulation,suchasLoess

Plateau

Three,thetemperatureandsalinityofthesea

(1)thetemperatureofseawater;

Thewatertemperaturedistributioninthesamedirectionis

highinsummerinthesameseaareaandlowinwinter

Thewatertemperatureinthelowerlatitudesishigherandthe

watertemperatureislowerathigherlatitudes

Thelatitudeisquitehigh,thetemperatureoftheseawater

passingthroughtheseaareaishigher,andthecoldcurrent

passesthroughtheseaareawithlowerwatertemperature

Verticaldistributionofwatertemperaturefromthesurfaceto

thedeepdownward,at1000metersbelowthevertical

temperaturedifferenceissmall

(3)salinityofseawater;

Concept:thequalityofthesaltscontainedintheunitmass

ofseawater.Theaveragesalinityoftheworldoceanis3.5%

Thedistributionoftwo:intheSubtropicalOceanrespectively

tobothsidesofthelowlatitudeandhighlatitudeareais

decreasing.TheRedSeaishighest(4.1%),thelowestinthe

BalticSea(notmorethan1%)

Influencingfactors

Influencefactors

Theamountofprecipitationandevaporation,precipitation>

evaporation,salinityislower,precipitation<evaporation,

salinityishigher

Runofffromtheseahasalargenumberofriversandfreshwater

injectedintotheseaarea,salinityislow

Theseaareaissimilartothelatitudeseaarea,andthe

salinityoftheseaareapassingthroughthecoldcurrentis

low,andthesalinityoftheseaareapassingthroughthewarm

currentishigh

Four.Themovementofthesea

(1)themainformsofseawatermotionarewaves(waves,

tsunamis);tides;currents

(2)theformationanddistributionofoceancurrents(FIGS.

3.31,3.32)

Windcurrent:NorthandSouthEquatorialwarmcurrent,westerly

drift,northernIndiaOceanmonsooncurrent

Accordingtothecausesofdensityflow:waterflowonboth

sidesoftheStraitofGibraltar,theRedSeaandIndiaocean

totheBeringStrait

Distributedcompensatingflow:Perucoldcurrent

Cold:fromhightolowlatitudeoceancurrents,seawater

temperaturethroughthetemperaturelowerthan

Warm:fromlowlatitudetohighlatitudeoceancurrents,sea

watertemperaturethanthroughhightemperature

Thenorthernhemisphere:clockwisecirculation

Distributionofthesouthernhemisphere:counterclockwise

circulation

Midhighlatitudesofthenorthernhemisphere:

counterclockwisecirculation

OceancurrentsinthenorthernIndiaOcean:clockwiseinsummer

andcounterclockwiseinwinter

(3)theinfluenceofoceancurrentsonthegeographical

environment

Warmcurrent:increasingtemperatureandhumidityis1ikea

latitudinalregion.Theseatemperatureandtemperatureofthe

warmcurrentarerelativelyhigh,andthetemperatemarine

climateinWesternEuropeisdirectlyrelatedtotheNorth

Atlanticwarmcurrent,ifthereisnoPekingUniversity

Atlant