怎么写论文开题报告

Introduction（导言）1．提供研究课题总的背景、意义、研究的现状和尚存在的问题(Background／Setting)2．文献回顾和综述(LiteratureReview)3．突出要研究的主题或问题(SubjectOrProblem)4．研究课题的目的(Purpose)5．研究的价值、意义或论文结构(ValueOfStructure)导言长短视论文的篇幅而定，各部分内容侧重点和比例也因论文的内容、目的而不尽相同。在学位论文中，通常，文献综述部分会作为独立的结构占据一章或两三章。有的导言的内容仅介绍这五项内容中的几项，但大都离不开这五个方面所形成的框架。导言的内容信息从大到小，从宽泛到具体，即，从综述研究领域的概况、课题的背景开始，逐步发展到具体的研究问题。MovesinResearchPaperIntroductionMove1Establishingaresearchterritory(Background)a.byshowingthatthegeneralresearchareaisimportant,central,interesting,problematic,orrelevantinsomeway.b.byintroducingandreviewingitemsofpreviousresearchinthearea.Move2Establishinganiche(Subjectorproblem)a.byindicatingagapinthepreviousresearch.b.byraisingaquestionaboutit.c.byextendingpreviousknowledgeinsomeway.Move3Occupyingtheniche(Purpose,findings,structure)a.byoutliningpurposesorstatingthenatureofthepresentresearch.b.byannouncingprincipalfindings.c.byindicatingthestructureoftheRP.CompatibilityAnalysisofWebServices网络服务的兼容性分析Thewebservicesparadigmpromisetoenabletherich,flexible,anddynamicinteroperationamonghighlydistributedandheterogeneousweb-hostedservicesMoreandmoreenterprisesarerushingtoemploywebservicesintotheirbusiness.Performingcomplextaskstypicallyrequiresmakinganumberofwebservicesworktogether.Forexample,acompletetravelservicecomesfromthecollaborationofatravelagent,anairlineservice,ahotelserviceandabillingservice,etc.Atpresent,severalproposals,suchasBPEL4WS[1]andWSCI[2],havebeenusedtodescribetheprocessofcollaboration.Butmostofchoreographyproposalsonlyprovidenotationstodescribethemessageflowinthecollaboration,lackingofsomereasoningmechanismstoverifytheinteractionbetweenwebservices.Asaresult,apredefinedprocessislikelytobehaveabnormallyduetotheincompatibilityofwebservicesinteraction.Todealwiththisissue,itisnecessarytoprovideaformalmethodtoanalyzecompatibilityofwebservices.Traditionalcompatibilityanalysisofwebservicesfocusontheinterfacechecking,i.e.twowebservicesareexpectedsuccessfuliftheirinvokinginterfacesarecompatible.Wethinktheycaninteractsuccessfully.Butitisnotalwaystrue.Considertwowebservices,oneforonlineshoppingandtheotherforcustomers.Supposethattheyaresyntacticallycompatibleininvokinginterfaces,butnotnegotiatewellincollaborationprotocol.TheonlineshoppingwaitsforpaymentbeforesendingtheproductwhilethecustomerbelievesCash-on-Delivery.Itiscertainthatthecollaborationbetweenthemwillleadtoadeadlock,nomatterhowwelltheyarecompatibleininvokinginterfaces.Thus,thedynamicbehaviorof!webservicesmustbetakenintoaccountwhenanalyzingcompatibilityofwebservices.Inthispaper,weemployautomatatoformalizethebehaviorofwebservices.Withthisunderstanding,weproposeadefinitionofroleamongwebservicesinteractions,i.e.weverifythecompatibilitybetweenwebservicesthroughaclient/servermodel.Webelievethatsuchcompatibilityisvitaltoguaranteethesuccessfulexecutionofcollaborationofwebservices.Thepaperisorganizedasfollows.Afterthisintroduction,section2surveysrelatedwork.Then,wediscusshowtoformalizewebserviceswithautomatainsection3.Section4describeshowtoanalyzecompatibilityofwebservices,andfollowedsummaryandfuturework.研究背景指出先前研究不足突出要研究的问题说明结论和观点篇章结构译文：网络服务范例可保证广泛分布的不同种类的网络主机服务之间丰富的、灵活的、动态的运作。越来越多的企业正争先恐后地把网络服务应用到其营业中去。复杂的任务一般需要多个网络服务彼此协作。例如，完整的旅行服务由旅行代理人、航空服务、宾馆服务以及结账服务等协作完成。目前，如BPEL4WS和WSCI等几个提议被用来描述这一协作的过程。但是大多数提议只提供描述这一协作中讯息流的符号，缺少用来验证网络服务之间的交互作用的论证机制。因此，预先确定的过程有可能由于网络服务之间交互的不兼容而表现反常。要解决这一问题，有必要提供一个分析网络服务兼容性的正式的方法。传统的网络服务的兼容性分析集中在界面检查，也就是说，如果两个网络服务的调用界面兼容的话，他们就会成功协作。我们认为他们就会交互成功。但是事实并非总是如此。拿两个网络服务来说，其中一个是在线购物，另一个是针对顾客方面的。如果两者在调用界面上语句构成相互兼容，但是在协作协议方面没有协调好，在线购物等着顾客付款后发货而顾客则认为货到付款，那么，无论他们在调用界面上是多么兼容，他们之间的协作势必导致僵局。因此，分析网络服务兼容性时，必须考虑网络服务的动态行为。这篇文章中，我们应用自动控制使网络服务行为标准化。带着此种理解，我们提出网络服务之间交互作用角色的概念，也就是说，我们通过客户／服务器模型来校验两个网络服务之间的兼容性。我们认为这种兼容性对保证网络服务之间协作的成功执行至关重要。论文结构如下：导言之后，第二部分回顾相关的研究；接下来第三部分讨论的是怎样用自动控制使网络服务行为标准化；第四部分描写怎样分析网络服务之间交互的兼容性；随后是概要和未来研究。Sample：TheEffectsofWaterScarcityonReciprocityandSociabilityinBoliviaReportsonthestateoffreshwaterreserveswarnthatseverelocalshortagesareimminent,andpredictthatviolentconflictswillemergeinwater-scarceregions.Tobetterunderstandhowconflictsdevelopinwater-scarceregions,researchisneededonthesocialandeconomicfactorsthatmediatecooperationandconflict(Ronnfeldt1997).Iproposetodoanin-depthstudyofVillaIsrael,abarrioofCochabamba,Bolivia,whereconflictoverwaterisanestablishedpartoflife.TheoverallobjectiveistounderstandhowseverewaterscarcityaffectsreciprocalexchangerelationshipsandsocialrelationshipsinaTheexistenceandqualityofintracommunitytieshaslongbeenrecognizedasafactorthatdetermineshowconflictsevolveoverscarceresourcesandotherthreats(Simmel1904[1955],Coser1956,Mack1965).Thedegreeofconnectednessandthepresenceoftiesthatcrosssocialsegmentsarebothelementsofsocialstructurethatinhibitconflictdevelopment(GluckmaninRoss1993,LeVineandCampbell1972).Althoughearlyconflicttheoristscalledforempiricalresearchtoinvestigatewhenandinwhatordersocialtiesarebroken(Coleman1957),suchstudieshavebeenconductedinonlyafewgeographicregionsandonafewenvironmentalscarcities.Assumingthatallhouseholdsengageinexchangeandsocialrelationships,andthattheamountofwateravailabletothehouseholdsvaries,Iproposetenhypotheses:H1.Generalizedreciprocalexchangeswilloccurmorefrequentlyinthewetseasonthaninthedryseason.H2.Socialinteractionswilloccurmorefrequentlyinthewetseasonthaninthedryseason.H3.Duringthedryseason,householdswithmorewaterwillengageinmoregeneralizedreciprocalexchangesthanwillhouseholdswithlesswater.Theresearchwillproceedintwophases.Duringthefirstphase,Iwillselecta60-householdpurposivesample,createandtestinterviewprotocols,choosekeyinformants,andtrainaresearchassistant.Thefirstphasewilllaythegroundworkforthesecond,sothatIwillbepreparedtocompleteabaselineassessmentofexchangeandsocialinteractionsbeforethedryseasonbeginsinMay.Duringthesecondphase,Iwillconductin-depthinterviewswithkeyinformantsandfourethnographicinterviewswitheachhouseholdinthesample.Attheendofthesecondphase,Iwillconductaseriesofexperimentaleconomicgamestodeterminethenormsoftrustandreciprocityinthecommunity.CochabambaisalargeBoliviancitylocatedinasemi-aridzone,madefamousin2000byprotestsandriotsoverwaterdeliverythatreceivedinternationalattention.There,arapidincreaseinwaterdemandcausedbyurbangrowth,groundwaterscarcity,andtopographythatdrainswaterawayfromthecityhaveintensifiedpressuresonthemunicipalwaterdistributionsystem(LaurieandMarvin1999).Lackingthecapitaltoextendwaterservicestoitsgrowingperiphery,Cochabambacontainsalargepopulationofmarginalurbanresidentsthatlackaccesstothemunicipalwatersystem.UsingtheUni6nCristianaEvangelicacensusofVillaIsraelasasampleframe,Iwillselectapurposivesampleof60households.Householdswillbeselectedtomaximizevariationonthefollowingvariables:numberofmembers,ethnicity,religiousaffiliation,headofhousehold'sprofession,andgeographiclocationofthehouse(distancefromwatersources).Althoughchoosingapurposivesamplerendersgeneralizationfromthestudyimpossible,thepurposivesamplewillenablemetochoosehouseholdsthatmaximizevariationontheindependentvariables(Bernard2002).Dataentryandcodinginterviewswillbetranscribedbythefieldassistantastheyareconducted.Datafromtheinterviewswillbeusedtoconstructanordinalmeasureofwateruse(H4~H6)andfourinterval-leveldependentvariables:thenumberofgeneralizedreciprocalexchangesthatoccurredinthelastweek(H1,H3),thenumberofhouseholdswithwhichtherespondentsexchangedinthelastweek(H4),thenumberofsocialvisitsthatoccurredinthelastweek(H2,H5),thenumberofhouseholdswithwhichtherespondentsvisitedinthelastweek(H6).Theamountofoffers(H7)andcounter-offers(H8)madeduringtheinvestmentgamewillberecordedinBolivianos.QuantitativedataforhouseholdswillbeentereddirectlyintoExcelspreadsheets.Iwilluset-teststocomparemeannumbersofexchangeandsocialinteractionsfor