考研英语试题及答案

1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIStructureandVocabulary

PartA

Directions:

Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorresponding

letter

inthebrackets.(5points)

1.

Door

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

youenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften,betterthananactualperformance.

asgoodasasgoodgood

goodas

2.

Mypain apparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

mustbehad

musthavebeen

hadtobe

3.

Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebook

me shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

for[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

ever

mucheven

since

asthough

ifonly

4.

Observationsweremade thechildrenatthebeginningandattheendofpreschoolandfirstgrade.

towards

of

on

with

5.

Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,

each one

majorpointincontrastwiththeother.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

makesmade

istomake

making

6.

AsafetyanalysisUnfortunately,it

thetargetasapotentialdanger.wasneverdone.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

wouldidentifywillidentify

wouldhaveidentified

willhaveidentified

7.

The

numberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwas

half .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

oflastyear’s

thoseoflastyear’s

ofthoseoflastyear's

thatoflastyear’s

8.

For

there successfulcommunication,theremustbe

attentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

is

tobewillbe

being

9.

TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlywhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.

giving

gave

togive

given

10.Noonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverything

goingonintheworld.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

itis

asisthereis

whatis

PartB

Directions:

Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)

11.I’dratheryouwouldgobytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaof

B

A

yourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.

C

D

12.It’sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicalabletoresistthe

A

B

impactbroughtaboutbytheC

marketeconomy.

transitionfromplannedeconomyto

D

13.Somebossesdisliketoallowpeopletosharetheirresponsibilities;

A

theykeepallimportantmatters

C

B

tightlyintheirownhands.

D

14.Eachcigarettewhichapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventually

A

B

youmaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.

C

D

15.Onthewhole,

A

ambitiousstudentsaremuchlikelytosucceedin

B

theirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.

C

D

16.

Despitemuchresearch,thereA

arestillcertainelementsinthelife

B

cycleoftheinsectthatisnotfullyunderstood.

C

D

17.

In1921EinsteinwontheNobelPrize,andwashonoredinGermany

A

untiltheriseofNazismthenhewasdrivenfromGermanybecausehe

B

wasaJew.

C

D

18.

Thedatareceivedfrom

A

the

twospacecraftswhirlingaroundMarsB

indicatethatthereismuchevidencethathugethunderstormsC

areoccurringabouttheequatoroftheplanet.

D

19.

Generallyspeaking,thebirdflyingacrossourpathisobserved,and

A

theonestayingonthetreenearathandispassedbywithoutany

B

noticetakingofit.

D

C

20.

Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth’sthatit

A

B

completesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimethat

C

takestheEarthtocompleteone.

D

PartC

Directions:

Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)

21.

IwasspeakingtoAnnonthephonewhensuddenlywewere .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

hunguphungbackcutdown

cutoff

22.

She

wonderedifshecouldhavetheopportunitytospend here

sothatshecouldlearnmoreaboutthecity.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

sometimessometimesometime

sometimes

23.

Ms.

Greenhasbeenlivingintownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseems

tobe witheveryonewhocomestothestore.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

acceptedadmittedadmired

acquainted

24.

Hedoesnot asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

equalmatchqualify

fit

25.

Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

pursuingchasingreaching

winning

26.

The

discussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat the

speakersstoppedforrefreshments.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

atatat

at

largeintervalsease

random

27.

Whentravelling,youareadvisedtotaketravellers’checks,whichprovideasecure tocarryingyourmoneyincash.

substitute

selection[C]preference

[D]alternative

28.

InevertrustedhimbecauseIalwaysthoughtofhimassucha character.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

gracioussuspiciousunique

particular

29.

Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthisproducesartificialcoldsurroundingit.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

absorptiontransitionconsumption

interaction

30.

Ididn’tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely

myideastoproveyour

point.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

revisingcontradictingdistorting

distracting

31.

Language,culture,andeachotherinthought,

personalitymaybeconsidered ofbuttheyareinseparableinfact.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

indistinctlyseparatelyirrelevantly

independently

32.

Watchingmilkmaid

mepullingthecalfawkwardlytothebarn,theIrishfoughthardto herlaughter.

backonout

up

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

holdholdhold

hold

33.

The

managergaveoneofthesalesgirlsanaccusinglookforher

attitudetowardcustomers.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

impartialmildhostile

opposing

34.

I withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewcolumn.

[A]express[B]confess

verify

acknowledge

35.

Itisstrictly thataccesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbutafew.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

securedforbiddenregulated

determined

36.

The

pollutionquestionaswellasseveralotherissuesisgoingto

bediscussedwhentheCongressisin againnextspring.

assembly

session

conference

convention

37.

ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25th

thebirthofJesusChrist.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

accordancewith

ininin

in

terms

favorhonor

of

ofof

38.

Sinceitistoolatetochangemymindnow,Iam tocarrying

out[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

theplan.obligedcommittedengaged

resolved

39.

Itwasaboldideatobuildapowerstationinthedeepvalley,but

it[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

aswellaswehadhoped.cameoff

wentoff

broughtoutmadeout

40.

Tosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries,wemustthequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworld-marketdemand.

improve

enhanced[C]guarantee

[D]gear

SectionIIClozeTest

Directions:

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets

withapencil.(10points)

Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.

Theydonotprovideenergy,

41

dotheyconstructorbuildany

partofthebody.Theyareneededfor

42 foodsintoenergyandbody

maintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif

43 is

missingadeficiencydiseasebecomes

44

.

Vitaminsare

similarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements--

usuallycarbon,

hydrogen,oxygen,and

45

nitrogen.Theyare

different

46

theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeach

vitamin

47

oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.

48

enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhas

nonutritionalusefor 49 vitamins.Manypeople,

50 ,believe

inbeingonthe“safeside”andthustakeextravitamins.However,a

well-balanceddietwill

usually

meet

all

the

body’s

vitamin

needs.

41.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

eitherso

nor

never

42.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

shiftingtransferringaltering

transforming

43.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

anysome

anything

something

44.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

seriousapparentsevere

fatal

45.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

mostlypartiallysometimes

rarely

46.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

inthatsothatsuchthat

exceptthat

47.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

undertakesholdsplays

performs

48.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

SupplyingGettingProviding

Furnishing

49.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

exceptionalexceedingexcess

external

50.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

neverthelessthereforemoreover

meanwhile

Section

III

ReadingComprehension

Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.

Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)

Text1

Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthis

world,butwhatyouget.”

Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.

Youcanmakeamentalblueprintblueprintofahouse,andeachofblueprintsinthegeneralroutineof

ofadesireasyouwouldmakeausiscontinuallymakingtheseeverydayliving.Ifweintendto

havefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.

Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.

Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications,willpayhimtoemployyouandyour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.

Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.

Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,“It’snotwhatyouwantin

thisworld,butwhatyouget.”?

You’llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.

[B]It’snousedreaming.

Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.

[C]

[D]It’sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.

52.

Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajobanindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob

aguidelineforjobdescription

aprincipleforjobevaluation

53.

Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbefore

startingto

findajobbecause .

thefirststeptopleasetheemployer

therequirementoftheemployer

is

[A]that

[B]thatis

itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices

itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself

54.

Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

definitetooffer

imaginary

practicaldesirable

to

toto

provide

supplypresent

Text2

BBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewers

Withthestart

of

inAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.

AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannuallicensefeeof￡83perhousehold.

Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years--yettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,

butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.

ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewers--tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.

DefendersoftheCorporation--ofwhomtherearemany--arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain’tbroke,don’tfixit.”TheBBC“ain’tbroke,”theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?

YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels–ITVandChannel4

--wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels--fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’subscriptions--whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.

55.

The[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

worldfamousBBCnowfaces .theproblemofnewcoverage

anuncertainprospect

thegeneralpublic

audience

inquiriesby

shrinkageof

56.

Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedasthekeyissue?

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.Potentialsforfurtherinternationalcooperations.

Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.

57.

The

BBC’s“royalcharter”(Line4,Paragraph4)standsfor

.

[A]

[B]

[C]

thefinancialsupportfromtheroyalfamilytheprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen

acontractwiththeQueen

[D]auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily

58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

thethethe

the

emergenceofcommercialTVchannels

enforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernmenturgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs

challengeofnewsatellitechannels

Text3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“labour”

wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.

Manyanoldbureaucracyrequirements

firmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithaofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementand

preventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towards

collectivismandcompanies,thoughshareholders,were

municipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaystillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethe

greatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.

The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughts

orneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhich

heheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirect

relationwiththemenandtheirdemands,familiarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemof

butevenhehadseldomthatwhichtheemployerhadoftentheoldfamilybusinessnow

passingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersof

workmen

involved

rendered

suchpersonal

relationsimpossible.

Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.

59.

It’strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

theytheythey

they

werespoiledbytheyoungergenerationsfailedforlackofindividualinitiative

lackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies

couldsupply

adequateservicestothetaxpayers

60.

The[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

growthoflimited

liabilitycompaniesresultedin .

capitalfrommanagement

separationof

thethethe

the

ownershipofcapitalbymanagers

emergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses

participationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness

61.

Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTthat

.

theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers

theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers

thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly

[D]

thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole

62.

The[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

authorismostcriticalof .familyfilmowners

landowners

managersshareholders

Text4

WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?

Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools:alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,“spatial”thinkingaboutthingstechnological.

Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.

Acute

foreign

observers

related

American

adaptiveness

and

inventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”

Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium”system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.

IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.

Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.”

Thisnonverbal“spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”

Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremium

system,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwith

oneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfame

and

excellence.

63.

Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

elementaryschoolsenthusiasticworkers

theattractivepremiumsystem

aspecialwayofthinking

64.

ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge

shedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement

wasbroughtabout

byprivilegedhometraining

technologicaldevelopment

owedalot

tothe

65.

Atechnologist

canbe

comparedtoanartistbecause

.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

bothwinnersofawards

theytheythey

they

are

are

spatialthinking

description

bothexpertsin

bothabandonverbal

bothusevariousinstruments

66.

best

titleforthispassagemightbe .

The[A]

[B]

[B]

[D]

InventiveMindEffectiveSchoolingWaysofThinking

OutpouringofInventions

Text5

Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,and

biology

have

provided

a

consistent,

unified,

and

constantly

improving

account

of

whathappened.

“Scientific”

creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnon-fundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.

ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.

Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”Andsoitdoes

--andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.

67.

“Creationism”inthepassagerefersto .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse

anotionofthecreationofreligion

thescientificexplanation

thedeceptivetheoryabout

oftheearthformation

theoriginoftheuniverse

68.

Kitcher’sbookisintendedto

.

evolutionists

recommendtheviewsofthe

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

exposethetruefeaturesofcreationistscursebitterlyatthisopponents

launchasurpriseattackoncreationists

69.

Fromthepassagewecaninferthat .

[A]reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate

[B]

creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning

evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists

creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings

[C]

[D]

70.Thispassageappearstobeadigestof .

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

aaa

a

bookreviewscientificpapermagazinefeature

newspapereditorial

SectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslation

Directions:

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime,questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.

73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting

“good”asopposedto“bad”science,butavalid

determinationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsci