第06讲完形填空突破大学四级词汇进阶题型综合练

第06讲：完形填空突破第06讲：完形填空突破+大学四级词汇进阶+题型综合练内容导航内容导航演练知识梳理知识梳理演练（一）完型填空的特点完形填空设空以实词为主、虚词为辅，单词为主、短语为辅。上海高考完型主要考察动词、名词、形容词、副词。其他偶尔有过渡词、介词短语、连词。体裁上以议论文为主，说明文为辅。题材上以思想、文化、商业、生活为主，同时涉及其他话题。1.动词：动词的词义辨析。形似、意近、根据语境辨析的。包括动词词组。2.名词：名词的词义辨析。形似、意近、根据语境辨析的。3.形容词：形容词的词义辨析。形似、意近、根据语境辨析的。4.副词：副词的词义辨析。形似、意近、根据语境辨析的。完型解题步骤1通览速度全文，把握大意快速阅读一下全文，通过通览全文、领会大意，概略地了解文章的体裁、背景、内容、结构层次、情节、写作风格等等。2试填紧扣文意，瞻前顾后先易后难，逐层深入。紧扣全文内容，联系上下文和语境，展开逻辑推理，注意从上下文中寻找线索，注意词汇的意义、搭配，惯用法，语法，常识等多个角度进行综合考虑。3复核全面检查，确保语意连贯，用词准确试填后，要把全文再通读一遍，注意看所选答案填入空白处后能否做到文章意思通顺、前后连贯、逻辑严谨、结构完整、首尾呼应解题技巧解题思路一：依据首句线索，紧扣主题选择。首句通常是文章的主题句，通常不设空，便于考生对短文主题、内容或背景有个大概了解。它的目的是向考生提供时间、地点、人物、事件、论点等有用的信息。把握了主题句,

对于理解全文和解题很有帮助。①Ifyoustudiedpicturesthatancientpeopleleftonrockwallsandyoutriedtodeterminetheirmeaning,youwouldnotdetectinterestinromanceamongtheartists.51,youwouldseeplentyofanimalswithpeoplerunningafterthem.Lifeforancientpeople’searnedtocenteronhuntingandgatheringwildfoodsformeals.51.A.Instead B.Therefore C.Moreover D.Otherwise②Researchhasshownthattwothirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsoftheday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbookswe'vejustfinishedreading,butplainandsimple__51__.51.A.claim B.description C.gossip D.language解题思路二：仔细推敲,注意逻辑关系和过渡词。做题时,要充分利用上下文,找到适当的逻辑关系。常考逻辑关系有：并列、转折、递进、对比、因果、让步、例证等。分为以下5种关系：1）对立关系包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but,however,yet,onthecontrary,bycontrast,unfortunately,although,eventhough,nevertheless,inspiteof,regardlessof,anyhow,insteadof,ratherthan,not…but等。2）因果关系常用的标志词和短语有：because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so…that,such…that,inorderthat,consequently,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,inresponseto,onaccountof,becauseof,consideringthat,seeingthat,inthat,nowthat,asaresult,forthisreason等。3）并列关系常用的标志词和短语有：and,or,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso,likewise,similarly,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,same…as等。4）总分关系常用的标志词和短语有：suchas,forexample,forinstance,toillustrate,asanillustration,totakeanexample,morespecifically等。5）递进关系常用的标志词和短语有：then,besides,additionally,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore，what’sworse,evenworse等。题目中一般也会考一题过渡词。以下为必须掌握的常考过渡词和词组：另外，而且：besides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,what’smore然而，但是：however,nevertheless,though,yet,相反：instead,onthecontrary与之相比，相反：bycontrast,incontrast因此：therefore,thus,hence,consequently,accordingly,asaresult否则：otherwise例如：forinstance,forexample同时：meanwhile然后，那么，那时，当时：then鉴于，考虑到：inviewof依据，在…方面，：intermsof关于：withregardto万一；如果发生：incaseof至于，在…的情况下：inthecaseof①Manypeoplethinkthatlisteningisapassivebusiness.Itisjustthe51one.Listeningwellisanactiveexerciseofourattentionandhardwork.51.A.positive B.opposite C.same D.wrong②Morethan2,400yearsago,theGreekhistorianHerodotusdescribedtheEgyptianpyramidsandothermonuments.Hemayhavebeenthefirstwritertoconsiderthatremainsand___52___couldprovideinformationforlatergenerations.52.A.books B.history C.ruins D.science③Thecontinuouspresentationoffrighteningstoriesaboutglobalwarminginthepopularmediamakesusunnecessarilyfrightened.Evenworse,it__51__ourkids.51.A.exhaustsB.depressesC.terrifiesD.exploits解题思路三：注意固定搭配，常用句型。包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。①ThedepartmentforEducationandSkillswantsto 60 teachingofmodemforeignlanguages(MFT)atanearlierstageinthefuture.Primaryschoolchildrenwillgetgreater61 toforeignlanguagelearning.60.A.permitB.encourageC.demandD.offer61.A.admissionB.accessC.chanceD.approach②Thatalsoexplainswhyschoolsandpaniesorganizechallengingtripsandphysicalactivitiesto__62__teamspirit.62. A.buildup B.putdown C.takeover D.makeout③A__60__ofpeoplenowbelieve–incorrectly–thatglobalwarmingisnotevencausedbyhumans.60.A.mixtureB.majorityC.quantityD.crowd解题思路四：注意同形词的辨析。①Digitalfingerprinting,fluctuations（波动）inthedollarexchangerate,andamassofonlineinformationaresomeofthewaysmakingtraveltotheUnitedNationsin2010adifferent__51___forinternationalvisitorsthanitwasearlierinthe21stcentury.51.A.experimentB.examinationC.experienceD.excursion②Atravelerfromacountry__60__intheVWPmustobtainanElectronicSystemforTravelAuthorization(ESTA),anonlinetravelauthorization,establishedbyDHS.ESTAdetermines,beforethetravelerboardsaflight,whetherthetraveleris___61___totraveltotheUnitedStatesundertheVWPandwhethersuchtravelposesanylawimplementationorsecurityrisks.60.A.perseveringB.previewingC.participatingD.promoting61.A.accessibleB.acceptableC.availableD.adaptable解题思路五：根据生活常识以及文化背景确定选项。①EFLteachersoftenplainthatstudents,despiteyearsofstudyingEnglish,simplywillnotspeakit.They’retoo__63__makingmistakesofthegrammarormispronouncingwordsinawaythatwould__64__them.63.A.confidentin B.fortablewith C.keenon D.afraidof64.A.amuse B.inform C.remind D.embarrass解题思路六:

利用原词复现或同现,

选择最佳选项。

1.在完形填空中,

某一词语通常重复出现,

使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯,

从而构成一个完整的意义整体。①Firstofallhewasawindowcleanerandinhisfirstweekhemanagedto______sixwindows.A.

rub

B.

drop

C.

break

D.

clean

2.同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求有与之相连的词汇。1）名词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个名词。如：schoolprimaryschool—middleschool—college—universitystudents—pupils—graduates2）动词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个动词。如：school—teach—learn—attend—found—dropout—graduate—bedismissed3）形容词同现;就某一语境而言所能出现的形容词也是有规律的。如：在学校这个语境中：（key）school—（optional）course—（pulsory）course①Liumeiisamongthe__22__ones.TheChineseUniversityofHongKonggrantedLiuafullscholarshipHK$500,000.Notallstudentsaresofortunate.A.poor B.smart C.lucky D.silent②The60Knows…….Smell,however,doesseemtoplayapartinhumanattraction.A.Nose B.Eye C.Heart D.Hand解题思路七：仔细分析长难句。找出句子主干，主从句，定语状语等。①Intoday’sAmericansociety,highschooldropouthasdaybydaygrownintoabigproblemthreateningsocialandeconomicstability,asmanycasesoffamily___51___oreventragedies,causedbyyouthdropoutaregrabbingheadlinesinmedia.51.A.objections B.conflicts C.establishments D.happiness答案：B。长难句分析，第一层是as引导的原因状语从句，主句是schooldropouthasgrownintoabigproblem.后面紧跟动名词做定语。As从句中caused过去分词作后置定语。在进行句子分析时，一定注意把定语等找出来。②Inmanycountries,thelanguageofeducationisnotthesameasthelanguageofthehomefor53themajorityofchildren.Furthermore,inmanycountries,younglanguagelearnersprisethemostrapidlygrowingsegmentoftheelementary(primary)schoolpopulation.54Whileinsomeschoolsthereisnoextrasupporttohelpyounglanguagelearnersacquirethelanguageofinstruction,inmostcountrieswheretherearelargenumbersofyounglearners,thereisa___55___awarenessoftheirspecialneeds.55.A.reducingB.watchingC.growingD.slipping解析：55题根据前文可以推断出选C.growing表示提高的意识。可以对这个长句子进行长难句分析：首先是while引导的让步状语从句。在while从句中运用了helpsbdosth的结构。在主句中，where引导的定语从句，先行词是countries.（四）大学四级词汇进阶词义例句drought[draʊt]n.干旱Thecrops

died

during

the

drought.durable['djʊərəb(ə)l]adj.耐用的，持久的Woodisadurablematerial.dwell[dwel]vi.居住；存在于；细想某事dwell

on细想;详述Theydweltintheforest."I'drathernotdwellonthepast,"hetoldme.

dynamic

[daɪ'næmɪk]adj.动态的，有活力的；有创新思维的n.动态；动力Heseemedadynamicandenergeticleader.

Thedynamicofthemarketdemandsconstantchangeandadjustment.

elastic

[ɪ'læstɪk]adj.有弹性的；灵活的n.松紧带；橡皮圈Demandforthistypeofholidaywillprobablybefairlyelastic.

apieceofelasticembrace[ɪmˈbreɪs]v.拥抱，欣然接受，乐意采纳〔新思想、意见、宗教等〕n.拥抱Jackwarmlyembracedhisson.Wehopetheseregionswillembracedemocraticreforms.

Theyheldeachotherinatenderembrace.

emit

[ɪ'mɪt]v.散发，发出〔气、热、光、声音等〕Thenewdeviceemitsapowerfulcircularcolumnoflight.

enforce[ɪn'fɔːs]vt.实施，执行；强迫，强制Parkingrestrictionswillbe

strictlyenforced.ethnic

['eθnɪk]adj.种族的；民族的Theschoolteachespupilsfromdifferent

ethnicgroups.evaporate

[ɪ'væpəreɪt]v.(使)〔液体〕汽化，(使)蒸发；〔感觉〕逐渐消逝Mostofthewaterhadevaporated.

Hopesofachievingpeacearebeginningtoevaporate.

exaggerate[ɪɡ'zædʒəreɪt]v.夸大；夸张They

exaggerate

their

height

and

salary.exceed[ɪk'siːd]vt.超过；胜过；超越Hisperformance

exceeded

our

expectations.

Heacceptsthathewasexceedingthespeedlimit.

exceedingly[ɪk'siːdɪŋli]adv.非常；极其Wehadanexceedinglygoodlunch.excess

[ɪk'ses;'ekses]n.超过，超额；过量；无节制adj.额外的，过量的；附加的Itwasanexcessofenthusiasmthatcausedtheproblem.

Cutanyexcessfatfromthemeat.

excessive[ɪkˈsesɪv]adj.过多的，极度的；过分的Theirspendingonresearchisexcessiveandisslowingdevelopmentsofnewtreatments.（五）高考写作词组积累devoteoneselftosth./doingsth. 致力于，献身于=sb.bedevotedtosth./doingsth. 教育者和学生都应该致力于解决这个问题。翻译：Botheducatorsandstudentsshouldbedevotedtosolvingtheproblem.仿写：leavemuch/alottobedesired还有许多需要改进的地方，令人不满意当前的教育模式远不能让人满意。翻译：Thepresent

educational

patterns

leave

much

to

be

desired.

仿写：deprivesbofsth剥夺某人某事增加的负担和压力剥夺了他们进行体育运动的时间，导致他们体重增加。翻译：Increasingburdenandstressdeprivethemoftheirtimeforsports,causingthemtogainweight.仿写：makejointefforts 齐心协力让我们共同努力，尽自己的一份力，让我们的环境更清洁、更美丽。翻译：Let’smakejointeffortstodoourbitandmakeourenvironmentcleanerandmorebeautiful.仿写：expectalot/toomuchof对...期望高尽管父母对孩子的期望很高，但他们不应该走极端。翻译：Muchastheyexpectoftheirchildren,parentsshouldnotgotoextremes.仿写：课堂精练课堂精练演练1、（2023·上海中学校考模拟预测）HowdidCapeTown,SouthAfrica,getintoaDayZerosituation—whenthecity’stapswouldgodrybecauseitsreservoirs(水库)wouldbeedangerouslylowonwater?ThecitygetsitswaterfromsixreservoirsinWesternCapeprovince,whichusually______16______duringtherainyseason,fromMaythroughAugust.Butsince2015theregionhasbeensufferingfromtheworstdrought(干旱)inacentury,andthewaterinthosereservoirs______17______tremendously.poundingtheproblem,CapeTown’spopulationhasgrownsubstantially,increasing______18______.Thecityactuallydidaprettygoodjobbyreducingleaksinthesystem,amajorcauseofwaterwaste,andhasevenwonawardsforits______19______policies.ButthegovernmentofSouthAfricawasslowtodeclareanationaldisasterintheareashithardestbythedrought,pavingthewayfortherecent______20______.CapeTownisnot______21______.Since2014southeasternBrazilhasbeensufferingitsworstwatershortagein80years,_____22_____decreasedrainfall,

forestationandotherfactors.AndmanycitiesinIndiadonothaveaccesstomunicipalwaterformorethanafewhoursaday,ifatall.______23______,thecityofShimlaranoutofdrinkingwaterinMay,urginglocalstobegtouriststostayawayfromthepopularHimalayansummerresort.IntheU.S.,thesituationissomewhatbetter,butmanyurbancentersstill______24______waterproblems.Californiansrecentmultiyeardroughtledtosomeofthestate’sdriestyearsonrecord.Sinceabouthalfofthestate’surbanwaterusageisforlandscaping,itwasabletocutbackonthatfairlyeasily.Butcitiesthatusemostoftheirwaterformoreessentialuses,suchasdrinkingwater,maynotbeso______25______.______26______,stepscanbetakentoavoidurbanwatercrises.Ingeneral,a“portfolioapproach”thatreliesonmultiplewatersourcesisprobablymost______27______.CapeTownhasalreadybegunimplementinganumberofwaterprojects,includingtappinggroundwaterandbuildingwaterrecyclingplants.Manyothercitieswillneedtorepairexistingwaterinfrastructure(基础建设)tocutdownonleakage.Cityleadersshouldbethinkingaboutmeetinglongtermneedsratherthanjustabout______28______requirements.Goodorganizationandfinancialaccountabilityareequallycritical.Andplanningeffortsshouldincludediversestakeholders(利益相关者)fromthemunity.Onemajorchallengeisprovidingservicestoinformalareas,whichdevelopwithoutanygovernmentforesight.Suchregionsoften______29______basicresources一awellplannedwatersupplyamongthem.TheglobalmunityhasanopportunityrightnowtotakeactiontopreventaseriesofDayZerocrises.Ifwedon’tact,manycitiesmaysoonfaceatimewhenthereisn’tadropto______30______.16．A．takeover B．fillup C．makeoff D．setout17．A．decreased B．rose C．remained D．drowned18．A．likelihood B．proportion C．demand D．efficiency19．A．architecture B．agriculture C．economy D．conservation20．A．policy B．growth C．crisis D．change21．A．enough B．possible C．difficult D．alone22．A．makingupfor B．resultingfrom C．takingadvantageof D．lookinginto23．A．Inaword B．Byparison C．What’sworse D．Forexample24．A．avoid B．solve C．discuss D．face25．A．passive B．purposeful C．adaptable D．reliable26．A．Similarly B．Fortunately C．Initially D．Alternatively27．A．questionable B．memorable C．effective D．confusing28．A．daily B．legal C．maximum D．normal29．A．neglect B．lack C．provide D．find30．A．drink B．pour C．place D．record【答案】16.B

17．A

18．C

19．D

20．C

21．D

22．B

23．D

24．D

25．C

26．B

27．C

28．A

29．B

30．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了世界上许多地区和城市出现了“零日危机”，也就是水资源短缺问题。16．考查动词词组辨析。句意：该市从西开普省的六个水库取水，这些水库通常在5月至8月的雨季填满。A.takeover接管；B.fillup注满；C.makeoff匆忙离开；D.setout出发。根据后文“duringtherainyseason,fromMaythroughAugust”可知，在雨季应该是填满水库。故选B项。17．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但自2015年以来，该地区遭受了一个世纪以来最严重的干旱，这些水库的水量大幅减少。A.decreased减少；B.rose上升；C.remained仍然是；D.drowned淹死。根据前文“Butsince2015theregionhasbeensufferingfromtheworstdroughtinacentury”可知，该地区遭受了一个世纪以来最严重的干旱，所以水库的水量减少。故选A项。18．考查名词词义辨析。句意：开普敦的人口大幅增长，增加了需求，使问题更加复杂。A.likelihood可能性；B.proportion份额；C.demand需要；D.efficiency效率。根据前文“CapeTown’spopulationhasgrownsubstantially”可知，开普敦的人口增长了，所以提高了水的需求。故选C项。19．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，该市在减少系统泄漏方面做得相当不错，这是造成水浪费的主要原因，甚至还因其保护政策而获奖。A.architecture建筑学；B.agriculture农业；C.economy经济；D.conservation防止流失(或浪费、损害、毁坏)。根据前文“Thecityactuallydidaprettygoodjobbyreducingleaksinthesystem”可知，该市在减少系统泄漏方面做得相当不错，所以是因为保护政策而获奖。故选D项。20．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但南非政府迟迟没有宣布受干旱影响最严重的地区进入全国灾难，为最近的危机铺平了道路。A.policy政策；B.growth成长；C.crisis危机；D.change改变。根据前文“Butsince2015theregionhasbeensufferingfromtheworstdroughtinacentury”可知，最近发生了严重的干旱危机。故选C项。21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：开普敦并不孤单。A.enough充足的；B.possible可能的；C.difficult困难的；D.alone单独的。根据后文“Since2014southeasternBrazilhasbeensufferingitsworstwatershortagein80years,_____decreasedrainfall,

forestationandotherfactors.”以及本段后面的内容可知，巴西东南部，印度的许多城市都出现水资源短缺的问题。所以开普敦并不孤单。故选D项。22．考查动词词组辨析。句意：自2014年以来，由于降雨量减少、植树造林和其他因素，巴西东南部遭遇了80年来最严重的水资源短缺。A.makingupfor弥补；B.resultingfrom由于；C.

takingadvantageof利用；D.lookinginto考察。根据后文“decreasedrainfall,

forestationandotherfactors.”可知，巴西东南部遭遇水资源短缺的原因是由于降雨量减少、植树造林和其他因素。故选B项。23．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，今年5月，西姆拉市(Shimla)的饮用水告罄，当地居民呼吁游客远离这个喜马拉雅避暑胜地。A.Inaword总而言之；B.Byparison通过比较；C.What’sworse更糟糕的是；D.Forexample例如。根据前文“AndmanycitiesinIndiadonothaveaccesstomunicipalwaterformorethanafewhoursaday,ifatall.”以及后文“thecityofShimlaranoutofdrinkingwaterinMay,urginglocalstobegtouriststostayawayfromthepopularHimalayansummerresort.”可知，此处是在举例说明印度的许多城市出现了水资源短缺的问题。故选D项。24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在美国，情况要好一些，但许多城市中心仍然面临水的问题。A.avoid避免；B.solve解决；C.discuss讨论；D.face面对。根据前文“IntheU.S.,thesituationissomewhatbetter”以及句中的转折连词but，可知，此处表达“许多城市中心仍然面临水的问题”之意。故选D项。25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是，将大部分水用于更重要用途的城市，比如饮用水，可能就没有这么强的适应性。A.passive消极的；B.purposeful有目的的；C.adaptable有适应能力的；D.reliable可依靠的。根据前文“Sinceabouthalfofthestate’surbanwaterusageisforlandscaping,itwasabletocutbackonthatfairlyeasily.Butcitiesthatusemostoftheirwaterformoreessentialuses,suchasdrinkingwater”可知，减少景观美化用水比较容易，但是减少更重要用途的水，就没那么容易让人适应了。故选C项。26．考查副词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，可以采取措施避免城市水危机。A.Similarly相似地；B.Fortunately幸运地；C.Initially起初；D.Alternatively或者。根据后文“stepscanbetakentoavoidurbanwatercrises.”可知，可以采取措施避免城市水危机，所以是幸运地。故选B项。27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一般来说，依靠多种水源的“组合方法”可能是最有效的。A.questionable有问题的；B.memorable值得纪念的；C.effective有效的；D.confusing令人困惑的。根据前文“reliesonmultiplewatersources”根据常识可知，解决水短缺问题，依靠多种水源是最有效的。故选C项。28．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：城市领导人应该考虑满足长期需求，而不仅仅是日常需求。A.daily日常的；B.legal合法的；C.maximum最高的；D.normal正常的。根据前文“Cityleadersshouldbethinkingaboutmeetinglongtermneedsratherthan”可知，此处是和长期需求做对比，结合选项可知，日常需求符合题意。故选A项。29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些地区通常缺乏基本资源一其中缺乏规划良好的供水。A.neglect忽略；B.lack缺乏；C.provide提供；D.find发现。根据前文“Onemajorchallengeisprovidingservicestoinformalareas,whichdevelopwithoutanygovernmentforesight.”根据常识可知，非正规地区一般是缺少资源的。故选B项。30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果我们不采取行动，许多城市可能很快就会面临无水可喝的局面。A.drink喝；B.pour倾倒；C.place安放；D.record记录。根据前文“Ifwedon’tact”可知，如果我们不采取行动，许多城市可能很快就会面临无水可喝的局面。故选A项。2.【上海市20222023学年高三下学期“六校联合教研”质量调研英语试卷】ThenumberofthebestHowbigshouldabusinessteambe?Itisanenormouslyimportantissueforpanies.Teamsthataretoosmallmay____21____theskillsrequiredtogetthejobdone;teamsthataretoobigmaybeimpossibletocoordinate.Similartradeoffsmayapplywhenitestofirmsasawhole.Startupsareoftenshortofstaff.Thefoundersmustplayahostofdifferent____22____,fromobtainingfinancetoproductdevelopmentandmarketing,forwhichtheymaynotbeequallysuited.Butthe____23____isthattheycanhavehighlycollaborativeworkingenvironments.Peoplewhohaveworkedforstartupssaytheculturechangeswhenthepanyreachesacertain____24____.PattyMcCord,formerlyofNetflix,referredtothe“standonachairnumber”—thebiggestgroupthatcaneasilyheartheboss____25____them.RobinDunbar,ananthropologist(人类学家)atOxfordUniversity,hasdonealotofworkonprimategroups.Hisargumentisthatthesizeofthegroupislinkedtothesizeofthebrain.Withtheirlargebrains,humanscancopewithlargerbands.Alargersocialgrouphasmanyadvantages,____26____greaterprotectionandspecialisation.Whereas150issometimesreferredtoasthe“Dunbarnumber”,theacademichimselfinfactreferstoarangeof____27____.Heobservesthathumanstendtohavefiveintimatefriends,15orsogoodfriends,around50socialfriendsand150oddacquaintances.Runningalargernetworkcanbedifficult.Somuchtimeisneededtomaintainrelationshipsthattheirqualityinevitably____28____.Thearmedforceshavespentmillenniaexperimentingwithunitsize.ARomancenturion(百人队长)oversaw100.ThemodernAmericanarmypanyhas180members.Britain’sequivalentnumbers120.Theseareroughestimates,ratherthanrigidfigures.Butitisstrikingthatmanygroupactivitiesseemtobe____29____aDunbarnumber.TheSpecialAirService,Britain’selitefightingunit,hasfourmanpatrols;whenyourlifedependsonit,youneedtohaveabsolute______30______inyourcolleagues.Asaresult,suchgroupsarelimitedinsize.Sportsteamsizes______31______theplayingarea.Therearefiveplayersinabasketballsideandsixinicehockey;outdoorsthereare11playersinfootballandcricketteams,and715inthevariousformsofrugby.Perhapsthisistheoptimalsizeforcoachingpurposes,orperhapscrowdswould______32______todistinguishindividualplayersifteamswerelarger.Smallworkteamsmayalsotendtowardsthesetwosizeranges.“Ifyouwantamitteeto______33______something,limitittofourtofivepeople,”saysMrDunbar.“Buttobrainstorminameeting,youneed1215.”Manypaniesuse“agile”teamswhichdrawemployeesfromacrossthepany;theytendtohavebetweenfiveandninemembers.Themodernpanymaysettleona______34______withasmallgroupof“core”workersandalargergroupofcontractworkers.Theresultmaybemore______35______withinthecorestaffbutthenoncorestaffmaybelesswelltreated.Thesmallcoreteamsmayworkeffectively.Thebigquestionwillbetheeffectonmoraleofthoseoutsidethoseteams.21.A.demand B.lack C.cultivate D.sharpen22.A.roles B.games C.cards D.missions23.A.truth B.point C.upside D.goal24.A.height B.level C.size D.degree25.A.phone B.contact C.criticize D.address26.A.callingfor B.allowingfor C.hopingfor D.payingfor27.A.records B.networks C.circles D.figures28.A.suffers B.thrives C.denied D.functions29.A.similarwith B.closeto C.interestedin D.equalto30.A.trust B.will C.right D.advance31.A.resultin B.relateto C.arisefrom D.contributeto32.A.rush B.pete C.struggle D.refuse33.A.discuss B.decide C.judge D.facilitate34.A.shape B.scale C.level D.construction35.A.agreement B.innovation C.influence D.cohesion【答案】21.B22.A23.C24.C25.D26.B27.D28.A29.B30.A31.B32.C33.B34.D35.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述的是一个团队和组织的最佳规模数字是多少。【21题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：团队太小可能缺乏完成工作所需的技能；团队太大则可能难以协调。A.demand要求；B.lack缺少；C.cultivate培养；D.sharpen变锋利。根据下文中的“teamsthataretoobigmaybeimpossibletocoordinate.”以及常识可知，此处为团队小造成的结果是“缺少”工作需要的技能。故选B项。【22题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：创始人必须扮演许多不同的角色，从融资到产品开发和营销，他们可能并不同样适合这些角色。A.roles角色，作用；B.games比赛；C.cards卡片；D.missions任务。根据下文中的“fromobtainingfinancetoproductdevelopmentandmarketing”可知，此处指的是创始人所承担的“角色”很多。故选A项。【23题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：但好处是他们可以拥有高度协作的工作环境。A.truth真相，事实；B.point点；C.upside优势，好的一面；D.goal目标。根据下文中的表语从句“thattheycanhavehighlycollaborativeworkingenvironments.”可知，此处指的是员工少的“好处，优势”。故选C项。【24题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在初创公司工作过的人说，当公司达到一定规模时，文化就会发生变化。A.height高度；B.level水平；C.size尺寸；D.degree程度。根据上文中的“Peoplewhohaveworkedforstartupssaytheculturechanges”以及本文的主题可知，此处指的是公司达到一定“规模”后，文化会随着变化。故选C项。【25题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：前网飞公司的PattyMcCord提到了“站在椅子上的人数”——能轻易听到老板对他们讲话的最大群体。A.phone给……打B.contact联系；C.criticize批评；D.address向……讲话，演讲。根据上文中的“thebiggestgroupthatcaneasilyheartheboss”可知，能听到的应该指的是老板“向他们讲话”。故选D项。【26题详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：一个更大的社会群体有很多优势，可以得到更大的保护和专业化。A.callingfor要求；B.allowingfor考虑到；C.hopingfor希望；D.payingfor赔偿，为……付钱。根据上文中的“Alargersocialgrouphasmanyadvantages”可知，此处解释这些优势所指的内容，所以此处为“考虑到”符合语境。故选B项。【27题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管150有时被称为“邓巴数字”，但实际上，这位学者自己指是一系列数字。A.records记录；B.networks网络；C.circles圆形；D.figures数字。根据下文中“Heobservesthathumanstendtohavefiveintimatefriends,15orsogoodfriends,around50socialfriendsand150oddacquaintances.”所涉及到的数字可知，此处指的是一些列的“数字”。故选D项。【28题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：维持关系需要太多的时间，以至于关系的质量不可避免地受到影响。A.suffers遭受；B.thrives兴旺；C.denied否决；D.functions运转。根据上文中的“Somuchtimeisneededtomaintainrelationships”可知，把时间都用到维系关系方面，势必质量会“受损”。故选A项。【29题详解】考查形容词短语词义辨析。句意：但令人惊讶的是，许多团体活动似乎接近邓巴数字。A.similarwith与……相似；B.closeto接近……；C.interestedin对……感兴趣；D.equalto等同于。根据下文中的“TheSpecialAirService,Britain’selitefightingunit,hasfourmanpatrols”可知，此处指的是团队的人数“很接近”邓巴数字。故选B项。【30题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：英国精锐战斗部队特种空勤团(SpecialAirService)有四人巡逻；当成员的生命取决于它时，你需要对你的同事有绝对的信任。A.trust信任；B.will意愿；C.right权利；D.advance前进。根据上文中的“whenyourlifedependsonit”可知，当成员的生命取决于团队时，需要的就是成员间的“信任”。故选A项。【31题详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：运动队的规模与比赛场地有关。A.resultin导致；B.relateto涉及，有关；C.arisefrom由……引起；D.contributeto有助于。根据下文中的“herearefiveplayersinabasketballsideandsixinicehockey;outdoorsthereare11playersinfootballandcricketteams,and715inthevariousformsofrugby.”可知，运动的规模“与场地有关”。故选B项。【32题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：也许对于教练来说，这是最理想的规模，或者如果球队规模更大，观众就很难区分单个球员。A.rush冲，催促；B.pete竞争；C.struggle挣扎，努力；D.refuse拒绝。根据下文中的“todistinguishindividualplayersifteamswerelarger.”可知，团队太大，观众就很难分辨球员，所以此处应为struggle意为“很难进行”符合语境。故选C项。【33题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：邓巴先生说:“如果你想让一个委员会来决定某件事，那就限制在4到5人之内。”A.discuss讨论；B.decide决定；C.judge判断；D.facilitate促进。根据下文中的“Buttobrainstorminameeting,youneed1215.”可知，让大家讨论的话，就多一点人参与，与此处的限制4到5人对应，结合语境可知，此处指的是“做决定”时，人数要少一些。故选B项。【34题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：现代公司的组建可能会采取这样一种模型，即一小部分“核心”员工加上大部分的合同工。A.shape形状；B.scale规模；C.level水平；D.construction构建，结构。根据下文中的“withasmallgroupof“core”workersandalargergroupofcontractworkers.”可知，此处指的是现代公司的“构成模式”。故选D项。【35题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：其结果可能是核心员工更有凝聚力，但非核心员工可能得不到良好的待遇。A.agreement同意，协议；B.innovation改革；C.influence影响；D.cohesion凝聚力。根据下文“butthenoncorestaffmaybelesswelltreated”中的but可知，此处指的是这种组成模式的优点，所以“凝聚力”符合语境。故选D项。课后反馈课后反馈演练（2023·上海嘉定一中·高三专题练习）StarEatingPurpleforYourHealthEatarainbowofcoloursoften,asdietitiansarefondofsaying—andwithgoodreason.Eatingavarietyofcolourfulfoodprovidesvitaminsandmineralsthat