环境工程专业英语 课件 U6L2 Global Megatrends and Planetary Boundaries

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IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringAirPollutionandControlWaterPollutionandControlSolidWasteandDisposalEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopment

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundariesProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering

Europeispartofahighlyglobalisedworldthatischaracterisedbyavarietyoflarge-scale,highimpactandofteninterdependentchanges,knownasglobalmegatrends.Forexample,whileunprecedentedeconomicandpopulationgrowthoverthelast100-150yearshasresultedinexcessiveburdensontheglobalecosystem,resourcedemandsandassociatedpressuresonecosystemsaresettoescalatefurtherinthecomingdecades.GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

ThisraisesquestionsaboutthelimitsoftolerableenvironmentalpressureontheEarth'slifesupportsystems,sometimesreferredtoas

planetaryboundaries.Recognisingthatthetotalglobalenvironmentalburdenisindeedrapidlymovingbeyondgloballysustainablelimits,itisimportanttobetterunderstandhowEurope'sfutureecologicalandsocietalresiliencemightbyaffectedbycurrentandfutureglobaltrends,andconversely,howEuropeansystemsofproductionandconsumptionarecontributingtoenvironmentalpressuresinotherpartsoftheworld.GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

ManyglobaltrendshavesignificantconsequencesforEurope.Forexample,demographic,economicorgeopoliticaldevelopmentselsewherecaninfluencetheavailabilityandpriceofnaturalresourcesandenergyinEurope.IncreasingenvironmentalpollutioninotherworldregionslikewisecontributestodirectenvironmentalandhumanharminEurope.Forinstance,althoughEuropeanemissionsofozoneprecursorgaseshavedeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades,measuredconcentrationsofground-levelozonehavenotfallenatmostgroundmonitoringstations.Thereisevidencethatthisispartlyduetothelong-rangetransportofprecursorgasesfromotherpartsoftheworld.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

Europealsocontributestoenvironmentalpressuresinotherpartsoftheworld.GreenhousegasemissionsinEuropecontributetoclimatechangeimpactselsewhereandpotentiallyfarintothefuture.GlobalisedsupplychainsmeanthatEuropeanconsumptioncontributestopressuresonecosystemsandcommunitiesinotherareasoftheglobe,forexamplethroughthreatstoglobalfreshwaterqualityandquantity,andthedegradationofhabitatsandlandscapes.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

Forsomeenvironmentalpressures,thereareclearindicationsthatimprovementsonEuropeanterritoryhavebeenoffsetbyanincreasingEuropeanfootprintinotherpartsoftheworld.Forexample,whilethetotalamountofagriculturallandwithintheEUhasdecreasedslightlyoverthepastdecade,theEUhasadisproportionallyhighglobalcroplandfootprintconsuming,directlyorindirectly,morethantwicetheamountofagriculturallanditusesinternally.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

HumanpressuresontheEarthsystemhavereachedascalewhereirreversibleorevencatastrophicglobalchangescannolongerbeexcluded.SuchirreversiblechangescouldmaketheEarthamuchlesshospitableplace.TheconceptofplanetaryboundariesindicateninecriticalprocessesthatregulatethestabilityandresilienceoftheEarthsystem.Planetaryboundarieshighlighttheideathatsustainabledevelopmentcanonlybeachievedwithinasafeoperatingspaceforhumanityidentifiedbythebiophysicalrealitiesofcriticalnaturalthresholds.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

However,bridgingfromconcepttopolicyapplicationandintegrationinvolvesthechallengeofmakingtheglobalconceptrelevantandtangibleatthecontinental,nationalorevenlocalscales.ThisincludesdownscalingtheconceptofplanetaryboundariestotheEuropeanscaleandmeasuringEurope'sperformanceagainstthesedownscaledlimits,includingEurope'sexternalfootprintofproductionandconsumption.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

Overrecentyears,theEUhasdevelopedandadoptedarangeoflong-termstrategieswithasocietaltransitionperspectivetowards2050.Mostprominently,theSeventhEnvironmentalActionProgramme(7thEAP)—thestrategicguidingdocumentforallenvironmentalpolicymakinginthecurrentpolicycycleuntil2020—setsoutthevisionof“Livingwell,withinthelimitsofourplanet”,whichdirectlyrelatestotheideaofplanetaryboundaries.EUPoliciesontheTopic

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

The7thEAPformulatesanengagingbutambitiousvisionaboutEuropeasalowcarbonsocietywithagreenandcirculareconomy,andresilientecosystemsasthebasisforEuropeanwell-beingby2050.Thisvisionisunderpinnedwithmultiplelong-termgoals,suchastheRoadmapformovingtoacompetitivelow-carboneconomy,thelong-term2050targetforbiodiversityandecosystemservices(naturalcapitalprotected,valuedandappropriatelyrestored)aspartofthebiodiversitystrategy,orthegoalofzerolandtakeby2050aspartoftheRoadmaptoaresourceefficientEurope.EUPoliciesontheTopic

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

Thesuccessfuldeliveryoftheselong-termvisionsandgoalsrequiresnewandimprovedknowledgeontherapidlychangingglobalcontext.ThisrelatestobothhowEurope'senvironmentandsocietiesmightbeimpactedbyglobalmegatrendsand,conversely,howEurope'ssystemsofproductionandconsumptioncontributetoshapingglobalenvironmentalpressuresonaplanetEarthwithbiophysicalboundariesandlimits.EUPoliciesontheTopic

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

TheEEAhaspublishedassessmentsofglobalmegatrendsconsideredtobeofkeyimportanceforEurope'slong-termenvironmentaloutlookaspartofitslatesttwo'TheEuropeanenvironment—stateandoutlook'(SOER)reportsin2010and2015.Thelatterpublicationwassupplementedwithanin-depthassessment(EEAtechnicalreport)foreachofthe11megatrendsanalysed,includingnumerous(forward-looking)indicators.SomeoftheseindicatorsarealsopresentedinanextendedformaspartofthesetofEEAindicators(e.g.trendsinhumanpopulation,economicdevelopment).EEAActivities

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

ImpactsofglobalmegatrendsonEuropeanresourcesystemsinclude:

DivergingglobalpopulationtrendsTowardsamoreurbanworldChangingdiseaseburdensandrisksofpandemicsAcceleratingtechnologicalchangeContinuingeconomicgrowthAnincreasinglymultipolarworldIntensifiedglobalcompetitionforresourcesGrowingpressuresonecosystemsIncreasinglysevereconsequencesofclimatechangeIncreasingenvironmentalpollutionDiversifyingapproachestogovernanceEEAActivities

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

TheKnowledgeInnovationProject'Withinthelimitsofourplanet'(KIPWILOPwasinitiatedamongEnvironmentalKnowledgeCommunitypartnersin2015,withtheEEAasleadingpartner,asaresponsetotheknowledgeneedsforpolicymakingincombinationwithsignificantrecentscientificadvancesinthefield.TheprojectaimstooperationalisetheconceptofplanetaryboundariesattheEUscale,inordertoprovideknowledgeforfuture-orientedstrategicpolicymaking.EEAActivities

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

ArevisionandupdateofaspectsofglobalmegatrendswillbeprovidedaspartofthenextSOERin2020.Furthermore,aframeworkforassessingtheimpactsofglobalmegatrendsatnationallevels(workconductedincollaborationwiththeNationalReferenceCentreforForward-LookingInformationandServices)iscurrentlybeingdeveloped.Outlook

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

TheplanetaryboundariesworkwillbefurtherdevelopedwithintheWILOPprojectinthecoming2-3years.ThiswillincludesystematiceffortstodownscaleplanetaryboundariestotheEuropeanscaleandtomeasureEuropeanperformanceagainstthedownscaledallowances,aswellasin-depthanalysisofsingle'pilotplanetaryboundaries'andpotentialpolicyintegration.

Outlook

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

转译

在翻译中，不仅词类可以转译，句子甚至是段落和篇章都可以转译，一个或多个词的词性发生了变化，其语法功能势必也会随之发生变化，那么，该词在译文中的成分和功能也会相应变化。比如，如果翻译中将动词转译为名词，那么修饰该动词的副词也会随之转译为形容词，转译后的名词可能成为主语，该句的句子成分就会随之发生重大变化。由于英汉两种语言不同的遣词造句和表达习惯，翻译中有时需要打破原文的句式结构，对译文的结构进行一番调整，使之符合汉语的表达习惯和规范。一般来说，句子成分的转换包括主语的转译、谓语的转译、宾语的转译、表语的转译、定语的转译、状语的转译、补足语的转译等方面。Translation

转译一、主语的转译

(1)Boththefrequencyandinductanceofacrystalunitarespecifiedforinclusioninparticularfilter.译文：晶体单元要包含在一个特定的滤波器中，就要规定出频率和电感。（主语转译为宾语）(2)Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.译文：地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。（主语转译为谓语）(3)Asemiconductorhasapoorconductivityatroomtemperature,butitmaybecomeagoodconductorathightemperature译文：在室温下，半导体的电导率差，但在高温下它可能成为良导体。（主语转译为定语）(4)Warm-bloodedanimalshaveaconstantbodytemperature.译文：温血动物的体温是恒定的。（主语转译为定语）Translation

转译三、宾语的转译

英语中的宾语，在翻译时可以转译为汉语中的主语、谓语和定语等成分。

(1)Weneedfrequenciesevenhigherthanthosewecallveryhighfrequency.译文：我们所需的频率甚至比我们称之为甚高频的频率还高。（动词宾语转译为主语）(2)Therearethreedigitalsignalconvertersinourfactory,eachhavingitsownfeatures.译文：我们厂有三台数字信号转换器，每台有其自己的特点。（介词宾语转译为主语）(5)Anothertypeoflensisthinnerinthemiddlethanattheedges,andisknownaseconcavelens.译文：另一种造镜的中间比边缘薄一些，称为凹透镜。（介词宾语转译为主语）Translation

转译四、表语的转译

由于英语中名词、代词、数词、副词、动名词和不定式等都可以作表语，而且英汉两种语言表达方式存在差异，使得表语的英译汉产生了不同的翻译方法。翻译时，往往需要转译为其他成分。

(3)Computersaremoreflexible,andcandoagreatervariety.译文：计算机的灵活性比较大，因此能做更多不同的工作。（表语转译为主语）(4)Thisprogramwasnotpopularwithallofthetroops.译文：并不是所有军队的人都喜欢这个计划。（表语转译为谓语）(5)Alimitedquantityofthereagentswasavailable.译文：可利用的药剂数量是有限的。（表语转译为定语）(6)Thisproblemisofgreatimportance.译文：这个问题非常重要。（表语转译为宾语）Translation

转译五、定语的转译

英语中表示性质的定语，比如形容词或分词，往往暗含谓语的意味，翻译时，常常会被转译为谓语动词。此外，如果英语中某一名词转译成了汉语动词，那么修饰该名词的形容词或分词定语也要相应地转译为汉语的状语。(1)Therearethreestatesofmatter—solid,liquidandgas.译文：物质有三种状态：因态、液态和气态。（定语转译为主语）(2)Weshouldhaveafirmgraspofthefundamentalsofasubjectbeforemakingresearchintoit.译文：我们应首先牢固掌握某学科的基本知识，然后才能从事对它的研究。（定语转译为状语）(3)Theearthwasformedfromthesamekindofmaterialsthatmakesupthesun.译文：构成地球的物质与构成太阳的物质是相同的。（定语转译为表语）Translation

转译六、状语的转译

英语中有一些介词短语，常常在意义上和主语有密切的关系，表示主语的位置、状态和性质等，翻译时，往往将其转译为汉语中的主语。此外，如果被修饰词的词性发生变化，如英语的副词转译为汉语中的形容词时，一些作状语的介词短语常常转译为定语。(2)InsizeandappearanceMercuryisverymuchlikeourmoon.译文：水星的大小和外观很像月亮。（状语转译为主语）(3)Insomecountriesthepopulationdeclined,andgovernmentsactivelyencouragedpeopletohavemorechildren.译文：有些国家的人口不断下降，因此政府积极鼓励人们多生孩子。（状语转译为定语）(4)High-frequencywavesthatcannotbeheardcanbeputtomanyvaluableuses.译文：人的听觉感觉不到的高频波也有许多有价值的用途。（状语转译为宾语）Translation

转译七、补足语的转译

英语中补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，翻译时，往往将其转译为汉语中的谓语和宾语。(1)Waterresourcesarereportedtohavegreatimportanceforhydroelectricpowerstations译文：据报道，水资源对于水电站具有重大意义。（补足语转译为谓语）(2)Theygotthemachinetoolrepairedinnotime.译文：他们很快把机床修好了。（补足语转译为谓语）(3)Scientistsoftencallthisprocessdissolving.译文：科学家们经常称这个过程为溶解。（补足语转译为谓语）Translation

Exercise

1.ThisraisesquestionsaboutthelimitsoftolerableenvironmentalpressureontheEarth'slifesupportsystems,sometimesreferredtoas

planetaryboundaries.Recognisingthatthetotalglobalenvironmentalburdenisindeedrapidlymovingbeyondgloballysustainablelimits,itisimportanttobetterunderstandhowEurope'sfutureecologicalandsocietalresiliencemightbyaffectedbycurrentandfutureglobaltrends,andconversely,howEuropeansystemsofproductionandconsumptionarecontributingtoenvironmentalpressuresinotherpartsoftheworld.Translation

学术海报的制作一、学术海报的结构

题目（title）作者信息摘要（Abstract）简介（Introduction/Background）问题（Problems）目的（Objectives）或假设（Hypothesis）材料和方法（MaterialsandMethods）结果（Result）讨论（Discussion）结论/总结（Conclusion/Summary）推论（Implication）致谢（Acknowledgement）未来展望（FutureWorks）参考文献（References）

Writing