环境工程专业英语 课件 U5L2 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineeringMainContents

IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringAirPollutionandControlWaterPollutionandControlSolidWasteandDisposalEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopmentEnvironmentalImpactAssessment

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering

EIAisintendedtoidentifytheimpacts(bothbeneficialandadverse)ofaproposedpublicorprivatedevelopmentactivity.Often,thefocusisdominantlyenvironmental(biophysical);butpracticealsoaddressessocialandeconomicaspects.EIAismainlyusedatthelevelofspecificdevelopmentsandprojectssuchasdams,industrialplants,transportinfrastructure(e.g.airportrunwaysandroads),farmenterprises,andnaturalresourceexploitation(e.g.sandextraction).EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Purpose

Strategicenvironmentalassessment(SEA)isasistertoolappliedupstreamatthelevelofpolicies,plansandprogrammes.LikeSEA,EIAismostvaluablewhenappliedearlyintheplanningprocessforaprojectasasupporttodecision-making.Itprovidesameanstoidentifythemostenvironmentallysuitableoptionatanearlystage,thebestpracticableenvironmentaloptionandalternativestotheproposedinitiative;andthusavoidorminimizepotentiallydamagingandcostlynegativeimpacts,andmaximizepositiveimpacts.EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)

Purpose

EIAwasfirstintroducedintheUSAundertheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct(1969).Sincethenithasevolvedandavarietyofoffshootassessmenttechniqueshaveemerged(focusing,forexampleonsocial,biodiversity,environmentalhealthandcumulativeeffectsandrisk)actingasabroaderimpactassessmenttoolkit.EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)

BackgroundFacts

MostcountrieshavenowintroducedformalEIAsystems,usuallyunderdedicatedenvironmentallegislation,andhaveintroducedEIAregulations(andoftenregulatorybodies)specifyingwhenandforwhichdevelopmentsanEIAisrequired,institutionalresponsibilitiesandprocedures,andspecificstepsandprocessestobefollowed.EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)

BackgroundFacts

KeystagesintheEnvironmentalAssessmentprocessinclude:screening,alternatives,preliminaryassessment,scoping,mitigation,mainEIAstudyandenvironmentalimpactstatement,reviewandmonitoring.Theseneedtobemanagedsothattheyprovideinformationtodecision-makersateverystageoftheprojectplanningcycle.EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)

BriefDescriptionoftheMainStepsInvolvedinApplicationoftheTool

1Screening(usuallybyanEIAAuthority,orusingpublishedchecklists)—todecidewhetheranEIAisrequiredandfocusresourcesonprojectsmostlikelytohavesignificantimpact,thosewhereimpactsareuncertainandthosewhereenvironmentalmanagementinputislikelytoberequired.OfficialEIAguidelinesusuallycontainlistsorschedulesspecifyingwhichdevelopmentsrequireanEIA(e.g.always,orinparticularcircumstance).EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)

StepsinEIA

2Considerationofpossiblealternatives(demand,activity,location,process&design,scheduling,inputs,‘noproject’)shouldbeundertakenbeforeachoiceismade.Someprojectsbesitespecific(e.g.inmining,extractioncanonlyoccurwereamineralissited).InsuchcasestheEIAmightfocusmoreonmeasuressuchasscale,mitigatingmeasuresandtrafficmanagement.Projectspromotedbypublicsectoragenciesaremorelikelytoconsideralternativesitesorroutesfordevelopmentthanprivatesectorinitiativeswheretheearlyneedtoacquireoptionsorpurchaselandstronglyinfluencesdevelopmentlocation.EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)

StepsinEIA

3Preliminaryassessment—wherescreeningsuggestsfurtherassessmentisneededorifthereisuncertaintyaboutthenatureofpotentialimpacts.Usesrapidassessmenttechniques,butprovidessufficientdetailtoidentifykeyimpacts,theirmagnitudeandsignificance,andevaluatetheirimportancefordecision-making.IndicatesifafullEIAisneeded--involvingthefollowingsteps.EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)

StepsinEIA

4Scoping—a‘narrowing’processusuallyundertakenbyanassessmentteamtoidentifykeyissuesofconcernatanearlystageintheplanningprocessandguidethedevelopmentoftermsofreferencefortheEIA.Itaidssiteselection,identifiespossiblealternatives,andavoidsdelaysduetohavingtoassesspreviouslyunidentifiedpossibleimpacts.Scopingshouldinvolveallinterestedpartiessuchastheproponentandplanningorenvironmentalagenciesandmembersofthepublic.Theresultsdeterminethescope,depthandtermsofreferencetobedressedwithinanEnvironmentalImpactStatement(seebelow).Oncethesitefordevelopmenthasbeenselected,thenumberofissuesusuallydecreasesandattentiontodetailincreases.StepsinEIA

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)5MainEIAstudy—buildingonanddeepeningtheprecedingstepstopredicttheextentanmagnitudeofimpactsanddeterminetheirsignificance.Avarietyofmethodscanbeusedincluding:checklists,questionnaires,matrices,overlays,networks,modelsandsimulations.Thestudyshouldincorporateconsiderationofmitigatingmeasures—reviewingtheactionproposed/takentoprevent,avoidorminimizeactualorpotentialsignificantadverseeffectsofaproject,e.g.abandoningormodifyingaproposal,orsubstitutingtechniquesusingBATNEEC(BestAvailableTechnologyNotEntailingExcessiveCosts)suchaspollutionabatementtechniquestoreduceemissionstolegallimits.StepsinEIA

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)5MainEIAstudy—Iftheuncertaintiesaregreat,withthepossibilityofgraveconsequencesandnomitigatingmeasuresthentheproposeddevelopmentshouldberejected.Ifthereareuncertaintiesthatmightbereducedbyfurtherstudies,thenanapplicationcanbedeferredpendinguntilfurtherstudies.Wheremitigationisinappropriate,compensationmaybeanoption.StepsinEIA

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)5MainEIAstudy—AnEnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS)isacomprehensivedocumentthatreportsthefindingsoftheEIAandnowoftenrequiredbylawbeforeanewprojectcanproceed.AtypicalEIS,usuallypreparedbytheprojectonbehalfoftheproponent(usuallybyconsultants),focusesontheissuesmostrelevanttodecision-making.StepsinEIA

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Itcanbebrokendownintothreepartswithdifferentlevelsofdetail:Volume1—acomprehensiveandconcisedocumentdrawingtogetherallrelevantinformationregardingthedevelopmentproject.Non-TechnicalSummary(NTS)—abriefreportofvolume1innon-technicallanguagethatcaneasilybeunderstoodbythepublic.Volume2—avolumethatcontainsadetailedassessmentofthesignificantenvironmentaleffects(Notnecessarywhentherearenosignificanteffectseitherbeforeoraftermitigation).StepsinEIA

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Alternativecommunicationapproachesbyalsobeappropriatewhereliteracyorsocial/culturalbarrierspreventlocalpeopleaccessingtheEIS.(e.g.locallanguagevideos,presentations,radioprogrammes,meetingsandworkshops)StepsinEIA

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)6Review—toassesstheadequacyoftheEIAtodecision-makingandconsideritsimplicationsforprojectimplementation(insomecountries,suchreviewisaformalandindependentprocess)7Monitoringofprojectimplementationandoperation(includingdecommissioning),andeventuallyanauditoftheprojectafteritscompletionStepsinEIA

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)AnEnvironmentalImpactStatementthatprovidesclear,understandable,relevantinformationtoinfluencethefinaldecisiononthedevelopmentproject.Abetterdevelopmentproject(minimizednegativeimpacts,maximizedpositiveimpacts,optimallocation,bestalternativeselected,etc.)ExpectedOutputs

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Foramajorproject,anEIAmaytakeconsiderabletime,manpowerandresources.ThefirstfourstagesareveryimportanttodeterminetherequiredextentandfocusoftheEIA.BasicRequirements

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Predictionofimpactsreliesondatafromavarietyofsources:physical,biologicalandsociological.Itsqualitywilloftenimposeconstraintsonaccuracyandreliabilityofpredictions.Wheredataislimited,qualitativetechniqueswillneedtobeused.SkillsandCapacity—oftenamultidisciplinaryteamisrequired-particularlywherescopingindicatestheexistenceofmultipleorcomplexissues.Data

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Pros(mainadvantages)andCons(mainconstraintsinuseandresults)EIAoftenfocusesonbiophysicalissues(oftenafaultofpoortermsofreference).Whereenvironment,socialandeconomicaspectsareaddressed,theyarenotalwaysaddressedinanintegratedway.EIAprovidesanopportunitytolearnfromexperienceofsimilarprojectsandavoidsthe(oftenhigh)costofsubsequentlymitigatingunforeseennegativeanddamagingimpacts.EIAimproveslong-termviabilityofmanyprojects.Data

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)ArelativelysmallEIAofaproposedroaddevelopmentinMaputaland,SouthAfricawasconductedin1999fortheSouthAfricanRoadsAgency,DepartmentofTransport.TheroadformedakeyinfrastructuralcomponentofaSpatialDevelopmentInitiativeaimingtoprovideadirectlinkbetweennorthernKwaZulu-NatalandMozambiquetoencouragerapidinvestmentandconverttheareaintoaninternationallycompetitivezoneofeconomicactivityandgrowth.Theprojectaimedtotartheroad,upgraderivercrossingsandconstructanewcrossingoveraswamp.Theundevelopedareadominatedbysubsistenceagriculturehadhighlevelsofpovertyandunemploymentbuthighbiodiversityvalueandhigheco-tourismpotential.CaseStudy:EIAMkuzeRiverCrossingtoPhelendaba,SouthAfrica

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)MkuzeGameReserveTheMkhuzeRiverrunsalongthenorthernandeasternborderswithfigforestsalongitsbanks.VariousanimalspeciesthatmaybefoundintheMkuzeReserveincludeWhiteandBlackRhino,Lion,Leopard,Elephant,Giraffe,Nyala,Wildebeest,andmuchmore.RarespeciesincludeCheetah,WildDog,Hyenas,andSuni.Anextendedscopingstudyprovedadequatefordecision-making,despitethecomplexityofissues.Itprovedunnecessarytoundertakeanintensive,detailedEIAthatwouldhavehadsignificanttimeandresourceimplications.Thestudyinvolvedextensivestakeholderparticipation.Becauseoftheeco-tourismpotentialofpansinthearea,theKwaZulu-NatalNatureConservationService(KZNNCS)proposedanalternativeroutingfortheroadway(thewesternalignment),arguingthatthiswouldprovidegreateraccesstotheKwa-JobeTribalAuthority-anextremelypoorcommunity.CaseStudy:EIAMkuzeRiverCrossingtoPhelendaba,SouthAfrica

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Theexistingroutewasshorterandthereforecheaper,andmostofitsalignmentwasalreadycleared-solineardevelopmentsandotherdisturbancesalreadyexisted.Butitpassedthroughastateforestwithhazardstogameandgamehazardstotraffic,opportunisticpoachingandnoisefromtheroad.Thealternativewesternalignmentrequiredclearing140haofmatureSandForestandcouldopenaccesstouncontrolledwoodcutting.ButbenefitsincludedexpandingthewidthofamigrationcorridorbetweentheMkuzeGameReserveandtheSodwana.CaseStudy:EIAMkuzeRiverCrossingtoPhelendaba,SouthAfrica

EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)状语从句

状语从句在整个句子中用来修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词。英语中的状语从句形式多样、变化繁多，是一个比较复杂的语言现象。从类别上来说，英汉状语从句都可以分为九大类，即时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句等。从语序上来说，英语中状语从句的位置比较灵活，可放在主句的前面、中间或后面；而汉语中状语成分的位置较为固定，一般放在主句的前面。英语和汉语分别隶属不同语系，前者属于印欧语系，具有形合式的特点，而后者则属于汉藏语系，具有意合式的特点。换言之，汉语语句在表达上主要靠词序或语序，少用连词，而英语则不同，它必须要有相应的连词加以连接，但在翻译的过程中，往往不必译出连词。Translation

状语从句一、时间状语从句

英语中的时间状语从句，一般置于主句之前或之后，而在汉语中，通常置于主句之前。翻译时，往往采用以下几种处理方法，即顺序译法、逆序译法、分译译法、转换译法。(1)Wheneverwethinkhard,ourbrainproducesspecialtransportchemicals.译文：当我们思考时，我们的大脑产生特殊的传输化学物质。（顺序译法）(2)Hardlyhadtheoperatorpressedthebuttonwhenalltheelectricmachinesbegantowork.译文：操作人员一按电钮，所有电机都开始运作。（逆序译法）(3)Theearthturnsrounditsaxisasittravelsaboutthesun.译文：地球一面绕太阳转，一面绕地轴自转。（分译译法）Translation

状语从句二、地点状语从句

地点状语从句一般是由“where”，“wherever”等连词引导，位置相对比较灵活，可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后，有时，地点状语从句表达的意思却是条件句或结果状语从句的意思。翻译时，也可灵话处理，一般可采用顺序译法，逆序译法和转换译法种翻译方法：(1)Weuseinsulatorstopreventelectricalchargesfromgoingwheretheyarenotwanted.译文：我们使用绝球体是为了防止电荷跑到不需要的地方去，（顺序译法）(2)Asignalwillbeshownwhereveranythingwrongoccursinthecontrolsystem.译文；无论控制系统什么部位出故障，都会给出信号。（逆序译法）(3)Variationsandpermutationsoftheseproceduresareemployed,particularlywhereequipmentonhandhasbeenmodifiedformaskmanufacture.译文：这些程序可加以改变或重新排列，特别是现有的设备为制造掩膜而已经被修改了。（地点状语从句转译为目的状语从句）Translation

状语从句三、原因状语从句

英语中原因状语从句常常是由“because”，“since”,“for”和“as”等连词引导，往往位于主句之后，有时也位于主句之前。在汉语表达习惯中，一般先说明原因，再说结果，这样才符合逻辑。所以，在翻译时，往往被译成“由于……”、“因为……”等句式。在有些情况下，受到西方语言的影响，某些原因状语从句放在后面，只是起到补充说明作用。以下来具体分析几种翻译方法：(1)Thematerialfirstusedwascopperforthereasonthatitiseasilyobtainedinitspurestate.译文：最先使用的材料是铜，因为易于制取纯铜。（顺序译法）(2)Somesulphurdioxideisliberatedwhencoal,heavyoilandgasburn,becausetheyallcontainsulphurcompounds.译文：因为煤、重油和煤气的燃烧都含有硫化物，所以它们燃烧时会释放由一些二氧化硫。（逆序译法）(3)Becausehewasconvincedoftheaccuracyofthisfact,hestucktohisopinion.译文：他深信这一事实正确可靠，故而坚持己见。（转换译法）Translation

状语从句四、结果状语从句

英汉两种语言中结果状语从句都放在主句之后，由连词that或so…that，such…that等结构引导。多数情况下，采取顺序译法处理就可以了，但也不要过于拘泥，通通将其译为“因而”、“因此”、“如此……以致”、“致使……”等句式。一句话，欲得佳译，还需译者灵活处理。例如：

(1)Thesunissomuchbiggerthantheearththatitwouldtakeoveramillionearthstofillaballasbigasthesun.译文：太阳比地球大多了，所以得有一百多万个地球才能填满像太阳那么大的球体。(顺序译法)(3)Somestarsaresofarawaythattheirlightraysmusttravelforthousandsofyearstoreachus.译文：有些恒星十分遥远，它们的光线要经过几千年才能到达地球。（转换译法）Translation

状语从句五、条件状语从句

英语中的条件状语从句主要由“if”,“unless”,“as/solongas”,“onconditionthat”等连接词引导，其在逻辑关系上与汉语的假设复句或条件复句大体一致。一般而言，英语中的条件状语从句位于主句之前或之后，但绝大多数是位于主句之前，而在汉语中，它往往位于复句的前部。在某些情况下，为了强调说明或附加补充，也可以将其置于主句之后，翻译时，也可依此译出。(1)Ifsomethinghastheabilitytoadjustitselftotheenvironment,wesayithasintelligence.译文：如果某物具有适应环境的能力，我们就说它具有智慧。（顺序译法）(3)Electricitywouldbeofverylittleserviceifwewereobligedtodependonthemomentaryflow.译文：在我们需要依靠瞬时电流时，电力就没有多大用处。(条件状语从句转译为时间状语从句)Translation

状语从句五、条件状语从句

此外，还有一种特殊的条件句，就是英语中的非真实条件句，也称作虚拟语气。这类句子位于句首，省略“if”引导词，却把“were”,“had”,“should”和“could”等词提到句首主语之前，形成一种倒装语序。对于这类句子，在翻译时，也可参照由连词“if”引导的条件句的处理方法，常常采用顺序译法。例如：(4)Weretherenoelectricpressureinasemiconductortheelectronflowwouldnottakeplaceinit.译文：如果半导体中没有电压，其内部就不会产生电流。Translation

状语从句六、方式状语从句

方式状语从句是英语中较为特别的一种状语从句，它可以位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后，一般由“as”,“(just)as…so…”,“asif”,“asthough”等引导。“as”,“(just)as…”，“so…”等引导词引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在“(just)as…so…”结构中会位于句首，这时“as”从句带有比喻的含义，意思为“正如……”、“就像”，多用于较为正式的文体当中。“asif”、“asthough”两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大，常常译为“仿佛…似的”、“好像……似的”。翻译时，需要对这些引导词加以区分，正确译出其意义。(1)Eachoftwowirescarryingcurrentshasamagneticfield,asifitwereamagnet.译文：通电的两根导线每根都有一个磁场，就好像是一块磁铁一样。（顺序译法）(2)Justasalllivingthingsneedair,waterandsunlight,soplantsneedthem.译文：植物像所有生物一样也需要空气、水和阳光。（逆序译法）靠瞬时电流时，电力就没有多大用处。(条件状语从句转译为时间状语从句)Translation

状语从句七、目的状语从句

英语中的目的状语从句与汉语中的表达习惯基本相同，一般来说它位于主句的后面，常常由“inorderthat”、“sothat”等结构引导，翻译时，往往处理为“以便……”、“以免……”、“为的是……”、“为了要……”等句式。此外，在由“sothat”引导的表示要达到某种目的的一种愿望的从句中，其谓语里往往含有诸如“may”，“might”、“can/could/should”等的情态动词，否则就属于表示一种结果的结果状语从句，试比较以下几个例句。(2)Thenegativeworkshouldbemaintainedataslowavalueaspossibleforagivenpressureratio,sothatamaximumamountofusefulworkmaybeobtained.译文：在给定的压力比下，负功应当保持在尽可能低的值，以便可以获得最大的有用功。（目的状语从句）(3)Reflectorsarelocatedsocloselytoeachotherthatechoesoverlap,resultinginthesinglecontinuousechosignaltrain.译文：发射器彼此密切相连，因此反射波重叠，形成单一连续的反射信号串。（结果状语从句）Translation

状语从句八、让步状语从句

英语中的让步状语从句往往由“while”，“although”，“though”，“eventhough”等连词引导，也可以由“nomatter+疑问词”或“疑问词+后缀ever”或“形容词+as+倒装句子”构成。一般情况下，由“though”和“although”引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句中不能出现“but”一词，但是“though”和“yet”可连用；由“as”和“though”引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（如形容词、副词、分词等提前）。翻译时，常常译为“虽然/尽管/即使……但……”、“不管/无论……”等意义的句式，常采用顺序译法、逆序译法和变序译法。(1)Althoughheseemsheartyandoutgoinginpublic,Mr.Cooksisawithdrawn,introvertedman.译文：虽然库克斯先生在公共场合热情而开朗，但他却是一个孤僻的、性格内向的人。（顺序译法）(2)Allelectroniccomputersconsistoffiveunitsalthoughtheyareofdifferentkinds.译文：尽管种类各异，但所有电子计算机都由五大部分组成。（逆序译法）Translation

状语从句九、比较状语从句

英语中的比较状语从句通常是由“as…as…”，“…than”，“themore…themore…”，“notso…as…”引导，有些句子成分通常可省略。这类从句和大多数状语从句不同，它们不修饰动词，而是修饰“as/so/less/more”等副词，或其他比较级的词，如“taller”，“harder”等。这里讨论的是它们作为状语从句的情况。一般而言，英汉语中的比较状语从句位于主句之后，往往译为“比……”，“和……一样”，可采用顺序译法和变序译法。(2)Thebetterconductorasubstanceis,thelessisitsresistance.译文：物质的导电性能越好，其电阻越小。（顺序译法）(3)TheUKwillhavemoreflexibilitythanbeforeovertrading-offtime,whole-lifecostandperformance.译文：英国在交易时间、全寿命费用和性能等方面将具有前所未有的灵活性。（变序译法）Translation

Exercise

1.Projectspromotedbypublicsectoragenciesaremorelikelytoconsideralternativesitesorroutesfordevelopmentthanprivatesectorinitiativeswheretheearlyneedtoacquireoptionsorpurchaselandstronglyinfluencesdevelopmentlocation.2.InsuchcasestheEIAmightfocusmoreonmeasuressuchasscale,mitigatingmeasuresandtrafficmanagement.Projectspromotedbypublicsectoragenciesaremorelikelytoconsideralternativesitesorroutesfordevelopmentthanprivatesectorinitiativeswheretheearlyneedtoacquireoptionsorpurchaselandstronglyinfluencesdevelopmentlocation.Translation

学术论文的撰写（九）摘要和关键词的写作技巧一、摘要

摘要(abstract)也称为内容提要，美国国家标准(ASNI)定义摘要是“一篇精确代表文献内容的简短文字”。摘要的英文术语原来有两个词汇，一个是“abstract”，一个是“summary”，现在越来越多的用法是“abstract”，尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用“abstract”这个术语。“summary”现在更多的是用于对文章主要内容的陈述，放在文章的结尾。通常在科技论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前。1.摘要的功能与种类。摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要(descriptiveabstract)，一类是资料性摘要informativeabstract)。如果没有特殊要求，科研人员一般使用的是资料性摘要。现分别对两种摘要进行叙述。Writing

学术论文的撰写（九）摘要和关键词的写作技巧一、摘要

2.摘要的特点学术论文摘要的长短一般为正文字数的2~3%。国际标准化组织建议不少于250个词，最多不超过500个词。美国化学文献、医学文摘规定在200个词以内。①要说明实验或论证中新观察到的事实、结论。若有可能，还要说明新的理论、处理方法及过程、仪器、技术等要点。②要说明新化合物的名称、新数据，包括物理常数等。如不能对其说明，也要提到这些内容。提到新的项目和新的观察是很重要的。③在说明实验结果时，要说明所采用的方法，如果是新方法，还要简述其基本原理、操作范围和准确程度。Writing

学术论文的撰写（九）摘要和关键词的写作技巧一、摘要

3.摘要的主要内容及文体要求(1)摘要的主要内容科技论文摘要的主要内容在上文中已经提及，资料性论文摘要应包括研究目的（对