apa格式英文论文范文

apa格式英文论文范文英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流;下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式英文论文范文，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。apa格式英文论文范文篇一TheAnalysisofAngelClare’sTragedyinTessofTheD’urbervilles中文摘要：文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济，政治和文化根源。悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧，而是对现实社会的特征的再现，它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。他塑造了许多悲剧人物，展现出各种人物魅力。小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外，还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义，蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象，无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面，探讨导致其悲剧的成因。关键词：托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract:Literatureisamirrorofreallifewhichcanreflectallaspectsofpeople’slives.Moreandmorescholarshavebeguntostudyacountryfromtherootsofeconomy,politicsandculture.AsearlyasancientGreece,thereweresomecreationsoftragedy.Tragedyisakindofliterarycreation,whichisnotasimpleartisticformortechniquebuttherepeatofrealsociety.Itcandepictthepiteous,sad,distressingandsentimentalplotsbydescribingsometortuousorcomplicatedevents.TheBritishfamouswriterThomasHardywasoneoftheexcellentnovelistsoftheVictorianage.Hedelineatedalotofcharactersoftragedies,showingvariouspersons’enchantment.Besidesprovidingthedignityoflifetragedytothereaders,thenovelscontainstheprofoundrationalismofthewriterandThomasHardy’sTessoftheD’urbervillesreflectedhisrealsociety.HardysucceededinportrayingtheimageofheroineTessandrevealingthehypocriticalethicsandmoralsofbourgeoissociety.ThispaperwilldiscussthecausesofClare’stragedyfromthehero–AngelClare’ssocialbackgroundandpsychology.Keywords:ThomasHardy,tragedy,AngelClareChapter1IntroductionLiteratureisnotonlyanartbutalsoamirrorofreallife.Whenstudyingaliterarywork,scholarsactuallystudyhistory.Nowadaysanincreasingnumberofscholarshavebeguntostudythehistoryofacountry’seconomic,politicalandculturalformsfromtheperspectiveofliteraturebecausethroughdifferentkindsofliteraryworks,wecanseeallsortsoffeelingssuchasjoy,anger,sorrowandvarioustruths.Themanifestationofliteratureismanifold,oneofwhichistragedy.Thewritersoftenwanttoshowthepiteous,sad,distressingandsentimentalplotsbydescribingsometortuousorcomplicatedevents.Inthetragedy,itisinevitablethattheheroesorheroinesshouldsufferasetbackordisadvantage,coverthemselvesindishonor,experiencetribulationorevenfailordiethoughtheyhavereasonablemotivation,wishes,ideal,orpassionwhichmayindicateavictoryorsuccess.Butfinallytheywilleitherdieorgetmad.Withabadending,tragedyoftencontainsacertainphilosophyoflife.TherearelotsoftragediesinwesternliteraturesuchasOedipus,PrometheusBound,RomeoandJuliet,Macbeth,Hamlet,Faust,etc.AndthefamoustragediansarealsolegionlikeAeschylus,Sophocles,Shakespeare,etc–ThomasHardyforone.Hewasaprolificandexcellentwriter,publishingfourteennovelsandfourvolumesofshortstories.Hisworkswerenotedfortheintensetragicspiritandsenseoffortune,fromwhichwecanfeeltheatmosphereoftragedybroughtbyfortunedeeply.“TessoftheD’urbervilles”isoneoftheHardy’stragedies,amasterpiecewhichbroughthimintoanumberofliterarycriticsnotice.Itreflectedthewriter’srealsocietyanditssocialsystemandmorals;thereforestudyingthisnovelcanhelpustoknowaboutthehistoryofhisage.ButmanypapersshowedthatmostofcriticsusedtoresearchthewritingbackgroundfromthetragedyofTess.ManyscholarshavealwaysputemphasisonthetragedyofTessforalongtime.OnlyafewscholarsmaderesearchesforthetragedyofitsheroAngelClare.Hewasacontradictoryunity–hewasboldinstrugglingwiththetraditionalviewbutinthemeantimehecouldnotbreaktheshacklesoffeudalideas.Thispaperwillseethesocietyfromthisperspective–AngelClare,thehero’stragedyanddiscussthecausesofClare’stragedyfromhissocialbackgroundandpsychology.Chapter2AbriefaccountofTessofTheD’urbervillesItseemsthatthefictionalworksdonotconcernwiththerealworld.Butweknowthatbeforethewritersbegintocreatetheirworks,itcanbesaidthattheirsocialexperiencemaybetheirprimarymaterialforcreation.Somewriterscreatedtherolesandenvironmentsinordertorevoltagainsttheworldlyprejudiceoftheirages.Thesekindsofwordsareexpectedtotellpeoplethetruthofasociety.Inmanycases,thesocialbackgroundofthenovelisthewriter’sbackground.BeforeanalyzingtherootsofClare’stragedy,thispaperwilldiscusstwoaspectsofthisnovel,namely“thewritingbackground”and“thewriterandhisworks”fromwhichwecanseethebackgroundofthisnovel.2.1ThewritingbackgroundThomasHardywasthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictoriaages.TheVictorianagewasanageofrealismratherthanofromanticism–arealismwhichstrivestotellthewholetruthshowingmoralandphysicaldiseasesastheyare.Victorianliterature,ingeneral,truthfullyrepresentedtherealityandspiritofthisagewhichwasthegreatageoftheEnglishnovel—realistic,thicklyplotted,crowdedwithcharacters,andlong.Hardy,whoalsoshownthetruthofthisagehadahighplaceinWesternliteraturewhichcamefromtheagitationoflifeandfatalismofhumanbeing.HistragediesinthehistoryofWesternliteraturewerenoanaccidentforthetragedyconsciousness.Hardy’stragicnovelshassprungfromanddevelopedthistragicideainformandconnotation.ThetragedyconsciousnessinHardy’snovelsoriginatedfromWesterntraditionaltragicspiritwhichwasfullofrationalismandprofoundreflectiononthecontradictionsofhumansociety.Anditalsorevealedanineluctableandinevitableconditionalityoffate.Thatistosay,theheroesorheroineswouldslipintothetragicpathoflifeintheendinWesternliteraturenomatterwhethertheylikedornot,orwheretheyhided.Tragedywastheirfinalarrangement.ThomasHardystudiedGreektragediesandShakespeareantragediesallhislife.AndhewasdeeplyinfluencedbySchopenhauer’stragedyconsciousness.Schopenhauerwasafamousphilosopherwhobelievedthatlifewasatragedy–lifewasfilledwithdesire.Ifapersonhadadesirebutcouldnotgainhisdesires,hewouldfeelpainful;however,whenhecouldgainhisdesires,hewouldbecomeinsipid.Thiswasanothertorment.Schopenhauergroupedtragedyintothreetypes:thetragedycausedbythosewhocommittedheinouscrimes,thetragedyledbytheironyoffateandthetragedycausedbymisunderstandinganddistrustbetweenpersonsineverydaylife.Inhisopinion,thelasttragedywasthemostterribleonewhichwecanseeinHardy’sworks.Hardybegantocreatingthenovelsintheearly1870s.Inthelate1890s,heturnedtowritepoetry.TheBritaininthisperiodwasundergoingatransitionperiodfromlaisser-fairecapitalismtoimperialism.Thecapitalismthoughtthatthesocialsystemofthisperiodcouldnotbechanged.ButHardy’sworksexactlyclashedwithit,whichreflectedthetremendouschangesofsocietyduetotheinvasionofindustrialcapitaltothevillage.WithoneremarkhehadrippedawaythemaskofBritishsociety.2.2ThewriterThomasHardyandhisworkLiteratureisreflectionoflife.Almostallwriterscreatedtheirnovelsaccordingtohissocialbackground.Wecanseemanyliteraryworkswrittenonthebasisoftheirages.Theywantedtobringoutthesocialfactsbytheirworks.Itshouldbesuchafreewaythattheycouldrebukethedarksociety.Peoplecanfeelthesocietyofthewritersfromtheirworksandthenidentifiedwiththewriters.Thewritershopedthattheycouldletthepeopleknowthedarkaspectsofthegovernmentandthenfineanechofromthembytheirworks.Tosomeextent,anovelshouldbeahistory.FromtheintroductionofThomasHardyandthemaincontentofTessofTheD’urbervillesmustbehelpfultoshowusthebackgroundofClare’stragedy.2.1.1Aboutthewriter–ThomasHardyThomasHardy(1840～1928),bornin1840nearDorchester,wasafamousBritishpoetandnovelist.HecarriedforwardanddevelopedtheliterarytraditionsoftheVictorianage.Hevividlyandtruthfullydescribedthetragicplotsinhisworks.Thecriticsofliteraturecalledhim“ShakespeareofBritishnovels”.Hardywasbornintoanarchitect’sfamilyandwasexpectedtobecomeanarchitect.HetrainedasanarchitectandworkedinLondonandDorsetfortenyears.Hardybeganhiswritingcareerasanovelist,publishingDesperateRemediesin1871,andwassoonsuccessfulenoughtoleavethefieldofarchitectureforwriting.Hardywaspessimisticinhisviewoflife.Thedominantthemeofhisnovelsisthefutilityofman’sefforttostruggleagainstcruelandunintelligiblefate,chance,andcircumstances,whichareallpredestinedbytheImmanentWill.HebravelychallengedmanyofthesexualandreligiousconventionsoftheVictorianage.Andheexposedthehypocriticalmorals,lawsandreligionsofcapital.Hardy’sworksreflectedthetremendouschangesandpeople’smiserablelivesespeciallythewomen’slivesinsocialeconomic,politics,morals,custom,etcaftertheinvasionofindustrialcapitaltotheBritishvillages.Moreover,whereweseeHardy'srealmasteryisthedifferenceinthelanguageofpeoplefromthesocialclasses(e.g.theClare’sincontrastwiththefarmworkers’).Hewasgoodatviewinglifewithatragiclight.“TessofTheD’urbervilles”washismasterpiecewhichwasnotedbylotsofcriticsofdifferentperiods.2.1.2ThemaincontentofTessofTheD’urbervillesTessofTheD’urbervillescameintoconflictwithVictorianmorality.Inthisnovel,Hardyreachestheheightofhisachievementasanovelist.LikemostotherHardynovels,rurallifeisaprominentissueinthestory.Andtheissueoffateversusfreedomofactionisanotherimportantaspectofthisnovel.IttellsofthatavillagegirlcalledTesswhowasabeautiful,pure,plain,honest,assiduousandcleverwentthroughamiserablelife.Shewasborninapoorfamilyandlivedinapeculiarsociety.ThesonoftheD’urbervillesAlecrapedherandshewaspregnant.ShefellinlovewithAngelClarebeforelong.Clarelovedherverymuchandlongedtomarryherbutshedelayedtoanswerthisofferofmarriagejustbecauseshedidnotknowhowtotellthetruthofbeingraped.Despitethis,atlastthiskindheartedandsinceregirldecidedtotellhimthisbadthing.However,whenTesstoldhimthetruththatshewasrapedbyaknaveAlec,hecouldnotforgiveherforhavinganotherman’schildeventhoughsheforgavehimeverything.AngelClarebecameveryangryandabandonsTess.OnedayshefoundAlecbecameaminister.Afterherfather’sdeathunexpectedly,Tesshadtheburdenofthefamilywelfareonhershoulders,andtheywereshortlythereafterevictedfromtheircottage.ShebelievesdeepdownthatAngelhadabandonedher,andAlecsaiditaswell,andTessknewherfamilywoulddowellbyAlec’swealthandproperty.Buttohersurprised,AngelreturnsfromBrazil,repentinghisharshness,butfoundherlivingwithAlec.TesskillsAlecindesperation,shewasarrestedandhanged.Shemakeshimpromisetomarryhersister,LizaLu,afterherdeath,whichheagreestodo.InTessofthed'Urbervilles,ThomasHardyhasdirectlysatirizednature.Thisnovelrevealedthetragedyofcommonpeople’sdestinyandflayedhypocriticalgentlemenandmorals.Inthisnovel,HardydemonstratedhisdeepsenseofmoralsympathyforEngland'slowerclasses,particularlyforwomen.Hesucceededinportrayinganartisticimage–avillagegirlwithkindness,tendernessandamorousness.Thenovel,whichindicatedthetendencyofanti-religioussentiments,againstfeudalmoralityandthelawsofcapitalists,waswarmlyreceivedbythereadingpublicthoughBritishupperclasswasbitteragainstit.Chapter3TheoriginsofAngelClare’stragedyTragedycanalsobeavisionoflife,whichissharedbymostWesternculturesandhavingitsroots.Theessenceoftragedyisalmostthesamethoughtdifferentwriterscreatethestoriesfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques.AnumberofcriticshadmanykindsofinterpretationsforAngelClare’stragedyinTessofTheD’urbervilles.Theyanalyzedhiscomplicatedcharacterfromdifferentperspectives.Thispaperwillexplainhistragedyasthefollowingaspects:3.1SocialrootsHeresocialrootsrefermainlytothesocialconventionsandmoralstandardswhichledtoClare’stragedy.Clarelivedinsuchconditionswhichthemasculineauthorityplayedanimportantroleintraditionalsociety.AngelClarewasoneofthevictimsofthissociety.Atthatage,womenwereregardedasbeingsubordinateinthehousehold.Thechastityforthemisthemostimportantthing.Thetraditionalviewonchastityconsideredawoman’schastityastheprerogativeofherhusband.Ifthewomenlosthervirtue,shemustbeimmoral.Ontheonehandthemalemadethemoralstandardsforthefemale,demandingofthefemaletobepureandvirginal;ontheotherhand,themaleindulgedhimselfinsexualmatters.Theydemandedthatthemostmagnanimousactthefemalehadshouldbechastity;nevertheless,thosewhobrokethewomen’schastitywerethemalesthemselves.Thatistosay,onlythemalesinthatsocietywereright.Thefemalecouldsaynothingforhiswrong.SoTessaskingClare“Forgivemeasyouareforgiven!Iforgiveyou.Angel”(Hardy,1993)wouldbecometheimpossibility.

Undersuchcircumstances,afterTesslosthervirginity,sheshouldbeAlec’sconcubineormaketheirrelationshiplegalizedaccordingtothesocialbadhabitsofthetime.ButTess,whopursuedherinnocentlove,hadratherbe“aladyofeasyvirtue”.Intheliterature,therewasasetformfortheimagesofwomen,namely,womenshouldbebeautifulandvirtuous,gentleandbiddable,andshouldcleavetohishusbandandfamilies.Allthesesetsarerelatedtotherealsociety.Traditionally,awomanmustobeyherhusbandlikehiswretchedslave.ThedescriptionaboutthisagegivenbyHardywasjustthesocietywhose“socialmorals”hadmanifestedmainlyin“chastity”thatcenteredonmen.Evenifamanofthatagewasboldinchallengingtheoldsystem,itwasimpossibleforhimtoabandonthesocialmorals.Inaddition,alargepartofpeoplearoundhimwerestillcontrolledbyfeudalideas,sothesocialrootsshouldbethedirectcauseofClare’stragedy.3.2PsychologicalrootsAperson’swayofseeingthingsplaysanimportantroleallhislife.Hardynaminghishero“Angel”mighthavehisownintent.WeknowthatAngelshouldbepure;however,fromthedevelopmentoftheplot,wecannotsee“pure”fromAngelClare.AngelClarewasborninarichpastoralfamily,buthewasunwillingtoobeyhisfatherandbrothers.Hedidnotabidebytheoldcustomandetiquette,andgaveadamnforthesuperiorofmaterialthingssuchaswealthandposition.Hewasbornandbredthereligion.Buthethoughtthathecouldnothonestlybeordainedaministerashisbrotherswere.Hetookupadisdainfulpositiononthesocialcustomsandfoundthevalueofworkingpeople.Heabandonedthechanceofstudyinginuniversityandwenttothecountrysideandtostudytheagriculturalskills.Thisissufficienttoshowthathewasboldinstrugglingwiththetraditionalviewandtriedtoshowofftheshacklesoftheclass.Atthenewly-marriednight,Tessdecidedtotellhimher“guilt”indetail.AngelfelloutwithTessandthenwenttoBrazilalonethoughhehadlivedalooselifewithawomanwhowasnotacquaintedwithhim.HecouldnotforgiveTessher“guilt”.Theso-called“pure”inhismindwassoingrainedthathecouldnotacceptTess’spast.Heconsidersherasa"fallenwomen".Clarewasalsosuchamanwitharidiculouspointthatamancouldhaveaffairwithmanygirlsbutagirlmustkeeptobeavirginbeforeshebecomeabride.Itshowedhiscowardiceinhischaracter.Tesstrustedhimandmadeadecisiontoconfidehersecrettohim.Butonthenightoftheirwedding,whenClarelearnedthatTesswasnotavirginandhadhadabastard,theoriginalperfectimagewassuddenlybrokenbythesadfacts.ApparentlyhesaidhewasdeeplyattachedtoTess,butactuallyhecouldnotfacethetruthwithcourage.HejustlovedTess’spleasingappearanceratherthananyotherthingsofher.AngelClarewasmoreorlessanopen-mindedbourgeoisintellectual.Inlove,althoughhewasnotasdespicableasAlec,hewasdevoidofselflessandsincerefeelingasTessdid.ClarelovedTessjustbecauseofherbeauty.Andshecouldbecomehisrighthandinthefuture.HetoldTess:“Irepeat,thewomanIhavebeenlovingisnotyou.Anotherwomaninyourshape.”(Hardy,1993)Hecouldnotbelievethisbadtrutheandsaid“Tess!Sayitisnottrue!No,itisnottrue!”Itisclearthathetookadeadlyknockpsychologically.Clare’scharacterdeterminedhistragedy–hecouldnotacceptherpast.ItisclearthattheseedsoftragedyaresownwhenalltherigidruleofhisforebearandtheunfairsocialsystemsfirmlylaidholdofAngelClare,whohadpreachedtheliberationofmankindnolongerexists.WhenClarefinallyrealizedtheimmensityofTess’sloveandthepiteousplightithadbroughtuponher,everythingwastoolate.Hecouldnotcompletelygetridofsocialconventionsandmoralstandards.Tesswouldgoawayforever.ItwasClare’stragedy–thesocialsystemandmoralityandhischaracterdecidedthatitcouldbeinevitable.Chapter4ConclusionLiteraturehascomeveryclosetodailylife,reflectingitspracticalproblemsandinterestsandisusedasapowerfulinstrumentofhumanprogress.Literatureoriginatesfromlifeandthenreformslife.Theycanmakeyousubconsciouslyanddeeplybelievethatallthethingstheydescribedreallyhappened.Afteryoufinishreading,thecharactersthatitdepictedwillappearvividlyinfrontofyou.Theyaretruetolife——youcanseetheirfacesandfeeltheirsound,paceandthoughts.Withtheexcellentliteraryworks,wecanfeelthehistoryvividly.Asanimportantpartofliterature,tragedyhasshoweditsartisticattraction.Thereasonwhyagreatnumberofreaderstendtobeaffectedbytheplotsoftragediesisthatsomeofthemhadthesameorsimilarexperiencewiththecharactersinthenovels.Thewesterntragediesputemphasisonthesoul-stirringspiritfromthefear.Thestrongtragediescantouchtheheartofthereaders.Themodernwesterntragediesrepresentedthelifestyleofmodernwesterners.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsofmodernlivesandconsciousness.Studyingonthemasterpiecesofanagecanhelpalotforstudyingitshistory.ThomasHardywasborninVictorianage.Thenovelinthisagebecamethemostwidelyread,themostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.Althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques,thewritersofthisagesharedonethingincommon,thatis,theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.InHardy’sworks,manisalsoshowninevitablyboundbyhisowninherentnatureandhereditarycharacteristicswhichprompthimtogoandsearchforsomespecifichappinessorsuccessandsethiminconflictwiththeenvironment.Hevividlyportrayeddifferentcharactersoftragedy.TessoftheD’urbervilleswasoneofhismasterpieces.Theconflictsbetweenthetraditionalandthemodern,betweentheoldruralvalueofrespectabilityandhonestycanbeclearlyseeninthisnovelanditisnotdifficulttoseetherootsofthistragedyeitherfromTessorClare.ThispaperanalyzedClare’stragedyanddescribedtherootsoftragedyinthisprocess.Awonderfuldescriptionisjustapartofanovel,butonlythosethingswhichcanstrikedeepintothemindsofthepeoplewillberememberedbythem.FromthetragedyofAngelClare,wecanseethedarkofasocietyagain.Bibliography:[1]Abcarian,Richard.MarvinKlotz:Literature—TheHumanExperience[M].NewYork:St.Martin’sPress,2000[2]Force,Lorrain.M.CliffsNotesonHardy'sTessoftheD'Urbervilles[M].WashingtonUniversity,1996.[3]Hardy,Thomas.TessoftheD'Urbervilles[M].ForeignLanguagePress,1993.[4]RobertAckerman.ThomasHardy’sTessoftheD'Urbervilles[M].Beijing:Simon&SchusterPressandBeijingForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,1996[5]马新国主编，2002，西方文论史[M]，北京：高等教育出版社[6]颜学军，论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J]，四川外语学院学报，2001(3)[7]张谷若译本，1990，德伯家的苔丝[M]，北京：人民文学出版社[8]朱立元，1997，当代西方文艺理论[M]，上海：华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二OnThomasHardy’sReligiousSenseinHisWorks小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract:ReligionhasaprofoundinfluenceontheworksofEuropeanandAmericanwriters..FromaseriesworksofThomasHardy,clearlywecanseetheinfluenceofTheBibleonhim.Nevertheless,thoughHardyfailedtoeliminatethelimitationofTragicpredestinationandreligioustradition,BythecasestudyanalyzingontheworksofThomasHardy,thispapermakesanresearchonthedistinguishedreligioussenseofThomasHardyaswellasitscauseofformation.内容摘要：宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。从托马斯•哈代的一系列作品里，我们可以清楚地看到圣经和宗教对托马斯哈代的影响。然而，虽然哈代没有摆脱悲观宿命和宗教习俗的局限性，但他对人物形象地塑造以及小说意向的组合无疑对社会的伦理道德和基督教义进行了讽刺和抨击。通过对托马斯•哈代作品的个案研究分析，本文分析了哈代独特的的宗教观念及其成因。Chapter1.BackgroundofThomasHardyThomasHardy(1840-1928)isoneofthegreatestEnglishpoetandnovelistbetweenthe18thCenturyandthe20thcentury(Victorianperiod).Hardyisfamousforhisdepictionsoftheimaginarycounty"Wessex”.Hardyisacross-centuryliterarygiant.SuccesshasmaskedtheWessexnovelsleftaprofoundimpression.Hardy'sworkreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.(womenespecially),andofdeepchangesofsocialeconomy,politics,ethicsandcustomaftertheinvasionofcapitalismintotheEnglishcountrysideandtowns.Theyexposedthehypocrisiesofthecapitalisticethics,lawandreligion,whichinheritedtheexcellenttraditionofrealisticcriticismaswellasexploitedaroadforEnglishliteratureinthe20thcentury.HardykeptcrackingtragediesofGreekandShakespearewithallhislife,andwasinfluencedbytheskepticismofneotericscientificideology,sothathisopiniontowardslifewaspessimisticandfated,andhethoughtthatnomatterwhatkindofdegreehumansocietyhaddeveloped,humanbeingwereunabletogetridofthetricksofthefate.ThiskindofideologybecameabigwindowforHardy'swriting,andinhisworks,coincidenceswereeverywhere,nature’stingesuffusedaround,environmentservedasafoiltotheroles,andtheroles'charactersweremixedupwiththeenvironment.Thesewereingenuitiesexertedbythewriter,inaddition,Hardyhadworkedasanarchitectinhisearlytime,sohisworkswerewrittenwithastylethatcouldberelishedagainandagain.Thescenarioes,charactersandsceneriesofHardy'sworksweresofine,perfect,compactandharmonicthatfewwriterscouldcompetewithhim.Chapter2ThomasHardy'sReligiousBeliefs1.1ProfileLikesomanyothermajorVictorianauthors,onhisearlystage,ThomasHardyhadanimportantEvangelicalphasethatleftadeepimpressonhisthought.Examiningthetextofasermonclearlymarkedby"Evangelicalstyleandtheology"thattheeighteen-year-oldHardywrote,wecanconcludesthatitprovidesconvincingevidenceofHardy’salreadybeingsympathetictoEvangelicalismbyOctober1858,histakingsufficientlyseriouslyhisso-called“dream”ofordinationtopracticewritingasermon,and,mostsignificantly,hishavingapersonalfaiththatwasbothardentandorthodox”.Thisnewevidenceprovesimportantbecauseitrequiresrewritingthehistoryofthenovelist'sreligiousbelieforbeliefs.ThomasHardyusedtobeanarchitect’sapprenticeinDorchester.Atthisstage,HardystudiedintensivelyontheBibleandfurtherinquiredintoAnglicandoctrineonpedobaptism.1.2DetailedResearchAlthoughonehisoldestfriends,HenryBastow,anardentBaptistwhoemigratedtoAustralia,longagoclaimedthatinHardyhadbeenanEvangelical,scholarshavegenerallydismissedhisremarks,largelyonthebasisoftheautobiography.TheHardyofLifeandWork"presentshis"youthfulfaithasgentlemanlyandunimpassioned,moresocialthatreligious,andfundamentallydifferentfromtheEvangelical—indeedevangelistic—zealembodiedinthesermon.ThisHardypresumablyneverunderwentaclassicVictorianlossoffaithbecauseheneverhadasustained,personalfaithtolose”.Thenewevidencepaintsaverydifferentpicture.CitingTimothyHand's1989"notablebookonHardyandChristianity,"Dalzielliststhenovelist'slifelongconnectionstotheorthodoxChristianityhewassoontoabandon:(1)Hisfamily'sassociationswiththeestablishedchurch;(2)HislifelongloveofchurchmusicandthelanguageoftheBibleandtheBookofCommonPrayer;(3)Hiscontinuedattendingreligiousservices;(4)Hispoetry'soccasionalexpressionlongingforbelief(e.g."TheOxen").;(5)HisconvictionthattheChurchwas—andshouldremain—thesocial,ethical,andeducationalcenterofacommunity.DespitetheselifelongconnectionswiththeChurchofEngland—connectionsmuchfirmerandmorenumerousthanmostVictorianauthorswholosttheirbelief—"HardyrepeatedlyarticulatedbothhisconvictionthattheCauseofThingsmustbeunconscious,'neithermoralnorimmoral,butunmoral,'andhishopethatthisUnconsciousWillwasevolvingintoconsciousnesswouldultimatelybecomesympathetic”.Nonetheless,DalzielarguesthathoweverfarHardymovedfromhisEvangelicalsermonof1858,itsthreemainpointsremainthe"centralpreoccupations"ofhislife:theemphasis"onthelawascurse,onsuffering,andonthesavingforceoflove".ShethereforearguesthatHardytheatheistremained"profoundlyChristian"inmanyways.However,therearesomequestionremains.ifoneretainssomeofthecultural,emotional,andevenethicalattitudesofChristianity,assomanyVictoriannon-believersdid,butdoesnothaveanyfaithinapersonalgod,muchlessinthedivinityofChristandsalvationthroughhim,cantheseattitudesstillbeconsideredChristian?Wouldn'titbelesstendentiousandalotmoreconvincingsimplytostatethatThomasHardymighthavewishedhecouldhaveremainedaChristian,butthathedidn't,orthathealwaysretainedmanyideasandattitudesassociatedwithChristianity(and,ofcourse,withotherreligionsaswell)butnotthefundamentalbeliefsthatgroundedthem.Suchacharacterizationo