版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
CentrefortheNewEconomyandSociety
ChiefEconomists
Outlook
January2024
ChiefEconomistsOutlook
Disclaimer
ThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoa
project,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusions
expressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsed
bytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresentthe
viewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersor
otherstakeholders.
©2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmay
bereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopying
andrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.
2
ChiefEconomistsOutlook
ChiefEconomistsOutlook
January2024
Thisquarterlybriefingbuildsonthelatestpolicy
developmentresearchaswellasconsultations
andsurveyswithleadingchiefeconomistsfrom
boththepublicandprivatesectors,organized
bytheWorldEconomicForum’sCentreforthe
NewEconomyandSociety.
Itaimstosummarizetheemergingcontours
ofthecurrenteconomicenvironmentand
identifyprioritiesforfurtheractionbypolicy-
makersandbusinessleadersinresponsetothe
compoundingshockstotheglobaleconomy
fromgeoeconomicandgeopoliticalevents.
Thesurveyfeaturedinthisbriefingwas
conductedinNovember-December2023.
3
Contents
Executivesummary
5
1.Globalconditionsremainsubdued
7
Growthmomentumisslowingacrossregions
7
Tighteningcyclemaybenearingtheend10
2.Geopoliticalriftscompounduncertainty12 Fragmentationcloudstheoutlook12 Governmentscontinuetoturninward153.Artificialintelligencetakesthespotlight18 AImayexpandtheproductivityfrontier18 Navigatingthesocietalimpact20
References23
Contributors28
Acknowledgements
29
Cover:Unsplash
4
Executivesummary
TheJanuary2024ChiefEconomistsOutlooklaunchesamidprotractedweaknessin
globaleconomicconditionsandwideningregionaldivergence.Uncertaintythat
dominatedtheoutlookoverthelastyear
continuestocloudnear-termeconomic
developments:56%ofchiefeconomists
expecttheglobaleconomytoweakenoverthenextyear,butanother43%foresee
unchangedorstrongerconditions.
Whiletherearepositivedevelopments,suchaseasinginflationarypressuresandadvancesinthefieldofartificialintelligence(AI),
businessesandpolicy-makersfacepersistentheadwindsandcontinuedvolatilityasglobaleconomicactivityremainsslow,financial
conditionsremaintightandgeopoliticalriftsandsocialstrainscontinuetogrow.
Regionally,theresultshighlightdiverging
growthpatterns.Themostbuoyant
economicactivityisstillexpectedinSouthandEastAsia.Chinaremainsanexception,withthepreviouscombinationofstrong
andmoderategrowthexpectationsbeingreplacedwithlargelymoderate(69%)
expectationsfor2024.IntheUSandthe
MiddleEastandNorthAfrica,theoutlook
hasweakenedsincetheSeptember2023
editionoftheChiefEconomistsOutlook,withaboutsixoutoftenrespondentsexpectingmoderateorstrongergrowththisyear.In
Europe,77%expectweakorveryweakgrowthin2024.
Elsewhereintheworld,theexpectations
areforbroadlymoderategrowth.
Thesurveyresultsreflecttheimprovement
intheinflationoutlookfor2024,with
expectationsforhighinflationbeingpared
backacrossallregions.Themajorityalso
expectthatlabourmarkets(77%)and
financialconditions(70%)willloosen.
Thiseditionoftheoutlookfocuseson
twokeyphenomenaimpactingtheglobal
economy–geopoliticaldevelopmentsand
advancementsingenerativeAI.Almost
sevenoutoftenchiefeconomistsexpect
thepaceofgeoeconomicfragmentation
toacceleratethisyear.Themajorityof
respondentssayitwillstokevolatilityin
theglobaleconomy(87%)andinstock
markets(80%).Thereappearstobeequally
strongconsensusthatrecentgeopolitical
developmentswillincreaselocalization(86%)
andstrengthengeoeconomicblocs(80%).
Almostsixoutoften(57%)alsoexpectit
toincreaseinequalityandwidentheNorth-
Southdivideinthenextthreeyears.
Growingglobalfragmentationisclosely
intertwinedwiththeresurgenceinindustrial
policies.Abouttwo-thirdsexpectthese
policiestoenabletheemergenceofnew
economicgrowthhotspotsandvitalnew
industries,withthemajoritywarningofrising
fiscalstrains(79%)anddivergencebetween
higher-andlower-incomeeconomies(66%).
5
Respondentsarealmostunanimous
inexpectingthesepoliciestoremain
largelyuncoordinatedbetween
countries,withadifferentmixof
defensiveandenablingapproachesin
high-andlow-incomeeconomies.
Therapidadvancesinthefieldofartificial
intelligenceputitontopofbusinessand
policyagendasin2024.Respondentsare
notablymoreoptimisticaboutAI-enabled
benefitsinhigh-incomeeconomiesthanindevelopingeconomies,includinganincrease
intheefficiencyofoutputproduction(79%)
andinnovation(74%),withamoremixed
pictureregardingstandardsofliving(57%).
Chiefeconomistsarealmostunanimous
(94%)inexpectingproductivitygainsto
becomeeconomicallysignificantinhigh-
incomeeconomiesinthenextfiveyears,
comparedtoonly53%forlow-income
economies.Theviewsaresomewhatmore
dividedonthelikelihoodofgenerativeAI
resultinginadeclineintrustacrosshigh-
income(56%)andlow-income(44%)
economiesthisyear.
6
1.Globalconditions
remainsubdued
Growthmomentumisslowingacrossregions
Globaleconomicprospectsremain
subduedandfraughtwithuncertainty,accordingtothelatestsurveyofchiefeconomists.Although56%ofchief
economistsexpecttheglobaleconomy
toweakenoverthenextyear,20%foresee
unchangedconditionsandnearlyaquarter
expectstrongerconditions(seeFigure1).
Thesesomewhatdividedresultshighlight
thattheambiguitythatdominatedthe
outlookoverthelastyearcontinuesto
cloudnear-termeconomicdevelopments.
Figure1.Theglobaleconomicoutlook
Lookingattheyearahead,whatareyourexpectationsforthefutureconditionofthe
globaleconomy?
MuchweakerSomewhatweakerUnchangedSomewhatstrongerMuchstronger
3532023
Shareofrespondents(%)
Note:Thenumbersinthegraphsmaynotaddupto100%becausefigureshavebeenroundedup/down.
Source:ChiefEconomistsSurvey,November-December2023
Therelativeresilienceoftheworld
economyintherecentyearswillcontinue
tobetestedentering2024.Globaleconomicactivityisstallingwithsignsofslowdown
inboththemanufacturingandservices
sectors.1Tightfinancialconditionsweigh
onconsumerandbusinesssentiments,2
whilefiscalandmonetarypolicy-makersareassessingtrade-offsandsequencingfor
carefulpolicycalibration.
Theeconomicbackdropismarkedby
protractedweaknessinglobalgrowthand
wideningdivergence.TheInternational
MonetaryFund(IMF)forecastsaslight
declineinglobalgrowthto2.9%in2024,
downfrom3%in2023.3Therelative
resilienceinglobalfigurescontinuestorely
onthegrowthperformanceofemerging
economies,whilethemomentumin
advancedeconomiesisfading.
1S&PGlobal,December2023b.
2Lane,April2023.
3IMF,October2023.
7
74152
5
155630
4354615
167212
305911
340533
3169
3565
106723
However,growthforecastsremainvulnerable
toanincreasedriskofshocks.The
geopoliticalriftshighlightedasasourceofglobaleconomicvolatilityinthelastsurvey4havesinceincreasedwithnewconflicts
eruptingorworseninginAfrica,theMiddleEast5andLatinAmerica.6
Whileeconomicheadwindsremain
contained,theseescalationsriskrupturing
supplychainsandsendingshockwaves
beyondthecommoditymarkets.Further
uncertaintyhingesontheoutcomesof
electioncyclesinthecomingyear.
Figure2.Growthexpectations
Whatisyourexpectationforeconomicgrowthinthefollowinggeographiesin2024?
VeryweakWeakModerateStrongVerystrong
SouthAsia
EastAsiaandPacific
MiddleEastandNorthAfrica
CentralAsia
LatinAmericaandtheCarribbean
UnitedStates
China
Sub-SaharanAfrica
Europe
Shareofrespondents(%)
Source:ChiefEconomistsSurvey,November-December2023
Regionalperformanceexpectationsare
highlyvaried(seeFigure2).ChiefeconomistscontinuetoseethemostbuoyanteconomicactivityintheeconomiesofAsia,although
noregionisslatedforverystronggrowthin2024.TheoutlookforSouthAsiaandEastAsiaandPacificremainspositiveandbroadlyunchangedcomparedtothelastsurvey,
with93%and86%expectingmoderateorstrongergrowthforSouthAsiaandEastAsia
andPacific,respectively.Chinaisanotable
exceptionasweakconsumption,lower
industrialproductionanddistressinproperty
marketsweighontheprospectsofa
strongerreboundin2024.7Theviewsofchief
economistshavealsoshifted,withstrong
(19%)andmoderate(38%)expectationsin
theprevioussurveyreplacedwithlargely
moderate(69%)expectationsfor2024.
4WorldEconomicForum,September2023a.
5Livnietal.,November2023.
6Delcas,December2023.
7IMF,October2023.
8
ThechangeintheoutlookforEurope
isparticularlystark,withtheshareof
respondentsexpectingweakorveryweak
growthalmostdoublingto77%since
September.IntheUS,theexpectationsaresignificantlyweakertoo,with56%foreseeingmoderateorhighergrowthin2024,
comparedto78%intheprevioussurvey.Botheconomiesconfronttightlending
conditions,aslowdowninmanufacturingandexposuretogeopoliticalrifts.
ExpectationsforgrowthhavestrengthenedinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanand
Sub-SaharanAfrica,withaslightuptick
intheshareofrespondentsexpecting
atleastmoderategrowthto70%and
65%,respectively.InCentralAsia,the
improvementismorepronouncedwithabout84%ofrespondentsexpectingatleast
moderategrowthin2024,upfrom66%intheprevioussurvey.
IntheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica,the
expectationshaveslightlyweakened
reflectingbroaderuncertaintyaboutthe
trajectoryoftheIsrael-Hamaswaranditsimplicationsforthewiderregion.Although61%stillforeseemoderateorstronger
growthin2024,regionalprospectsremaincloudedbyweakoildemand8andasharpcontractionintourism.9
Thenear-termoutlookfortheregions
discussedarrivesafteraprotracted
slowdownofgrowthmomentumacrossall
geographies.Accordingtooneestimate,
averageannualgrowthhasdeclinedfrom
2.0%intheearly2000sto1.4%inthepost-
COVID-19periodinadvancedeconomies
andfrom5.8%to1.7%inemergingand
developingeconomies.10Theprospectsofa
reboundtopre-pandemictrajectoryappear
elusive:theIMFforesees3.1%average
annualgrowthoverthenextfiveyears,the
weakestmedium-termoutlookindecades.
Moreover,initslatestWorldEconomic
Outlook,theIMFpointsoutthatratesof
convergenceareslowingtoo,withthetime
neededtoclosehalfthegapinincomeper
capitabetweenemerginganddeveloping
economiesandadvancedeconomies
increasingfrom80yearsin2008to130
yearsinthelatestestimates.11
Whiletechnologicaladvancesmaygivenew
impetustoglobalproductivity,12policiesthat
enhancegood-qualitygrowthareneeded
toreviveglobalmomentumandbalancethe
impactacrosstheincomegroups.When
askedaboutgrowthstrategiesavailableto
developingeconomiesinthecurrentcontext,
chiefeconomistshighlightedfiveinparticular:
layingasoundinstitutionalframeworkfor
long-termgrowth,improvingintegration
intoglobalvaluechains,tappingintogreen
transitionopportunities,strengthening
innovationcapacity,digitalinfrastructureand
asoundinvestmentclimate,andinvestingin
humancapitalandbasicservices.
8IEA,December2023.
9S&PGlobal,November2023.
10WorldEconomicForum,January2024.
11IMF,October2023.
12Pizzinellietal.,October2023.
9
32
56
8
4
116326
175825
4156319
4176317
206713
3206313
59
24
17
Tighteningcyclemaybenearingtheend
Atthestartof2024,globalinflationcontinuestoease,proppingexpectationsofmild
ebbingininterestratesthisyear.13Theglobalheadlineratesofinflationareprojectedto
reach4.8%,14asharpdeclinefrom5.9%
in2023and9.2%in2022.Coreinflationis
deceleratingtoo,albeitataslowerpace,and
isexpectedtoreach4.5%in2024.15The
easingisreflectedinthelatestsurveyresults,
withexpectationsforhighinflationbeing
paredbackacrossallregions.
Figure3.Inflationexpectations
Whatisyourexpectationforinflationinthefollowinggeographiesin2024?
VerylowLowModerateHighVeryhigh
Sub-SaharanAfrica
LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
MiddleEastandNorthAfrica
SouthAsia
CentralAsia
Europe
UnitedStates
4
4
26
67
EastAsiaandPacific
China
Shareofrespondents(%)
Source:ChiefEconomistsSurvey,November-December2023
Theimprovementinexpectationsis
particularlymarkedforEuropeandtheUS
(seeFigure3),withtheshareofrespondentsexpectinghighorveryhighinflationdecliningfrom,respectively,71%and47%in
Septembertoonly13%inthelatestsurvey.However,two-thirdsofchiefeconomists
stillexpectmoderateinflationinEurope
andtheUS.Chinaremainsanoutlierintheotherdirection,with76%ofrespondentsstillexpectingloworverylowinflation.
Elsewhereintheworld,theexpectationsfor
lowerinflationstrengthened,includingEast
AsiaandPacific(30%),CentralAsia(21%),
andSouthAsia(19%),withthemajority
expectingmoderateinflation.Despitea
significantimprovementintheoutlookand
broadlymoderateexpectations,morethan
aquarterofrespondentsstillexpecthigh
orveryhighinflationinSub-SaharanAfrica
(36%),LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
(26%),MiddleEastandNorthAmerica(25%).
13Smith,December2023.
14IMF,October2023.
15Ibid.
10
1776017
17136010
Inthelatestsurveythemajorityofchiefeconomistsalsoexpectlabourmarkets(77%)tolooseninadvancedeconomies–ahighernumberthaninSeptember.
Theyalsoexpectfinancialconditions(70%)
toloosenintheadvancedeconomies(see
Figure4).
Figure4.Globalconditions
Lookingattheyearahead,doyouagree/disagreewiththefollowingstatements?
StronglydisagreeDisagreeUncertainAgreeStronglyagree
Labourmarketconditionswillloosen
inmostadvancedeconomies
Financialconditionswillhavestartedtolooseninmostadvancedeconomies
Shareofrespondents(%)
Source:ChiefEconomistsSurvey,November-December2023
Thesefactorsarereflectedintheevolving
monetarypolicypatterns.Anotablymore
dovishcommunicationoftheUSFederal
ReserveattheDecember2023meeting16
signalledapossiblepivotinthetightening
cyclefollowingaprolongedpause.While
marketsarepricingasmanyassixinterest
ratecutsbytheFederalReserve17andthe
EuropeanCentralBank18thisyear,thepolicystanceremainscautiousonbothsidesof
theAtlantic19aspolicy-makersnavigate
challengingdomesticandglobalconditions.Theunusuallyhighdegreeofuncertaintyovereconomicandfinancialdevelopmentsmeansthetimingandextentofeasingwillposea
dilemmaforpolicy-makersthatcontinuetonavigatetrade-offsbetweentighteningtoomuchandtoolittle.
Accumulatedsocietalstrainsfromdomesticpricepressures,protractedslowdownin
economicactivityandfinancialstability
concernswillweighonpolicydecisionsin
2024.Inthemeantime,highinterestrates
continuetestingtheresilienceofeconomies,
withthenumberofcorporatedebtdefaults
risingabovelong-termaveragesacrossboth
advancedandemergingeconomies20atthe
endof2023.TheWorldBankalsopointsto
risingriskstosovereigndebtsustainability,
withdebtservicingcostsinlow-income
economiesprojectedtoriseby39%over
thenexttwoyears.21
Itisalsoworthnotingthatinflationremains
vulnerabletoshocksincommoditymarkets
andsupplychains.Aprolongeddisruption
intheRedSea,22escalationofregional
conflicts,excessiveredundancyandrising
climatevolatility23weighontheoutlook.For
example,thearrivalofElNiñoalonecould
increaseglobalfoodpricesbyupto9%.24
16FederalReserve,December2023.
17Clarfeltetal.,December2023.
18McDougalletal.,December2023.
19EuropeanCentralBank,December2023.
20S&PGlobal,December2023a.
21WorldBank,December2023.
22Eavis,December2023.
23Kuiketal.,December2023.
24Adolfsenetal.,September2023.
11
10215217
2.Geopoliticalrifts
compounduncertainty
Fragmentationcloudstheoutlook
Globaleconomicdevelopmentsare
beingprofoundlyshapedbydeepening
fragmentation.Almostsevenoutoften(69%)
chiefeconomistsareexpectingthepaceof
geoeconomicfragmentationtoaccelerate
thisyear(seeFigure5).
Figure5.Fragmentationoutlook
Lookingattheyearahead,doyouagree/disagreewiththefollowingstatements?
StronglydisagreeDisagreeUncertainAgreeStronglyagree
Globallythepaceofgeoeconomicfragmentationwillaccelerate
Shareofrespondents(%)
Source:ChiefEconomistsSurvey,November-December2023
Geoeconomicallydrivenrestructuringof
theglobaleconomyhasbeenevidentforsometime.Therecentyearshavebeen
markedbygreaterrivalryintheUS-
Chinarelationship,partialsplinteringof
internationaltradeflows,25andasharptilttowardsprotectionistpolicies.26Atthestartof2024,variousalliancesandsimmeringglobalconflictsarebuoyingconcernsthatglobaleconomiccooperationisfaltering.
Thegravityofthecurrentmomentumisnotlostonleaders,however,withmanywarningofhardeningcoldwarrhetoricandcostly
outcomesoffragmentation.27
Whenaskedabouttheimplicationsof
recentdevelopments(seeFigure6),
chiefeconomistscontinueassigninga
prominentroletogeopoliticalfactorsacross
macroeconomicandfinancialdevelopments.
About87%expectrecentgeopolitical
developmentstostokeglobaleconomic
volatilityinthenextthreeyears,andeight
outoftenexpectittoheightenvolatilityin
stockmarkets.
25WTO,September2023.
26WTO,December2023.
27Gopinath,December2023.
12
3106720
136323
3175327
7135723
340507
33
30
33
3
17472313
Figure6.Theimpactofgeoeconomicfragmentation
Inlightofrecentgeopoliticaldevelopments,howlikelyisitthatthenextthreeyearswillleadtosignificant…
ExtremelyunlikelySomewhatunlikelyNeitherlikelynorunlikelySomewhatlikelyExtremelylikely
...volatilityintheglobaleconomy?
...increaseinlocalizationofeconomicactivityandinvestmentflows?
...stockmarketvolatility?
...increaseingeoeconomicblocsof
economicactivityandinvestmentflows?...increaseininequalityandgrowing
North-Southdivergence?
...rupturesinmajorglobalsupplychains?
...increaseinglobalizationofeconomicactivityandinvestmentflows?
Shareofrespondents(%)
Source:ChiefEconomistsSurvey,November-December2023
Thereisstrongconsensusthatgeopoliticaldevelopmentswillcontinuetoimpact
economicactivityandinvestmentflows,with86%expectinganincreaseinlocalization
and80%sayinggeoeconomicblocswill
strengthen.Ontheflipside,two-thirdsof
respondentssayanincreaseinglobalizationisunlikelyoverthenextthreeyears.This
isinlinewiththedevelopmentsinsupply
chainstrategiesinrecentyears,marked
byanotableshiftinnarrativeandactiontoreshoring,nearshoring,friendshoring,and,morerecently,de-riskingstrategies.28The
potentiallossinglobaleconomicoutput
fromincreasedtraderestrictionscouldreachupto7%29accordingtotheIMF.Thesignsofretreatareemerging,withglobaltrade
decliningby5%30in2023.Ontheother
hand,tradewithinalliedblocshasbeen
gainingmomentum,with6.2%31growthin
thethirdquarterof2023.
Thecostsoffragmentationareprojected
tobesignificantlyhigherforlow-income
economies,reachingupto4%ofglobal
domesticproduct(GDP),32andalmostdouble
thatofadvancedeconomies.Although
evenapartialretreatinglobalizationwill
resultinsizeablecontractionforvarious
blocs,anythird-partycountries’gains
arelargelyoffsetbytheheadwindsfrom
thecontractioninmajortradepartners.33
Besidesthedirectimpactthroughtrade
channels,aretreatincooperationrisks
stalling,ifnotrollingback,decadesof
progresstowardsdevelopmenttargets.
28TheEconomist,May2023.
29Bolhuisetal.,March2023.
30UNCTAD,December2023.
31Ibid.
32Bolhuisetal.,March2023.
33Cerdeiroetal.,October2023.
13
3
5
8
4
17
14
5
10
17
18
20
11
11
11
9
9
8
7
5
5
3
1
Lookingatthenextthreeyears,sixoutoftenchiefeconomistssaidgeopoliticaldevelopmentswillincreaseinequalityandwidenNorth-Southdivide.
Onenotablepointofdisagreementamongthechiefeconomistsisthelikelihoodthat
geopoliticaltensionswillresultinasignificant
ruptureofglobalsupplychainsinthenext
threeyears.Only36%ofrespondentsthink
potentialdisruptionsarelikely,anotherthird
areuncertainandathirdbelievetheyare
unlikely.Thisislikelytoreflectinpartthe
effectivenessofrestructuringstrategies
andincreasedresilienceofsupplychains
inrecentyears.
Figure7.Industryoutlook
Whichsectorsandindustriesarelikelytobeatanadvantageordisadvantageinthe
geoeconomicoutlookfor2024?
SectorsandindustrieswithnegativeoutlookSectorsandindustrieswithpositiveoutlook
0
0
Informationtechnologyanddigitalcommunications
Mining(excludingfossilfuels)
Medical,healthcareandcareservices
Low-carbonenergy
(includingrenewables)
Engineering,constructionandutilities
Agriculture,forestryandfishing
Fossil-fuelenergyand
materials
Leisureandtravel
Supplychainandtransportservices
Manufacturing
Financial,professional,realestateservices
Retailandwholesaleofconsumergoods
Source:ChiefEconomistsSurvey,November-December2023
Whenaskedaboutthesectoralimpactofthegeoeconomicoutlook,chief
economistshighlightedarangeof
industrieswheretheyexpectamore
negativeoutlookin2024,includingretail
andwholesaleofconsumergoods,
fossil-fuelenergyandmaterials,financial,
professionalandrealestateservices,
leisureandtravel,andmanufacturing.
14
Therespondentsaresignificantlymore
optimisticabouttheimpactofrecent
developmentsontheoutlookforother
industries,includinginformationtechnologyanddigitalcommunications,mining,
medical,healthcareandcareservices,
andlow-carbonenergy(seeFigure7).
Technology,miningandlow-carbonenergy,inparticular,areexpectedtobenefitfrom
theprojected11%34increaseintheglobaldemandforrenewableenergyandstrategiccompetitionbetweenthegeoeconomic
blocsasnewindustrialpoliciesrampupinvestmentsanddemandforcriticalmaterialsandcomponents.35
Thesurveyalsoaskedchiefeconomistswhatstrategiesbusinessesmightadoptinthefaceofrisinggeoeconomicfragmentationin2024.Threepatternsfeatureprominently.First,
diversification,ratherthanisolation,remainst
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 家访活动总结(15篇)
- 愚人节活动策划集锦15篇
- 感恩父母励志演讲稿(合集15篇)
- 意识形态安全研究
- 工厂新员工培训心得体会
- 庆祝元旦致辞范文(14篇)
- 2200 MPa低涡轴用钢析出相及低周疲劳性能研究
- 二零二五年度建筑工程安全生产文明施工责任协议3篇
- 2025版退学协议示范文本下载模板3篇
- 动态多目标云服务组合优化方法研究
- 2024公路沥青路面结构内部状况三维探地雷达快速检测规程
- 封条(标准A4打印封条)
- 交通工程公司乳化沥青储油罐拆除工程安全协议书
- 员工自主报告和举报事故隐患奖励汇总表
- 清代文学绪论
- 阿里云数字化转型生态介绍课件
- 水痘的预防、诊疗与护理知识考核试题与答案
- 新媒体营销完整版教学课件最全ppt整套教程电子讲义(最新)
- 九年级数学二次函数复习
- 煤矿瓦斯抽采达标暂行规定
- 煤矿井下永久避难硐室的使用说明
评论
0/150
提交评论