大学英语六级

考试时间英语六级笔试在每年6月和12月各一次，口试在笔试前进行，每年5月和11月各一次．笔试时间为每年6月和12月的第三个周六。时间安排如下：14：50－－15：00试音寻台时间15：00－－15：10播放考场指令，发放作文考卷15：10取下耳机，开始作文考试15：35发放含有快速阅读的试题册（但15：40才允许开始做）15：40－－15：55做快速阅读部分15：55－－16：00收答题卡一（即作文和快速阅读）15：55－－16：00重新戴上耳机，试音寻台，准备听力考试16：00开始听力考试，电台开始放音听力结束后完成剩余考项。17：20全部考试结束考试改革自2013年12月考次起，全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会将对四、六级考试的试卷结构和测试题型作局部调整。调整后，四级和六级的试卷结构和测试题型相同。

一、试卷描述四级和六级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比例和考试时间如下表所示：试卷结构测试内容测试题型分值比例考试时间写作写作短文写作15%30分钟听力理解听力对话短对话选择题（单选题)8%30分钟长对话选择题（单选题)7%听力短文短文理解选择题（单选题)10%短文听写单词及词组听写10%阅读理解词汇理解选词填空5%40分钟长篇阅读匹配10%仔细阅读选择题（单选题)20%翻译汉译英段落翻译15%30分钟总计100%130分钟二、新题型说明1.单词及词组听写原复合式听写调整为单词及词组听写，短文长度及难度不变。要求考生在听懂短文的基础上，用所听到的原文填写空缺的单词或词组，共10题。短文播放三遍。2.长篇阅读原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。3.翻译原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字；六级长度为180-200个汉字。Writing(30minutes)19.A)Inclusionofappropriatehumor.B)Directstatementofpurpose.C)Professionallook.D)Accuratedating.PassageTwo20.A)Theygivetopprioritytotheirworkefficiency.B)Theymakeanefforttolightentheirworkload.C)Theytryhardtomakethebestuseoftheirtime.D)Theyneverchangeworkhabitsunlessforcedto.21.A)Senseofduty.B)Self-confidence.C)Workefficiency.D)Passionforwork.22.A)Theyfindnopleasureintheworktheydo.B)Theytrytoavoidworkwheneverpossible.C)Theyareaddictedtoplayingonlinegames.D)Theysimplyhavenosenseofresponsibility.PassageThree23.A)Helostallhisproperty.B)Hewassoldtoacircus.C)Heranawayfromhisfamily.D)Hewasforcedintoslavery.24.A)Acarpenter.B)Amasterofhis.C)Abusinessman.D)Ablackdrummer.25.A)ItnameditstownhallafterSolomonNorthup.B)Itfreedallblacksinthetownfromslavery.C)ItdeclaredJuly24SolomonNorthupDay.D)IthostedareunionfortheNorthupfamily.SectionCIntoleranceistheartofignoringanyviewsthatdifferfromyourown.It(26)________itselfinhatred,stereotypes,prejudice,and(27)________.Onceitintensifiesinpeople,intoleranceisnearlyimpossibletoovercome.Butwhywouldanyonewanttobelabeledintolerant?Whywouldpeoplewanttobe(28)________abouttheworldaroundthem?WhywouldonewantbepartoftheprobleminAmerica,insteadofthesolution?Therearemanyexplanationsforintolerantattitudes,some(29)________childhood.Itislikelythatintolerantforksgrewup(30)________intolerantparentsandthecycleofprejudicehassimplycontinuedfor(31)________.Perhapsintolerantpeoplearesosetintheirwaysthattheyfinditeasiertoignoreanythingthatmightnot(32)________theirlimitedviewoflife.Ormaybeintolerantstudentshavesimplyneverbeen(33)________toanyonedifferentfromthemselves.Butnoneofthesereasonsisanexcuseforallowingtheintolerancetocontinue.Intoleranceshouldnotbeconfusedwithdisagreement.Itis,ofcourse,possibletodisagreewithanopinionwithoutbeingintolerantofit.Ifyouunderstandabeliefbutstilldon’tbelieveinthatspecificbelief,that’sfine.Youare(34)________youropinion.Asamatteroffact,(35)________dissenters（持异议者）areimportantforanybelief.Ifweallbelievedthesamethings,wewouldnevergrow,andwewouldneverlearnabouttheworldaroundus.Intolerancedoesnotstemfromdisagreement.Itstemsfromfear.Andfearstemsfromignorance.ReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionAItwas10yearsago,onawarmJulynight,thatanewbornlambtookherfirstbreathinasmallshedinScotland.Fromtheoutside,shelookednodifferentfromthousandsofothersheepbornon36farms.ButDolly,astheworldsooncametorealize,wasno37lamb.Shewasclonedfromasinglecellofanadultfemalesheep,38long-heldscientificdogmathathaddeclaredsuchathingbiologicallyimpossible.Adecadelater,scientistsarestartingtocometogripswithjusthowdifferentDollywas.Dozensofanimalshavebeenclonedsincethatfirstlamb—mice,cats,cowsand,mostrecently,adog—andit’sbecoming39clearthattheyareall,inonewayoranother,defective.It’s40tothinkofclonesasperfectcarboncopiesoftheoriginal.Itturnsout,though,thattherearevariousdegreesofgenetic41.Thatmaycomeasashocktopeoplewhohavepaidthousandsofdollarstocloneapetcatonlytodiscoverthatthebabycatlooksandbehaves42liketheirbelovedpet—withadifferent-colorcoatoffur,perhaps,ora43differentattitudetowarditshumanhosts.Andthesearejusttheobviousdifferences.Notonlyareclones44fromtheoriginaltemplate（模板）bytime,buttheyarealsotheproductofanunnaturalmolecularmechanismthatturnsoutnottobeverygoodatmaking45copies.Infact,theprocesscanembedsmallflawsinthegenesofclonesthatscientistsareonlynowdiscovering.A)abstractB)completelyC)desertedD)duplicationE)everythingF)identicalG)increasinglyH)miniatureI)nothingJ)ordinaryK)overturningL)separatedM)surroundingN)systematicallyO)temptingSectionBShouldSingle-SexEducationBeEliminated?[A]Whyisaneuroscientistheredebatingsingle-sexschooling?Honestly,IhadnofixedideasonthetopicwhenIstartedresearchingitformybook,PinkBrain,BlueBrain.Butanydiscussionofgenderdifferencesinchildreninevitablyleadstothisdebate,soIfeltcompelledtodiveintotheresearchdataonsingle-sexschooling.IreadeverystudyIcould,weighedtheexistingevidence,andultimatelyconcludedthatsingle-¬sexeducationisnottheanswertogendergapsinachievement—orthebestwayforwardfortoday’syoungpeople.Aftermybookwaspublished,Imetseveraldevelopmentalandcognitivepsychologistswhoseworkwasaddressinggenderandeducationfromdifferentangles,andwepublishedapeer-reviewedEducationForumpieceinSciencemagazinewiththeprovocativetitle,“ThePseudoscienceofSingle-SexEducation.”[B]Weshowedthatthreelinesofresearchusedtojustifysingle-sexschooling—educational,neuroscience,andsocialpsychology—allfailtosupportitsallegedbenefits,andsothewidely-heldviewthatgenderseparationissomehowbetterforboys,girls,orbothisnothingmorethanamyth.TheResearchonAcademicOutcomes[C]First,wereviewedtheextensiveeducationalresearchthathascomparedacademicoutcomesinstudentsattendingsingle-sexversuscoeducationalschools.Theoverwhelmingconclusionwhenyouputthisenormousliteraturetogetheristhatthereisnoclearacademicadvantageofsittinginall-femaleorall-maleclasses,inspiteofmuchpopularbelieftothecontrary.Ibasethisconclusionnotonanyindividualstudy,butonlarge-scaleandsystematicreviewsofthousandsofstudiesconductedineverymajorEnglish-speakingcountry.[D]Ofcourse,there’remanyexcellentsingle-sexschoolsoutthere,butasthesecarefulresearchreviewshavedemonstrated,it’snottheirsingle-sexcompositionthatmakesthemexcellent.It’salltheotheradvantagesthataretypicallypackedintosuchschools,suchasfinancialresources,qualityofthefaculty,andpro-¬academicculture,alongwiththefamilybackgroundandpre-selectedabilityofthestudentsthemselvesthatdeterminetheiroutcomes.[E]AcaseinpointisthestudybyLindaSaxatUCLA,whouseddatafromalargenationalsurveyofcollegefreshmentoevaluatetheeffectofsingle-sexversuscoeducationalhighschools.CommissionedbytheNationalCoalitionofGirls’Schools,therawfindingslookprettygoodforthefunders—higherSATscoresandastrongeracademicorientationamongwomenwhohadattendedallgirls'highschools(menweren’tstudied).However,oncetheresearcherscontrolledforbothstudentandschoolattributes—measuressuchasfamilyincome,parents’education,andschoolresources—mostoftheseeffectswereerasedordiminished.[F]Whenitcomestoboysinparticular,thedatashowthatsingle-sexeducationisdistinctlyunhelpfulforthem.Amongtheminorityofstudiesthathavereportedadvantagesofsingle-sexschooling,virtuallyallofthemwerestudiesofgirls.There’renorigorousstudiesintheUnitedStatesthatfindsingle-sexschoolingisbetterforboys,andinfact,aseparatelineofresearchbyeconomistshasshownbothboysandgirlsexhibitgreatercognitivegrowthovertheschoolyearbasedonthe“dose”ofgirlsinaclassroom.Infact,boysbenefitevenmorethangirlsfromhavinglargernumbersoffemaleclassmates.Sosingle-sexschoolingisreallynottheanswertothecurrent“boycrisis”ineducation.BrainandCognitiveDevelopment[G]Thesecondlineofresearchoftenusedtojustifysingle-sexeducationfallssquarelywithinmyareaofexpertise:brainandcognitivedevelopment.It'sbeenmorethanadecadenowsincethe“brainsexmovement”beganinfiltrating（渗入）ourschools,andthereareliterallyhundredsofschoolscaughtupinthefad（新潮）.PublicschoolsinWisconsin,Indiana,Floridaandmanyotherstatesnowproudlydeclareontheirwebsitesthattheyseparateboysandgirlsbecause“researchsolidlyindicatesthatboysandgirlslearndifferently,”dueto“hard-wired”differencesintheirbrains,eyes,ears,autonomicnervoussystems,andmore.[H]Allofthesestatementscanbetracedtojustafewwould-beneuroscientists,especiallyphysicianLeonardSaxandtherapistMichaelGurian.Eachgiveslectures,runsconferences,anddoesalotofprofessionaldevelopmentonso-called“gender-specificlearning.”Ianalyzedtheirvariousclaimsaboutsexdifferencesinhearing,vision,language,math,stressresponses,and“learningstyles”inmybookandalongpeer-reviewedpaper.Otherneuroscientistsandpsychologistshavesimilarlyexposedtheirwork.Inshort,themechanismsbywhichourbrainslearnlanguage,math,physics,andeveryothersubjectdon’tdifferbetweenboysandgirls.Ofcourse,learningdoesvaryalotbetweenindividualstudents,butresearchreliablyshowsthatthisvarianceisfargreaterwithinpopulationsofboysorgirlsthanbetweenthetwosexes.[I]TheequalprotectionclauseoftheU.S.Constitutionprohibitsseparationofstudentsbysexinpubliceducationthat’sbasedonpreciselythiskindof“overbroadgeneralizationsaboutthedifferenttalents,capacities,orpreferencesofmalesandfemales.”Andthereasonitisprohibitedisbecauseitleadsfartooeasilytostereotypingandsexdiscrimination.SocialDevelopmentalPsychology[J]Thatbringsmetothethirdareaofresearchwhichfailstosupportsingle-sexschoolingandindeedsuggeststhepracticeisactuallyharmful:social-developmentalpsychology.[K]It’sawell-provenfindinginsocialpsychologythatsegregationpromotesstereotypingandprejudice,whereasintergroupcontactreducesthem—andtheresultsarethesamewhetheryoudividegroupsbyrace,age,gender,bodymassindex,sexualorientation,oranyothercategory.What’smore,childrenareespeciallyvulnerabletothiskindofbias,becausetheyaredependentonadultsforlearningwhichsocialcategoriesareimportantandwhywedividepeopleintodifferentgroups.[L]Youdon’thavetolookfartofindevidenceofstereotypingandsexdiscriminationinsingle-sexschools.Therewasthefailedsingle-sexexperimentinCalifornia,wheresixschooldistrictsusedgenerousstategrantstosetupseparateboys'andgirls'academiesinthelate1990s.Onceboysandgirlsweresegregated,teachersresortedtotraditionalgenderstereotypestoruntheirclasses,andwithinjustthreeyears,fiveofthesixdistrictshadgonebacktocoeducation.[M]Atthesametime,researchersareincreasinglydiscoveringbenefitsofgenderinteractioninyouth.AlargeBritishstudyfoundthatchildrenwithother-sexoldersiblings（兄弟姐妹）exhibitlessstereotypicalplaythanchildrenwithsame-sexoldersiblings,suchasgirlswholikesportsandbuildingtoysandboyswholikeartanddramaticplay.Anotherstudyofhighschoolsocialnetworksfoundlessbullyingandaggressionthehigherthedensityofmixed-sexfriendshipswithinagivenadolescentnetwork.ThenthereisthefindingwecitedinourSciencepaperofhigherdivorceanddepressionratesamongalargegroupofBritishmenwhoattendedsingle-sexschoolsasteenagers,whichmightbeexplainedbythelackofopportunitytolearnaboutrelationshipsduringtheirformativeyears.[N]Whetherinnurseryschool,highschool,orthebusinessworld,gendersegregationnarrowsourperceptionsofeachother,facilitatingstereotypingandsexistattitudes.It’sverysimple:themorewestructurechildrenandadolescents’environmentaroundgenderdistinctionsandseparation,themoretheywillusethesecategoriesastheprimarybasisforunderstandingthemselvesandothers.[O]Genderisanimportantissueineducation.Therearegapsinreading,writing,andscienceachievementthatshouldbenarrower.Therearegapsincareerchoicethatshouldbenarrower—ifwereallywanttomaximizehumanpotentialandAmericaneconomicgrowth.Butstereotypingboysandgirlsandseparatingtheminthenameoffictitious（虚构的）braindifferencesisnevergoingtoclosethesegaps.46.Hundredsofschoolsseparateboysfromgirlsinclassontheallegedbrainandcognitivedifferences.47.Areviewofextensiveeducationalresearchshowsnoobviousacademicadvantageofsingle-sexschooling.48.Theauthordidnothaveanyfixedideasonsingle-sexeducationwhenshebeganherresearchonthesubject.49.Researchfoundmenwhoattendedsingle-sexschoolsintheirteensweremorelikelytosufferfromdepression.50.Studiesinsocialpsychologyhaveshownsegregationinschooleducationhasanegativeimpactonchildren.51.Reviewsofresearchindicatetherearemoredifferencesinbrainandcognitivedevelopmentwithinthesamesexthanbetweendifferentsexes.52.Thefindingsofthenationalsurveyofcollegefreshmenabouttheimpactofsingle-sexschoolingfailtotakeintoaccountstudentandschoolattributes.53.Itwasn’tlongbeforemostoftheschooldistrictsthatexperimentedwithsingle-sexeducationabandonedthepractice.54.Boysfromcoeducationalclassesdemonstrategreatercognitiveabilitiesaccordingtotheeconomists'research.55.Ascarefulresearchreviewsshow,academicexcellenceinsomesingle-sexschoolsisattributedtootherfactorsthansingle-sexeducation.SectionCPassageOneInternationalgovernments'inactionconcerningsustainabledevelopmentisclearlyworryingbuttheproactive（主动出击的）approachesofsomeleading-edgecompaniesareencouraging.Toyota,Wal-Mart,DuPont,M&SandGeneralElectrichavemadetacklingenvironmentalwastesakeyeconomicdriver.DuPontcommitteditselftoa65%reductioningreenhousegasemissionsinthe10yearspriorto2010.By2007,DuPontwassaving$2.2billionayearthroughenergyefficiency,thesameasitstotaldeclaredprofitsthatyear.GeneralElectricaimstoreducetheenergyintensityofitsoperationsby50%by2015.Theyhaveinvestedheavilyinprojectsdesignedtochangethewayofusingandconservingenergy.CompanieslikeToyotaandWal-Martarenotcommittingtoenvironmentalgoalsoutofthegoodnessoftheirhearts.Thereasonfortheiractionsisasimpleyetpowerfulrealisationthattheenvironmentalandeconomicfootprintsfitwelltogether.WhenM&Slaunchedits“PlanA”sustainabilityprogrammein2007,itwasbelievedthatitwouldcostover£200millioninthefirstfiveyears.However,theinitiativehadgenerated£105millionby2011/12.Whenwepreventphysicalwaste,increaseenergyefficiencyorimproveresourceproductivity,wesavemoney,improveprofitabilityandenhancecompetitiveness.Infact,thereareoftenhuge“quickwin”opportunities,thankstoyearsofneglect.However,thereisaconsiderablegapbetweenleading-edgecompaniesandtherestofthepack.Therearefartoomanycompaniesstilldelayingcreatingaleanandgreenbusinesssystem,arguingthatitwillcostmoneyorrequiresizablecapitalinvestments.Theyremainstuckinthe“environmentiscost”mentality.Beingenvironmentallyfriendlydoesnothavetocostmoney.Infact,goingbeyondcompliancesavescostatthesametimethatitgeneratescash,providedthatmanagementadoptsthenewleanandgreenmodel.Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenvironmentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebiggestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.Thesizeoftheopportunityisenormous.The3%ReportrecentlypublishedbyWorldWildlifeFundandCDPshowsthattheeconomicprizeforcurbingcarbonemissionsintheUSeconomyis$780billionbetweennowand2020.Itsuggeststhatoneofthebiggestleversfordeliveringthisopportunityis“increasedefficiencythroughmanagementandbehaviouralchange”—inotherwords,leanandgreenmanagement.Some50studiesshowthatcompaniesthatcommittosuchaspirationalgoalsaszerowaste,zeroharmfulemissions,andzerouseofnon-renewableresourcesarefinanciallyoutperformingtheircompetitors.Conversely,itwasfoundthatclimatedisruptionisalreadycosting$1.2trillionannually,cuttingglobalGDPby1.6%.Unaddressed,thiswilldoubleby2030.56.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsomeleading-edgecompanies?A)Theyoperateinaccordancewithgovernmentpolicies.B)Theytakeinitiativesinhandlingenvironmentalwastes.C)Theyarekeydriversintheirnations，economicgrowth.D)Theyaremajorcontributorstoenvironmentalproblems.57.WhatmotivatesToyotaandWal-Marttomakecommitmentstoenvironmentalprotection?A)Thegoodnessoftheirhearts.B)Astrongsenseofresponsibility.C)Thedesiretogenerateprofits.D)Pressurefromenvironmentalists.58.Whyaresomanycompaniesreluctanttocreateanenvironment-friendlybusinesssystem?A)Theyarebentonmakingquickmoney.B)Theydonothavethecapitalfortheinvestment.C)Theybelievebuildingsuchasystemistoocostly.D)Theylacktheincentivetochangebusinesspractices.59.Whatissaidabouttheleanandgreenmodelofbusiness?A)Ithelpsbusinessestosaveandgainatthesametime.B)Itisaffordableonlyforafewleading-edgecompanies.C)Itislikelytostartanewroundofintensecompetition.D)Itwilltakealongtimeforallcompaniestoembraceit.60.Whatisthefindingofthestudiesaboutcompaniescommittedtoenvironmentalgoals?A)Theyhavegreatlyenhancedtheirsenseofsocialresponsibility.B)Theydomuchbetterthantheircounterpartsintermsofrevenues.C)Theyhaveabandonedalltheoutdatedequipmentandtechnology.D)Theymakegreatercontributionstohumanprogressthantheirrivals.PassageTwoIfyouaskedmetodescribetherisingphilosophyoftheday,I'dsayitisdata-ism.Wenowhavetheabilitytogatherhugeamountsofdata.Thisabilityseemstocarrywithitcertainculturalassumptions—thateverythingthatcanbemeasuredshouldbemeasured;thatdataisatransparentandreliablelensthatallowsustofilteroutemotionalismandideology;thatdatawillhelpusdoremarkablethings—likeforetellthefixture.Overthenextyear,I’mhopingtogetabettergriponsomeofthequestionsraisedbythedatarevolution:Inwhatsituationsshouldwerelyonintuitivepatternrecognitionandinwhichsituationsshouldweignoreintuitionandfollowthedata?Whatkindsofeventsarepredictableusingstatisticalanalysisandwhatsortsofeventsarenot?IconfessIenterthisinaskepticalframeofmind,believingthatwetendtogetcarriedawayinourdesiretoreduceeverythingtothequantifiable.Butattheoutsetletmecelebratetwothingsdatadoesreallywell.First,it'sreallygoodatexposingwhenourintuitiveviewofrealityiswrong.Forexample,nearlyeverypersonwhorunsforpoliticalofficehasanintuitivesensethattheycanpowerfullyinfluencetheiroddsofwinningtheelectioniftheycanjustraiseandspendmoremoney.Butthisislargelywrong.Afterthe2006election,SeanTrendeconstructedagraphcomparingtheincumbent（在任者的）campaignspendingadvantageswiththeireventualmarginsofvictory.Therewasbarelyanyrelationshipbetweenmorespendingandabiggervictory.Likewise,manyteachershaveanintuitivesensethatdifferentstudentshavedifferentlearningstyles:someareverbalandsomearevisual;somearelinear,someareholistic（整体的）.Teachersimaginetheywillimproveoutcomesiftheytailortheirpresentationstoeachstudent.Butthere’snoevidencetosupportthiseither.Second,datacanilluminatepatternsofbehaviorwehaven’tyetnoticed.Forexample,I'vealwaysassumedpeoplewhofrequentlyusewordslike“I,”“me,”and“mine”areprobablymoreself-centeredthanpeoplewhodon't.ButasJamesPennebakeroftheUniversityofTexasnotesinhisbook,TheSecretLifeofPronouns,whenpeoplearefeelingconfident,theyarefocusedonthetaskathand,notonthemselves.High-status,confidentpeopleusefewer“I”words,notmore.Ourbrainsoftendon’tnoticesubtleverbalpatterns,butPennebaker’scomputerscan.Youngerwritersusemorenegativeandpast-tensewordsthanolderwriterswhousemorepositiveandfuture-tensewords.Insum,thedatarevolutionisgivinguswonderfulwaystounderstandthepresentandthepa