语言学概论-brain-and-language课件

Brain

and

Language.1The

Human

Brain.2IntroductionThe

complexities

of

humancognitiveabilities

and language

acquisitionBrain

is

the

source

ofhumanlanguage

andcognition.The

most

complex

organ

of the

bodyCortex

(gray

matter)decision-makingmemoriesgrammarWhite

matterContralateral

function.3The

Localization

ofLanguageWhich

parts

of

the

brain

areresponsible

for

linguistic

abilities?Franz

Joseph

GallLocalizationOrganology(phrenology)Brain

is

not

a

uniformmass..4Aphasiarnicke’sRelationship

between

brain

andlanguageLanguage

disorder

caused

bydisease

or

traumaBroca’s

area v.s.WeareaLateralization.5Most

aphasics

do

not

show

totallanguage

loss.The

language

disorder

is

generallyrelated

to

the

location

of

the

braindamage.Broca’s

aphasia–

injuries

to

the

left

frontal

lobeWernicke’s

aphasia

–

injuries

to

thelefttemporal

lobeBroca’s

area.6Wernicke’s

areaI.

Broca’s

aphasia.7(agrammatic

aphasia)Syndromes

:Labored

speechWord-finding

difficulties

Problems

in

forming

sentences

with

therules

of

syntaxD.

Language

produced

is

often

agrammaticQ:

What

is

“agrammatic”

?A:

It

frequently

lacks

articles,

prepositions,

pronouns,

auxiliary

verbs…...lacks

function

wordsThe

omission

of

function

words

in

the

speech

ofagrammatic

aphasics

shows

that

function

wordsare

mentally

distinct

from

content

words..8May

typically

omit

inflectionsthe

past

tense

suffix

–ede.g.Iwatched

TV

forthreehoursthismorning.the

third

person

singular

verb

ending

–se.g.

She

likes

playing

the

piano..9F.

Have

difficulty

understanding

complex

sentencesin

which

they

cannot

rely

on

their

real-worldknowledge.more

difficulty

for

aphasia

people:e.g.

Which

girl

did

the

boy

kiss?less

difficulty

for

aphasia

people:e.g.

Which

book

did

the

boy

read?.10II.

Wernicke’s

aphasiaWernicke’s

aphasics

can

produce

fluent

speech

andadhere

to

the

rules

of

syntax.Syndromes:Their

language

is

often

semantically

incoherent.．fork a

need

for

aschedule．when

asking

about

poorvisionMy

wires

don’t

hireright..11Have

difficulty

naming

objects

presented

to

them

Have

difficulty

choosing

words

inspontaneousspeechoften

produce

jargon

and

nonsense

words.12Jargon

aphasia.13Severe

Wernicke’s

aphasia

is

often

referred

toas

jargon

aphasia.Syndrome:substitute

new

word

for

originalwordWord

substitutions

that

aphasic

patients

producealsotell

us

abouthow

words

are

organized

in

thementallexicon.sounds

meaningtableboychairgirlpoolsablecrucialtooltablecrucible..14III. Acquired

dyslexicsDyslexia:

a

condition

that

makes

it

difficult

forsomeone

to

read

andspell.Acquired

dyslexics:

people

who

become

dyslexicafter

braindamage.The

similar

phenomenon

of

word

substitutionsmay

also

happen

to

acquireddyslexics.(examples

on

page

9).15The

similar

syndrome

of

the

omission

offunctionwords

in

the

speech

also

happens

toacquireddyslexics.(examples

on

page10)These

errors

show

thatthe

mental

lexiconhas

content

words

and

function

words

indifferentcompartments..16IV.

Tip-of-the-tongue

phenomenonThe

tip-of

–the-tongue

phenomenon

is

thefailuretoretrieve

a

word

from

memory,

combined

withpartial

recall

and

the

feeling

that

retrieval

isimminent.word-finding

difficulties

inspeakingTOT.17Word

finding

difficulties

is

the

fate

of

manyaphasics.Anomia:

the

inability

to

find

words

you

wish to

speak.18V.

Deaf

Aphasic

patientsDeaf

patients

with

lesions

in

Broca’s

area Syndromes:

dysfluent

and

agrammatic

signproductionDeaf

patients

with

lesions

in

Wernicke’s

area Syndromes:

have

fluent

but

oftensemanticallyincoherent

sign

language.19Conclusion.20Deaf signers

with

damage

to

the

left

hemisphereshow

aphasia

for

sign

language

similar

to

thelanguage

breakdown

in

hearingaphasics.Brain

Imaging

TechnologyNoninvasive

brain

recording

technologiesComputer

tomography(CT)Magnetic

resonance

imaging

(MRI) Reveal

lesions

in

the

living

brainshortly after

the

damage

occurs..21Positron

emission tomography(PET)Functional

MRI(FmrI)Single

photon

emission CT(SPECT)Provide

images

of

the

brain

in

action..22.•.

Other

scanningtechniquesmeasure

metabolic

activity

in

particularareas

of

thebrain1.Magnetic

encephalography

(MEG)This technique

shows

us

how

thehealthy

brain

reacts

toparticularlinguistic

stimuli..23Separation

of the

cognitivesystemEvidence:fMRL

&

PET

scansDifferential

activation

in

the

normalbrains

in

just

those

sites

that

weredamaged

in

the

aphasics.neurological

and

behavioral

findings.24Brain

Plasticity

andLateralization

in

Early

LifeLateralization

of

language

to

thelefthemisphere

is

a

process

that

begins

veryearlyin

life.Infant

as

young

as

one

week

show a

responserighthemisphereleft

hemispheremusiclanguage.25

The

study

found:during

smilingside

of

the

mouthduring

babblingside

of

the

mouthgreater

opening

of

the

leftgreater

opening

of

therightmore

left

hemisphere

involvement

even

atthis

very

early

stage

of

productive

languagedevelopment.26the

right

hemisphere

can

take

overthe

language

functions

that

wouldnormally

reside

in

the

left

hemisphere.Hemispherectomyone

hemisphere

of

the

brain

is surgically

removedTreat otherwise

intractable

cases

ofepilepsy.27Doing

left

hemispherectomyAfter

language

acquisition

has

begunInchildrenthey

experience

an

initial

periodofaphasia

and

then

require

a

linguisticsystem

that

is

virtually

indistinguishablefrom

normal

children.InadultsThey

inevitably

lose

severe

languagefunction.28Right

hemisphere

plays

a

role

in

theearliest

stages

of

language

acquisitionChildren

with

prenatal,

perinatal,

orchildhood

brain

lesionsin

the

right

hemispherevocabulary

learningin

the

left

hemispherephrases

and

sentencesbabbling

andability

toformAlso,

children

who

undergo

righthemisphere

hemispherectomy

beforetwo

years

of

age

don’t

developlanguage..29ConclusionHuman

brain

is

essentially

designedto

specialize

for

language

in

thelefthemisphere

but

that

the

righthemisphere

is

involved

in

earlylanguage

development.Under

the

right

circumstances,

thebrain

is

remarkably

resilient

and

thatif

brain

damage

or

surgery

occursearly

in

life,normal

left

hemispherefunctions

can

be

taken

over

by

theright

hemisphere..30Spilt

Brainreview：What

is

the

corpuscallosum?.31What

is

the

word

“spiltbrain”?A.

Definition

an

surgical

technique

to

cut

some

or

allcorpus

callosum

of

a

personWhat

will

happen

if

people

lose

their

corpuscallosum?

no

communication

between

the

left

andthe

righthemispheres

function

independentlyAn

experiment

on

split-brainpatients

to

show

whatwillhappen

to

people

when

thecorpus

callosum

is

severed..32What

significant

information

we

get

fromthisexperiment?--- infer

to

the

language

lateralization

in

the

lefthemisphere--- knowing

that

two

hemispheres

of

brainhavedifferent

capacitiesFunction

of

two

halves：the

right:

pattern-matching

tasks,