报关与国际货运专业英语Module Four 第一单元

ModuleFourInternationalFreightForwardingUnit1InternationalFreightForwardingⅠ.InternationalFreightForwarderInanarrowsense,internationalfreightforwardersmeanthoseentrustedbyconsignorsandconsigneesofexportsandimportstoconductinternationalfreightforwardandrelatedbusinessesfortheirclientsinthenameoftheintermediariesortheagentsandcollectremunerationsfortheirservices.Inthissense,therearetwotypesofinternationalfreightforwarders：theintermediarywhosesourceofincomeisthecommissionandtheagentwhoseincomemainlycomesfromtheagencyfee.Inabroadsense,internationalfreightforwardersmeanthoseentrustedbyconsignorsandconsigneesofexportsandimportstoconductinternationalfreightforwardandrelatedbusinessesfortheirclientsandcollectremunerationsfortheirservicesinthenameoftheintermediaries,theagentsaswellastheindependentoperators.Thesefreightforwardersarecalledclient,theprincipalortheindependentoperator,whosesourceofincomeisfromthefreightchargesorthedifferentialsofstoragecharge.Intheactualoperation,onthebasisofrequirementandpossibility,internationalfreightforwarders,especiallylargerones,alltrytheirbesttofunctionastheintermediary,theagentandtheindependentoperator,inordertoofferafullarrayofservicestotheprincipal.Consequently,mostmoderninternationalfreightforwardersplaymultipleroles.Thebusinessscopeofaninternationalfreightforwarderincludesthefollowingaspects：1.Renderingrelatedagencyservicesonbehalfoftheagentsofforeigntrade,concurrent-businessinsurance,customsdeclarationorcustomsexaminationetc.2.Undertakingthesea,landandairfreightforwardingbusinesssuchaschartering,bookingspace,loadingandunloadingetc.onbehalfofthebrokerortheagentetc.3.Providingthenon-vesseloperatingcommoncarrier（NVOCC）serviceandmultimodaltransportserviceonbehalfofthenon-vesseloperatingcommoncarrier（NVOCC）ormultimodaltransportoperator（MTO）etc.4.Renderingthespecialfreightservicessuchasinternationalexpress,itemsforinternationaldisplaytransport,dangerousgoodstransport,frozenfoodtransportandtransittransportetc.onbehalfoftheagentortheclient.5.Managingtheinternationallogisticsbusinessonbehalfofthethirdpartylogisticsoperator.一、国际货运代理人狭义上，国际货运代理是指接受进出口发货人、收货人的委托，以居间人、代理人的身份，为委托人办理国际货物运输及其相关业务并收取服务报酬的人。狭义上的国际货运代理可包括以下两种类型：居间人型，这种类型的货运代理的特点是其经营收入来源为佣金；代理人型，这种类型的货运代理的特点是其经营收入来源为代理费。广义上，国际货运代理是指接受进出口发货人、收货人的委托，既可以以居间人、代理人的身份，也可以以独立经营人的身份，为委托人办理国际货物运输及其相关业务并收取服务报酬的人。这类国际货运代理往往称为当事人型，也称委托人（principal）型、独立经营人型。这种类型的货运代理的特点是其经营收入的来源为运费或仓储费差价。在实际业务中，根据需要与可能，国际货运代理，尤其是大型国际货运代理，总是力图同时兼有居间人、代理人和独立经营人等多种功能，以便能向委托人提供全方位的服务，因此，现代国际货运代理大多具有多重角色。国际货运代理的业务范围可以包括以下几个方面。1.以外贸代理、保险兼业代理、报关代理、报验代理等身份开展相关代理服务；2.以经纪人、代理人等身份从事租船、订舱、拆装箱等海、陆、空货运代理业务；3.以无船承运人、多式联运经营人等身份从事无船承运与多式联运业务；4.以代理人或当事人身份从事国际快递、国际展品运输、危险品运输、冷藏品运输、过境运输等特殊货运服务；5.以第三方物流经营人身份从事国际物流业务。Ⅱ.IndustryOrganizationsofInternationalFreightForwarders1.InternationalFederationofFreightForwardersAssociations（FIATA）InternationalFederationofFreightForwardersAssociations（FIATA）wasfoundedinVienna,capitalofAustriacoveringnationalfreightforwardersassociationsfrom16countriesonMay31st,1926.FIATAisanon-profittradeorganizationofinternationalfreightforwarders,whichaimsatensuringandpromotingtheinterestsofinternationalfreightforwardersintheworld.Asthelargestnon-governmentalandnon-profitorganizationintheworld’stransportationfield,ithaswideinternationalinfluence.2.ChinaInternationalFreightForwardersAssociation（CIFA）CIFAwasfoundedinBeijingonSeptember6th,2000andwasregisteredinMinistryofCivilAffairs.Itisanon-profitinternationalorganizationvoluntarilyformedbydomesticinternationalfreightforwardingenterprisesinChina,anditparticipatesininternationaltradetransportationaffairsandpromotesinternationalbusinessonbehalfofChinafreightforwardingindustryinanon-governmentalway,acceptingtheoperationalguidancefromMinistryofCommerceandthesupervisionfromMinistryofCivilAffairs.ShanghaiFreightForwardersAssociationwasestablishedin1992,whichisthefirstregionalinternationalfreightforwardersassociationinChina.CIFAparticipatesininternationaltradetransportationaffairsandpromotesinternationalbusinessonbehalfofChinafreightforwardingindustryinanon-governmentalway,maintainingcloserelationswithFIATA.ItwasacceptedbyFIATAasageneralmemberatthebeginningof2001.Atpresent,onbehalfoftheMinistryofCommerce,CIFAisauthorizedfourgovernmentalfunctionsincludingapplyingforthepreliminaryexaminationqualificationforinternationalfreightforwardingenterprises,annualexaminationofthoseenterprisesandtheanalysisandsummaryofthecondition,professionaltrainingoffreightforwarders,andissuingworkcertificatesandqualificationcertificates.AccordingtotheProvisionsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonAdministrationoftheInternationalGoodsShippingAgencyIndustryanditsenforcementregulation,thefeaturesofChinainternationalfreightforwardersareasfollows：①Intermsofnames,itisworkableaslongasthenamesofenterprisesincludeitemslike“freightforwarding”,“transportservice”,“consolidation”and“logistics”etc.②Intermsoftheminimumamountofregisteredcapital,differentregulationshavebeenmadetowardssea,landandairinternationalfreightforwardingbusiness.③Intermsofbusinessoperation,therearegeographicallimitationsandmeansoftransportrestrictions.④Intermsofbusinessscope,therearesomeoverlappingbusinessoperationswithothertransportintermediariessuchastheshippingagent,salesagentforaviation,thenon-vesseloperationcarrier,multimodaltransportoperatorandprofessionalcustomsbrokeretc.二、国际货运代理的行业组织1.国际货运代理协会联合会（FIATA）1926年5月31日，16个国家的国家级货运代理协会在奥地利首都维也纳成立了国际货运代理协会联合（InternationalFederationofFreightForwardersAssociations，FIATA）是一个非营利性的国际货运代理行业组织，其目的是保障和提高国际货运代理在全球的利益，它是一个世界运输领域最大的非政府和非营利性组织，具有广泛的国际影响。2.中国国际货运代理协会（CIFA）2000年9月6日在北京宣告成立，是在民政部登记注册的、由中国境内的国际货运代理企业自愿组成的、非营利性的、以民间形式代表中国货代业参与国际经贸运输事务并开展国际商务往来的国际性组织，接受商务部的业务指导和民政部的监督管理。1992年，上海货代协会成立，这是我国第一个地方性国际货运代理协会。CIFA以民间形式代表中国货代业参与国际经贸运输事务并开展国际商务往来，与FIATA保持着极为密切的关系，并于2001年初被FIATA接纳为一般会员。目前，受商务部委托，中国国际货运代理协会授权代行申请设立国际货运代理企业的资格初审、货运代理企业的年审及其情况汇总分析、货运代理人员的行业培训以及上岗证书资格证书的颁发等四项政府职能。从《国际货物运输代理业管理规定》及其实施细则的规定来看，我国的国际货运代理具有如下几个特点：①在名称上，只要企业名称中包含有“货运代理”、“运输服务”、“集运”或“物流”等相关字样即可。②在注册资本最低限额上，对经营海、陆、空国际货运代理业务规定了不同的注册资本最低限额。③在业务经营上，既有地域限制，也有运输方式的限制。④在业务范围上，与船务代理人、航空销售代理人、无船承运人、多式联运经营人、专业报关行等其他运输中间人存在一定的业务交叉。Ⅲ.LiabilityRisksofInternationalFreightForwardersItmeansthattheinternationalfreightforwardingenterpriseshavetheprobabilityoftakingresponsibilityforthelossesoftheclientandthethirdpartyinthebusinessprocess.Itsfeaturesareasfollows：（1）Itmayappearornot.（2）Theduality—itmaycauselossesaswellasbringbenefits.（3）Thelossescanbedividedintodirectlossesandindirectlosses.Waystopreventanddecreasetheliabilityrisksofinternationalfreightforwarders1.Theenterprisesshallimplementcomprehensiveriskmanagement（1）Establishingfull-servicebusinessprocess,allbusinesslinksandpreventionmechanismandmeasuresofliabilityrisksamongthepersonnel;（2）Strengtheningprofessionaltrainingforemployees;（3）Establishingassessmentsystemtowardsthenatureofthehandledserviceandthecreditstandingandrespectabilityofthesubcontractoretc.2.CoveringLiabilityInsuranceintheRelevantInsuranceCompanyThatenterprisescoverliabilityinsurancedoesnotmeanthattheinsurancecompanyshallunderwriteallrisks.Thus,enterprisesshouldmakeanoverallpreventionofliabilityrisksinaccordancewiththeabovetwoaspects.Contentoftheinternationalfreightforwardersliabilityinsuranceanditsexclusions（1）Thecontentofliabilityinsuranceininternationalfreightforwarding①Errorsandomissions；②Negligenceofwarehousestorage；③Unclearresponsibilityforthedamageandshortage；④Delayorunauthorizeddelivery.（2）Theexclusionsoftheinternationalfreightforwardersliabilityinsurance①Dangersoraccidentshappeningbeyondtheacceptinsuranceperiodshallnotbeaccepted;②Theclaimisbeyondthevalidityaccordingtotheinsuranceregulationandlaw;③Theexceptionsininsurancecontractorinsurancecompanies’ordinanceandthelossesofinternationalfreightforwardersbeyon