江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作复习重点2019修订

考试题型：回答问题文体对比stylisticfeatures:subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的)语篇分析textualdevelopment/analogy语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了Therearenumerousreasonsfor……atfirst,…….secondly,….Inaddition,/additionally,/furthermore,…/whatismore,Chapter1IntroductiontoAcademicResearchWritingThenatureofAcademicResearchScientific:UnbiasedandobjectiveconclusionRigorous:Relevance,accuracy,andcompletenessSystematic:OrganizationofprocedurefollowingacertainlogicalsequenceValid&reliable:EssentialscientificproofforjustifiabilityReplicable:SameresultsyieldedifrepeatingexactlythesameprocedureOriginal:ContributingtotheexistingstockofknowledgeResponsible:AcknowledgesourcesCritical:Opennesstocriticalscrutiny1.3TypesofAcademicPaperAprofessionalpaperisaformalprinteddocumentinwhichprofessionalspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonanydeliberatelychosentopic.1)Researchpaper2)AcademicReport3)ReviewArticle4)Brief/RapidCommunication5)Coursepaper6)Thesis&Dissertation1.4TheStyleofEnglishAcademicWriting（记忆方法AbCCEFR）Generally,EnglishAcademicwritingis:1)formality(正式性)--toavoidusingcontractions,colloquialisms,abbreviationsandacronyms,phrasalverbs,askingquestionsandsecondpersonpronoun(you)inaddressingreaders.2)complexity(复杂性)--WrittenlanguageisrelativelymorecomplexthanspokenlanguageGrammatically:moreclausesandembedding;moreattributingadjectives;moreprepositionalphrases;morepassivethanspokenlanguage.Lexically:fewerbutlongerwords/phrases;morenominalizations;morelexicalvariation.3)explicitness(表意清楚)—avoidingvagueexpressionorambiguity.Explicitinexpressingideas;Explicitinsignpostingtheorganizationoftheideas;Explicitinacknowledgingthesources.4)accuracy(准确)--Academicwritingusesvocabularyaccurately.Mostsubjectshavewordswithnarrowspecificmeanings.6)conciseness(简洁明了)UsemorecontentwordsratherthanfunctionwordsEliminateunnecessaryqualifiersInvolvelesspassivesentences6)impersonalandobjective(客观性)--Writtenlanguageisingeneralobjectiveratherthanpersonal.Itthereforehasfewerwordsthatrefertothewriterorthereader.Thismeansthatthemainemphasisshouldbeontheinformationthatyouwanttogiveandtheargumentsyouwanttomake,ratherthanyou.Impersonality:PronounsareuncommonwhilepassivecommonHedging:theavoidanceoftoodefinitestatementsorconclusionstomakethewritingsaferandmoreobjectiveLanguageusedinhedging:1)Introductoryverbse.g.seem,tend,looklike,appeartobe,think,believe,doubt,besure,indicate,suggest2)Certainlexicalverbse.g.believe,assume,suggest3)Certainmodalverbse.g.will,must,would,may,might,could4)Adverbsoffrequencye.g.often,sometimes,usually5)Modaladverbse.g.certainly,definitely,clearly,probably,possibly,perhaps,conceivably,likely6)Modaladjectivese.g.certain,definite,clear,probable,possible7)Modalnounse.g.assumption,possibility,probability8)Thatclausese.g.Itcouldbethecasethat...Itmightbesuggestedthat...Thereiseveryhopethat...9)To-clause+e.g.Itmaybepossibletoobtain...Itisimportanttodevelop...Itisusefultostudy...Herearesomeexamplesofcautiousortentativestyle.7)responsibility(负责任)Academicwritingreferstoinformationfromarangeofprint,digitalandothersources,allofwhichmustbeclearlyreferencedinyourtextreferencesotherwriters’work.Plagiarism(剽窃)Thedefinitionofplagiarism：Plagiarismistheactofusinganotherperson’slanguageorideaswithoutacknowledgment.(ThewordplagiarismisderivedfromaLatinwordforkidnapper.)Adictionarydefinesitas'theuseorimitationofwordsandideasofanotherpersonandtherepresentationofthemasone'soriginalwork.'Twotypesofplagiarism:①deliberate②unintentionalToavoidplagiarism:①paraphrasing②summary③synthesisTwowaysprovidethecorrectacknowledgement: 1.Summaryandcitation:Smith(2009)claimsthatmodernstatespowerinnewways. 2.Quotationandcitation:AccordingtoSmith:'Thepointisnotthatthestateisinretreatbutthatitisdevelopingnewformsofpower...'(Smith.2009.103)如果遇到分析题，就是先判断是否属于剽窃，再写剽窃的定义，再FOREXAMPLE。1.5StructureofAcademicResearchpaper1.5.1GeneralStructure—TheIMRaDModelHourglass(沙漏结构)1.5.2PartsofanAcademicResearchPaper1)Title:summarizethecontentssuccinctlyforindexingpurposesandattractthereadersAuthors&Affiliation2)Abstract:aconciseoverviewofthestudy3)Keywords:highlightingthefocusofthepaper4)Introduction:providethebackground;identifytheproblemunderstudy;evaluatepreviousstudies;identifytheresearchgap;statetheresearchobjectives5)Materials&Methods:describeproceduresandstepsoftheresearch6)Results&findings:findingsofthestudy(presentedusingfiguresandtables)7)Discussions:summaryofthemajorresults;probeintotheunderlyingcauses;comparetheresultswiththepreviousstudies;summarizethesignificanceoftheresearch8)Conclusion:mentionthelimitationsoftheresearch;suggestionsforfuturestudy9)Acknowledgements:indicatingothers’contributions10)References/Bibliography:providecontextofyourwork11)Appendices1.5.3RecommendWritingSequence(7Steps)Step1:Prepareanddescribedata,includingFiguresandTablesStep2:WriteResults,DiscussionandConclusionStep3:WriteMethodsStep4:WriteIntroductionStep5:WriteAbstractStep6:SelectKeyWordsStep7:EntitlethePaperQuestion&Exercises：Readthefollowingtwopassagesandtrytofindoutthestylisticfeaturesofeach.Answer:Comparedwiththesetwopassages,Ifindthattherearedifferencesinstyles,passage1isinformal,subjective,forexample:“I’m”，“don’t”Whilethesecondpassageisascientificresearchpaper,it’sformal,objectiveandcomplex,forexample,(长句，被动语态等）(subjectiveobjective,simplecomplex,forexample)Chapter2PrewritingSkills2.1.InformationCollecting2.2.AcademicReading2.2.1TypesofAcademicReadingMaterials2.2.2StrategyofAcademicReading2.3.NoteTaking2.4.ConstructingAnnotatedBibliography2.4.1DefinitionofAnnotatedBibliography2.4.2StepsofConstructinganAnnotatedBibliographySCIPaperWritingStrategy:ChoosingaTopicThefirstchallengeintheprocessofacademicwritingChoosingasubjectofinterestAsubject:"abroadareaofInterestfromwhichamorespecifictopiccanbechosen"Atopic:"arelativelynarrowareaofinterestthatcanbethoroughlyresearchedanddiscussedwithinthepagelengthguidelinesgivenbyyourinstructor."ConductingapreliminarytopicoverviewDiscoverwhatisalreadyknownandwhatresearchquestionsremainregardingyourtopic.Yourresearchquestionsprobablyderivefromtherecentliteratureyoureviewed.NarrowingyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicIntheformofaquestion"What","How","Why","Who","Where","When"opendifferentscopesforyourresearch.Criteriaofchoosingatopic:research-worthy,intriguing(interesting),feasible,manageableExercises：Readthetopicsinthefollowing,anddeterminetheextentoftheirscope:toobroad,toonarrow,orjustright.Chapter3Results,DiscussionandConclusions3.1ResultsThesectionofresultsisatext-basedpresentationofthekeyfindingswhichincludesreferencestoeachofthetablesandfigures.3.1.1Usingsubheadingstostreamlinereports3.1.2CaptioningandreferencingfiguresandtablesUsingincompletegrammaticalsentencesandsometimeendingwithperiodsfortableheadingsandfigurelegends3.1.3Typicalsentencepatternstodescriberesults3.2DiscussionThediscussionsectiongetstotherootofyourresearchquestionbyinterpretingtheresearchresultsandguidingthereadersbylogicalstepstoseephenomenafromyourpointofview.3.2.1PurposeofDiscussionDifferencebetweenResult&Discussion:ComparedwiththeResultsectionthatisjustadescriptivepresentationofthedataandfacts,Discussionprovidesyourinterpretiveunderstandingoftheresults,tryingtoanswer“Whatdothedataandfactsmean?”Itisherethatthefindingsarewoventogetherandthemajorissuesorthemesareidentifiedanddiscussed.FourpurposesofDiscussionSection:(1)Interpretyourresult(2)Answeryourresearchquestion(3)Justifyyourapproach(4)Criticallyevaluateyourstudy3.2.2MainelementsofDiscussionThefollowingsixmainelementsthatarelogicallystatedshouldneverbeneglected.(1)Reiteratingyourresearchquestion(s)andthemethods(2)Elaboratingonyourmajorfindingsandadditionalfindings(3)Relatingthefindingstosimilarstudies(4)Pointingoutlimitationsofthestudy(5)Statingfuturedirections(6)Makingyouroverallconclusion3.2.3WritingRequirementsforDiscussionFirstly,youshouldsufficientlyanalyzethepresenteddataandpointoutthefactualrelationships.Secondly,sincethepurposeoftheprofessionalpaperistoconfirmthe’author’sresearchwork,itisbeneficialforhimtofullyreviewwhathehasdoneinhiswork.Thirdly,thewriterhastoadmithisweakpointsorfailurefrankly.Fourthly,briefandforcefulexpressionsshouldbeusedinthesectionofdiscussion.Finally,keepinmindnevertowritemorewordsthannecessary.3.2.4Typicalsentencepatternstodescribediscussion3.2.5CasestudyofDiscussionSection3.3Conclusion3.3.1Conclusionsbasedonsoundevidence3.3.2AReferencetothemainpurposeorhypothesisofthestudy3.3.3ABriefsummaryofthemainidealsinthepaper3.3.4Commentsonthemainidealsinthepaper3.3.5Predictionforfuturedevelopmentsofthetopic3.3.6Limitationoftheworkcoveredbyyourpaper3.3.7MentionoffurtherresearchSCIPaperWritingStrategy:DataPresentationLanguagetipsUsingVerbTensestoDescribeResultsUsethepasttensewhenpresentingthefindings.Usethepresenttensewhencomparingresultswiththoseofotherstudies.Usethepresenttensetorefertotablesandfigures.Usethepresenttensetentativeverbsormodalverbswhencommentingonresults.Usethepresenttensewhendiscussingtheimplicationsofyourresults.Exercises：Readthefollowingdiscussionsectionandidentifythemainstructuralelementsinit.Chapter4Methodology4.3.SentenceConstructionsinDescribingMethodology1)Brieflyexplainthegeneraltypeofprocedureyouused.2)Describewhatmaterials,subjectsandequipmentyouused.3)Explainthestepsyoutookinyourexperiments.SCIPaperWritingStrategy:UsingVerbTensestoDescribeMaterialsandDataUsethepresenttensewhenstatingorreferringtoanestablishedfact.Usethepasttensewhendescribingthemethodsofyourstudy.Usethepresenttensewhenexplainingtheessentialdetailsofconventional(unmodified)materialsormethodsusedinyourstudy.Usethepasttensewhendescribingthematerialsinyourstudythatyoumodified,alteredorchangedinanyway.Usethepresenttensewhenreportingfactsaboutageneralpopulation.Usethepasttensewhenreportingsampledataobtainedthroughtheresearchyouconductedorfromyourliteraturereview.Exercises：Completethesentencesbelowwiththeverbs.Changetheformwhennecessary.Chapter5Introduction5.1StructuralElementsofIntroductions1)Introduceyourtopicandprovidetherelevantbackgroundinformation/contextofthetopicfield(includingtheimportanceoftheresearch)2)Givecleardefinitionsofthekeyterms3)Reviewthepreviousrelatedstudiesandpointouttheirlimitationsifpossible4)Statethepurpose/objectiveofyourstudyandsetouttheresearchquestionstobeaddressed5)Introducethetheoreticalperspectivesand/orthemethodstobeused6)Explainhowthepaperwillbeorganized(theoutlineofthepaper)5.2.StructuralFeaturesofIntroduction(结构特点和惯用表达)(一篇文章能找出哪些是背景、哪些是前任工作的优缺点和将要进行的工作的焦点)Theintroductionsectionusuallyhasa“funnel(漏斗)”shape,movingfrombroadandgeneraltonarrowandspecific.Itstartswiththeinformationofthetopicinthebroadcontextandnarrowsdowntotheinformationmorespecificallyrelatedtotheproposedresearch.5.4TaxonomyofLiteratureReviewWhatisLiteratureReview?WhatisDependentLiteratureReview?5.4.2DependentLiteratureReview5.5WritingaLiteratureReview(文献综述)Fourelementsshouldincludeinadependentliteraturereview:SummarizingpreviousresearchIndicatingtheweaknessinthepreviousresearchExplaininghowyourprojectislinkedtothepreviousresearchPresentinganoverviewoftheknowledgeonyourtopic/presentingtheinnovativeidealsofthestudy5.5.1IntegrationandCaseBuilding5.1.1TheskillstodoathoroughreviewFirst,youneedknowledgeaboutthestructureandfunctionofanintegrativereview.Next,criticalthinkingskillsarerequiredtonotonlysimplyreviewliteraturebutalsounder-standanddiscusstheliterature.Finally,integrativewritingskillsarerequiredtoestablishacogentrationaletobuildacasefortheimportanceofyouruniquestudythatbuildsonthepreviousliteratureinalogicalway.5.1.2ThedefinitionofliteraturereviewReviewarticlesarecriticalevaluationsofmaterialthathasalreadybeenpublished.5.2StructuralElementsinWritingaLiteratureReviewAliterature-reviewchapterrequiresanumberofstructuralelements,whichhelpguidethereaderfromonesentenceandparagraphtothenextinalogicalandseamlessfashion.1.Thechapterstartswithanintroductoryparagraphthatfocusesonthetopic.2.Aroadmapshouldbeincludedasan“advancedorganizer”.3.Thechaptershouldbedividedintosectionsandsubsections.4.Eachparagraphshouldbeginwithaclearandexplicittopicsentence.5.Eachmajorsectionshouldclosewithatransition.6.Finallyasummaryandconcludingsectionshouldbringthereviewtogetherattheend.5.3TheFunnel(漏斗结构)Aliteraturereviewforathesisordissertationshouldalsobeconstructedintheshapeofafunnelstartingverybroadlybyintroducingthetopic,thenmovingintothefocusofthereview,and,towardtheend,developingarationale(基本原理)foryourhypotheses.5.4.IntroductionandFocusoftheTopicThechaptershouldimmediatelyintroducethetopicandclearlyindicatethepurposeofthepaper,thescopeand/orlimitationsofthereview,andessentialdefinitionsifappropriate.5.5.RoadMapsAveryclearstructureofwhatistocomeinthereviewisrequiredtoorientthereader,awayofcommunicatingwhatinformationwillfollow,andevenhowtherestofthepaperisstructuredordividedintosections.Aroadmapshouldbepartoftheintroductionofyourliteraturereview.5.8Transition这种题型一般是，让改写一段话，这段缺少必要的过渡(transition/transiting)词语，需要加上”firstly,,secondly,,finally(最后一个必须用finally),...”,”but,”,”however,”等等。5.9SummaryandConclusionsThesummaryprovidestheconcludingremarksthatcapturetheessentialpartsofwhatyouwantthereadertotakeawayfromthesection.5.10Description,AnalyzingandSynthesizingtheLiterature.Cleartopicofeachparagraph.Summary,concludingparagraph.Transition.SCIPaperWritingStrategy:TensesintheIntroductionCurrentKnowledge1)Usethepresenttensewhenstatingorreportingestablishedfacts2)UsethepresentperfecttensewhenreportingfindingsfrommultiplepreviousstudiesLiteratureReview1)Usethepresenttensewhenreportingestablishedfacts2)Usethepasttensewhenrefertoasingle,previousstudy3)Ifthefindingofthestudywasestablishedasafact,theverbcomplement(thesecondverbinthesentence)iswritteninthepresenttenseKnowledgeGap1)Usethepresenttensewhenreportingfactsandcurrentlyacceptedmethods2)UsethepresentperfecttensewhenreferringtomultiplepreviousstudiesExercise2.Analyzethefollowingintroductions,followingthedirectionsifpossible.2.1.Underlinethepartstatingtheresearchbackground.“____”2.2.Parenthesizethepartpointingtotheexistingproblem.“（）”2.3.Drawaboxaroundthepartfocusingonthepresentresearch.“”TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese,payingattentiontothesentencestructureofeach.Strategyisanartofplanningthebestwaytogainanadvantageortoachievesuccess.策略是采用最佳方式获取优势或者成功的一门艺术。Herethepointofviewisthetermgenerallyusedtoindicatethepointfromwhichthepaperiswritten.这里所说的观点一般是用来表达书面语的一种说法。Subordinationisthetechniqueofplacingthelessimportantthoughtinasubordinateposition.从属法就是把不重要的信息放在次要位置的一种方法。Thisformulaisdevelopedonthebasisofthepreviouslydiscussedtheory.该公式是根据先前讨论的理论推导出来的。ItisconcludedthatsomeoftheparameterscannotbeobtainedbyusingthemethodshowninSectionIV.我们得出的结论是，许多参数无法通过采用第四部分的中所阐述的方法来获得。Connecttheequipmenttothemachine.Turnofftheswitch.Adjustinputvoltageto10V.Andnotedowntheoutputcurrent.把该设备连接到机器上，切断电源，把输入电压调制到10V，最后记下输出电流。PutthefollowingintoEnglish.从上例可以看出Itcanbeseenfromtheexampleabovethat一般认为Itisgenerallyacceptedthat/Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat希望Itishopedthat/ItisanticipatedthatChapter6TextualDevelopmentattheSyntacticalLevel6.1SentenceConstructionsofProfessionPapers6.1.1IndicativeSentences(陈述句)Inacademicwriting,writersareoftenrequiredtodescribeexperimentsorinvestigationperformed;statethequalityorpropertyofthematterused;andconfirmlawsorelaborateprinciples.Toachievethispurpose,indicativesentencesarepreferabletointerrogativesentencesandexclamatorysentences.Forexample:Frictionisintimatelyrelatedtobothadhesionandwear.Allmattersconsistofmolecules.Smeltingofironoretakesplaceinablastfurnace.Amastfailureatseacancauseapotentiallycatastrophiccommunicationbreakdown.6.1.2ImperativeSentences(祈使句)Command-likeimperativesarecommoninscientificresearchpapers.Forexample:SeeFig.Ibelow.AnalyzetheresultsinTable2.NoticetherelationshipbetweenAandB.Prepare5ccofdistillate.However,itisnoteworthythatimperativesentencesmaycauseoffenseandupsetthedelicaterelationshipbetweenthewriterandthereader.Despitethisfact,therearesomeverbswidelyusedinresearchpapers,suchaslet,suppose,andassume,etc.Letpstandfortheprice-costratio.NowletNequalthenumberofconsumers.SupposeLisaLaplacianmatrix.AssumethatFisthesameasB,thenX=F/B=1.6.1.3ComplexSentences(复杂句)Asweknow,thefunctionofprofessionalpapersistorevealthelawsofnature,demonstrateresearchachievements,andpresentthelatestresearchinformation.Theargumentsinprofessionalpaperswillbeconvincingiftheyarepresentedconciselyandconcretely.Complexsentencestructuresarethereforemoreoftenusedtomeetthisrequirement.Lookatthefollowingexampleswithsubordinateclauses.Itisgenerallybelievedthataninfectiousagent,suchasabacteriaoravirus,hastohavenucleicacidsastheirgeneticcodesoitcanmultiplyinthehost.Becausenonverbalbehaviorisregardedasamoreaccuratemeasureofhowanindividualactuallyfeelsthanwhatissaid,itisreasonabletoassumethattheindividualinconflictwiththewomanintheaboveexamplewillrespondtohergesturesinsteadoftoherwords.Enrichedlearningexperiencesarecrucialduringthe“windowsofopportunity"whichoccurintheyounggrowingchild'andifthesecriticaltimesarenottakenadvantageof,thechildisnotevenadequatelypreparedforpreschool.OlderbeginnersaregenerallyfoundtohaveaninitialadvantageoveryoungerOnes,butthelattereventuallyovertaketheformer;however,noevidencesuggestthattheabilitytoacquirenewvocabularybecomesinoperativeatanyage.6.1.4It+be+adj./participle+thatclause...Inordertokeepasentencewell-balancedandretainitsobjectivity,thesentencestructure"It+be+adj./participle+thatclause"isoftenusedinacademicwriting,inwhich“it”istheformalsubjectwhiletheclauseintroducedby“that”istherealsubject.Theextrapositionofitis“morefrequentinacademicwritingthaninspeechandsomeotherregisters.”ForexampleItisclearthatadoptingfarmingmethodsthatenhancepopulationdensityofwildplantandanimalspeciesonfarmlandisbeneficialtobiodiversity,providedthatthechangeofwildlife-friendlyfarmingdoesnotrequireareductionincropyield.Itisnecessarytocarryoutmultifactorialorthogonalexperimentsthatimprovethequalityofrefinedbio-oil.Itisgenerallyassumedthatbeforeoneundertakestowritearesearchpaper,hehasmasteredtheartofwritingtheshorterthemeortheessay.6.1.5ShortFormSentencesLedby"As"Inacademicwriting,shortformsentencesledby“as”arefrequentlyadoptedbywritersavoidrepetitionwhichmaysoundmonotonousandthereforebeabletoachievecoherence.Forexample:Asshownabove…Asthenameimplied…AsdescribedinMaterialsandMethod,…Asreportedby…Asdiscussedearlier,…6.1.6Tenses(时态)Therearenoestablishedconventionsfortensesinacademicwriting.Generallyspeaking,thepasttenseshouldbeusedwhendescribingMethodsandResults.Thepresenttenseisappropriateforacceptedfacts,suchasthebackgroundinformationpresentedintheIntroduction.Inaddition,itrequiresthepresentperfecttenseforexperimentsorconditionsthathavebeenreportedandarestillvalid.Forexample:Whenahighproteindietwasfedtorabbits,theygrewrapidly.Technologicaladvancesinthe1990senabledentirelynewwaysofconductingbusinessintheU.S.andthroughouttheworld.Breastfeedingnotonlychildren'shealthbutalsohasprofoundeffectsonthehealthandwell-beingoftheirmothers.Benson(1997)reportedthatoneinfivewomenwasdestinedforbreastcancer.Hisstudyisconsideredaccurateandhasbeenthebasisofextensivereevaluationofwomen'sdiseaseprevention.6.1.7PassiveVoiceandActiveVoice(被动语态和主动语态)InEnglish,verbshavetwovoices—activeandpassive.Insomesentences,thepassivevoicecanbeperfectlyacceptableandfrequentlyadopted,mostnotablyinMaterialsandMethods.Forexample:Thesodiumhydroxidewasdissolvedinwater.Thissolutionwasthentitratedwithhydrochloricacid.Thecombinedaqueousextractwasfiltrated,condensedat50~60℃,andprecipitatedwithethanol(toafinalethanolconcentrationof)overnight.Thesupernatantwasthencollectedandconcentratedinvacuum(40℃).However,theactivevoicehasthepriorityinacademicwriting;fortheclaimthatthepassivevoicemakesawriterseemobjectiveisamyth.Onthecontrary,thepassivevoicetendstobewordy,indirect,andawkward.Tomakeyouracademicpapermoredirectandmoreconcise,youshouldchangethepassivevoicetotheactivevoicewhenpossibleandappropriate.Forexample:Inthispaper,astructureissuggestedforthesaltofdeoxyribosenucleicacid(D.N.A.).Wewishtosuggestastructureforthesaltofdeoxyribosenucleicacid(D.N.A.).Thesecondsentenceusingtheactivevoiceispreferablebecauseitissimple,direct,andclear,whileinthefirstsentencethepassivevoicesoundscomplicated,indirect,andobscure.Therefore,thesolutiontotheoveruseofthepassivevoiceinacademicwritingisto“alternatepassivevoicewiththeactive”.Forexample:Thereisanincreasinginterestinnaturalantioxidantproductsforuseasmedicinesandfoodadditives.VitaminC,vitaminEandcarotenoidsaresomeofthesewidelyusednaturalantioxidants.Antioxidantsplayedanimportantroleinloweringoxidativestressescausedbyreactivespecies(ROS).ROSincludingsuperoxideanionradical,hydroxylradicalandhydrogenperoxidearegeneratedunderphysiologicalandpathologicalstressesinhumanbody.6.1.8SubjunctiveMood(虚拟语气)Itisbelievedthatacademicwritingisfactual,i.e.,basedonfacts.Itisnecessarytomakeitcleartoreaderswhatopinionwritersholdorwhatpositionswriterstakewithregardtoacertainissue.Writersneedtotakeastanceorpositioninrelationtothesituationorthefacts.However,chancesarethattheremaybeinformationorevidenceinacademicpapersthatwritershavenotdiscoveredanexceptiontothedrawnconclusion.Inthiscase,cautiousortentativelanguagemustbeexercisedtoavoidover-generalizationorabsoluteness,becauseveryoftenthereisnoabsolutelyrightanswerornoperfectsolutiontotheissuesunderdiscussion.Thiscautioncanbereflectedwiththeuseofconditionalsentences,modalverbsandthesubjunctivemood.ForexampleYetoftenitcannothavebeenthecasethatarecalcitranttrusteeremainedinpossessionofthepropertyentrustedtohim.Theremightbenodifficultyinexplaininghowthestructurecontributestohighsurvival;butthedifficultyisinthinkingofaseriesofstepsbywhichitcouldhavearisen.Veryhighradiationdosesmightdestroybodyfunctionsandleadtodeathwithin60days.SCIPaperWritingStrategy:ErrorsatSententialLevel1)Incorrectdiction2)WronguseoftenseThesimplepresenttenseisusedtointroducetheresearchbackgroundandtheconclusion(s)fromthepresentresearchwhilethesimplepasttenseisemployedformethodsandresearchfindings.3)Excessiveuseofpassivevoice4)Faultyrun-onsentences5)ToolongsentencesReflectionsandPractice(1)1.Howdoyouunderstandthefunctionoftheexperimentaldescription?（7.1）2.Whatmaybeinvolvedinwritingtheexperimentalprocess?（7.2）3.Listtheitemswhichmaybeincludedinthesectionofequipmentdescriptionofapaper?1）.TechnologyInvolvedintheExperiment2）.MaterialsUsedintheExperiment3）.EquipmentIntroducedintheExperimentII.Findanoriginalexperimentalpaperfromamajorjournalinyourfieldandstudyhowthedevelopmentofitsbodyisdone.III.Revisethebodyofyourpaperofexperimentalnaturewiththeskillillustratedinthisunit.Chapter7AbstractDefinitionofAbstract:Anabstractisabriefandself-containedsummaryandanaccuraterepresentationofthecontentsofadocumentsuchasaresearchpaper,ajournalarticle,thesis,review,conferenceproceeding,andotheracademicdocuments.Thetwomainfunctionsoftheabstractareforselection(quicklygrasptheessenceofthewritinganddetermineitsrelevance)andforindexing.7.1GeneralStructureofAbstract7.1.1InformationElementsofAbstractBackground(orIntroduction/Motivation/Situation...)Topic(orSubject/Purpose/Aim/Problemstatement...)Approach(orMethod/Procedures/Materials...)Results(and/orMajorfindings/Discussion...)Conclusion(and/orSignificance/Contribution/Recommendation/Implications/Origi