专题08新课学习Unit5（语法学习写作过关）

第09讲新课学习必修第二册Unit5（语法学习&写作过关）目录语法导航：学习语法知识写作过关：考点快速记忆小试牛刀：词句精练+能力提升过去分词（短语）作状语过去分词（短语）作状语的语法意义:语态方面:从语态上讲，过去分词(短语)作状语表示被动意义，即分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。Encouragedbywhattheteachersaid,thestudentdecidedtoworkevenharder.在老师的话的鼓励下，那名学生决定更加努力学习。时间方面:过去分词(短语)表示被动动作的完成。Seriouslyinjured,hehadtobetakentothehospital.由于伤势严重，他必须被送到医院。二．过去分词（短语）作状语的基本用法:1.过去分词(短语)作状语的功能及位置：(1).过去分词(短语)作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者(即过去分词表示的动作不是句子的主语发出的)，过去分词与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。Builtthirtyyearsago,thehouselooksverybeautiful.尽管这座房子是三十年前(被)建造的，但它看起来很漂亮。(2).过去分词(短语)作条件、原因及时间状语时，通常放在句首；作伴随状语时，通常放在句末；作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时也放在句首；作让步状语时，一般放在句首，有时也放在句末。Givenanotherhour(=IfIamgivenanotherhour),Icanalsoworkoutthisproblem.如果再给我一个小时，我也能把这道题做出来。2.过去分词(短语)作状语的种类:(1).作时间状语时，通常放在句首，可转换为when,while或after等引导的状语从句。Discussedmanytimes(=Aftertheywerediscussedmanytime),theproblemsweresettledatlast.多次讨论之后这些问题终于解决了。(2).作条件状语时，通常放在句首，可转换为if,once或unless等引导的状语从句。United,westand;divided,wefall.=Ifweareunited,westand;ifwearedivided,wefall.团结则存，分裂则亡。.作原因状语时，一般置于句首，可转换为as,since或because等引导的状语从句。Encouragedbytheprogresshehasmade(=Asheisencouragedbytheprogresshehasmade),Tomworksharder.由于受到所取得的进步的鼓舞，汤姆更努力工作了。(4).作让步状语时，一般放在句首，有时也放在句末，可转换为although,though或evenif等引导的状语从句。Exhaustedbytheclimb(=Althoughwewereexhaustedbytheclimb),wecontinuedourjourney.我们虽然爬得很累，但仍然继续我们的旅程。(5).作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时也放在句首，如有连词asif，就可转换为asif引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则可转换为并列结构。Theoldmangotonthebus,supportedbyagirl.=Theoldmangotonthebusandhewassupportedbyagirl.在一位姑娘的扶下，那位老人上了公共汽车。(6).作伴随状语时，通常放在句末，一般可转换为并列结构。MrsWucamein,followedbyherdaughter.=MrsWucameinandshewasfollowedbyherdaughter.吴太太走了进来，后面跟着她的女儿。三、过去分词（短语）作状语的注意事项:1.过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，否则要用状语从句或独立主格结构(由名词/代词+过去分词构成)，有时也可用with复合结构。(1).Givenachance,wecansurprisetheworld.若给我们一个机会，我们会令世界惊奇。(2).Theirhomeworkfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplay.=Whentheirhomeworkhadbeenfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplay.=Withtheirhomeworkfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplay.他们的家庭作业完成后，孩子们就出去玩了。2.过去分词作状语时，有时为了强调，可根据需要在其前面加上while,when,before,after,since,until,once,though,although,unless,asif,asthough,evenif,eventhough等词或短语。(1).Unlessconstantlyrepeated,theEnglishwordsareeasilyforgotten.这些英语单词很容易被忘记，除非不断重复(记).Whenaskedwhyshecamehere,thegirlkeptsilent.当有人她为什么来这里时，那个女孩沉默不语。3.有些过去分词(短语)来源于系表结构，作状语时不强调被动而重在描述主语的状态。这样的过去分词(短语)常见的有:injured(受伤的)、seated(坐下来的)、hidden(隐藏的)、lost/absorbedin(沉浸于)、dressedin(穿着)、tiredof(厌烦)等。Lostinthought,Ididn’thearthebell.由于陷入沉思之中，我没有听到铃声。拓展：Filledwithteamspirit,theyactasawhole,alwaysaimingforglory.他们作为一个整体，充满团队精神，总是追求荣誉。句式剖析:Filledwithteamspirit，theyactasawhole，alwaysaimingforglory.过去分词短语作原因状语句子的主干现在分词短语作伴随状语考点提炼：现在分词(短语)作伴随状语：(1).现在分词(短语)作伴随状语时，句子的主语就是分词(短语)所表示的动作的发出者;(2).现在分词(短语)所表示的动作是伴随着句子谓语动词所表示的动作而发生或存在的，是主语的另一个较次要的动作;(3).现在分词(短语)作伴随状语时通常位于句末，没有相应的状语从句可以转换，但它可以转换成相应的并列句。①.Thechildrenranoutoftheroom,laughingandtalkingmerrily.孩子们跑出房间，偷快地谈笑着。②.Shecameintothehouse,carryingalotofbooks.(=Shecameintothehouseandcarriedalotofbooks.)她拿着许多书走进了房间。③.Helayonthegrass,staringattheskyforalongtime.(=Helayonthegrassandstaredattheskyforalongtime.)他躺在草地上，长时间地凝视着天空。4.过去分词与现在分词做状语的区别：语法逻辑关系时间概念过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子的主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，即表被动过去分词所表示的动作往往发生于谓语动词所表示的动作之前，或表示“一种状态”，与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或存在现在分词作状语现在分词的一般式(doing)和完成式(havingdone)作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子的主语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，即表主动现在分词的一般式(doing)表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生；现在分词的完成式(havingdone)表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前Seenfromthehill,thecitylookslikeabiggarden.从山上看，这座城市就像座大花园。(see与句子的主语thecity之间是逻辑上的动宾关系)Seeingfromthehill,youwillfindthecitylookslikeabiggarden.从山上看，你会发现这座城市就像一座大花园。(see与句子的主语you之间是逻辑上的主谓关系)注意:过去分词与现在分词的完成被动式(havingbeendone)作状语时，都具有被动意义，有时可以互换，但是”havingbeendone”结构强调动作先于句子的谓语动词所表示的动作。Shownaroundthelab,weweretakentoseethelibrary.=Havingbeenshownaroundthelab,weweretakentoseethelibrary.参观了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观图书馆。随堂练习一．单句语法填空①Iwastoo(tire)towalkanyfurther.②Whenheheardthestory，hewasdeeply．(move)③Tomwasmore(surprise)than(disappoint)atthisnews.【答案】1.tired2.moving3.surprised二．用过去分词短语改写下列句子①Althoughwewereexhaustedbytheclimb，wecontinuedourjourney.→，wecontinuedourjourney.②Shewasdressedinwhiteandsuddenlyappeared.→，shesuddenlyappeared.③AuntWucameinandshewasfollowedbyherdaughter.→AuntWucamein，．【答案】1.Exhaustedbytheclimb2.Dressedinwhite3.followedbyherdaughter三.单句语法填空1．BothheandIare(satisfy)withtheresult.2．Sheacceptedthegift，deeply(move).3．Wewenttothecinema，(fill)withexcitement.4．Once(pour)，watercannotbetakenback.5．(see)thosepictures，hecouldn'thelpthinkingofthosedaysinhishometown.6．Thenewswasandtheywereallatit.(excite)7．Weallfeltatthenews.(encourage)8．Generallyspeaking，when(take)accordingtothedirections，thedrughasnosideeffect.9．When(ask)aboutthesecretofhissuccess，thefamousathletesaidthatheowesmuchofhissuccessandhappinesstohiswifeandchildren.10．Clearlyandthoughtfully(write)，thebookinspiresconfidenceinstudentswhowishtoseektheirownanswers.【答案】1.satisfied2.moved3.filled4.poured5.Seeing6.exciting，excited7.encouraged，encouraging8.taken9.asked10.written四.短文语法填空Songqingling1.(bear)on27thJanuary1893inShanghai，oneofthegreatest2.(leader)ofChina，wasawell­knownstateswoman.Whenshewasyoung，shewasmuch3.(concern)aboutthefutureofChina.4.(late)shetookpartinmanyactivitiestofightforthefreedomofChinesepeople.5.thefoundationofthePRC，shewas6.(plete)devotedtothe7.(develop)ofnewChinaandplayedanimportantpartinmanyactivities.On8thMay1981，shediedinBeijingattheageof88，8.broughtgreatsorrowtotheChinesepeople.9.(honor)asoneofthegreatestwomenofthe20thcentury，she10.(remember)bytheChinesepeopleforever.【答案】1.born2.leaders3.concerned4.Later5.After6pletely7.development8.which9.Honored10.isremembered演讲稿本单元的写作项目属于新课标中应用体类别中的“演讲稿”。演讲稿分为欢迎/送辞和宣讲辞两种。前者属于在正式场合接待或欢送客人时，主人为了表达欢迎、感谢或祝愿而进行的发言。后者属于向听众讲述一些道理，希望对方接受自己的见解。演讲稿语言一定要准确简明、通俗易懂、层次清楚、条理分明。[基本框架]英语演讲稿通常包括三部分。1．开头称呼语。最常用的是Ladiesandgentlemen.也可根据不同情况，选用Fellowstudents，Distinguishedguests，Mr.Chairman，HonorableJudges(评委)等。2．中间部分：①明确演讲主题→②分析问题，展开论述→③提出解决方法或期待。3．结尾。结尾要简洁，最普通的结尾就是：Thankyouverymuchforyourlistening.注意事项：1．要注意演讲的对象，选用合适的称呼语。2．提出论题，观点要鲜明。3．结构要清晰，注意层次、节奏和衔接。4．结束语结论言简意赅，简洁有力。[常用语句]★精彩开头1．Ladiesandgentlemen(Dearteachersandschoolmates)，I'mLiMing.I'mgreatlyhonouredtospeakhereonbehalfofmyschool.I'mgoingtotalkabout...女士们、先生们(敬爱的老师，亲爱的同学们)，我是李明。很荣幸在此代表我的学校做演讲。我要谈论的是……2．Goodmorning/afternoon/eveningeverybody！Thankyouforbeingontime/makingtheefforttoetoday.大家上午/下午/晚上好！感谢你们今天能按时/尽力到来。3．Thankyouforgivingmetheopportunitytomakeaspeechabout...感谢大家给我这个机会谈一谈……4．Itisagreathonourtobehereandtosharewithyou...很荣幸在这里跟大家一起分享……5．Iamhonouredtobehereonsuchaspecialoccasion.我很荣幸在这个特别的时刻来到这里。6．Today，Ifeelhonouredtointroduce...今天我很荣幸地(为大家)介绍……★正文佳句1．Today'stopicis...今天要谈论的话题是……2．Todayweareheretotalkabout...今天我们在此要谈论的是……3．I'mgoingtotalkaboutsomethingthatisvitallyimportanttoallofus.我要谈的事情对我们大家都至关重要。4．Wealloughttobeawareofthefollowingpoints.我们大家都应明确以下几点。★余味结尾1．IhopeIhavemademyselfunderstood.我希望我已经非常清楚地表达了我的意思。2．Ihopeyouhavefoundthisuseful.我希望你们能觉得这对你们有用。3．Ibelievethefutureof...ispromisingthroughtheeffortsofusall.我相信，通过我们大家的共同努力，……前途光明。4．Justasthesayinggoes，“Individualstogethercanmakequiteadifference.”I'mgreatlyconvincedthattheworldwillbeamoreharmoniousone(itwillbeagreatsuccess)throughthejointeffortsofallofus.正如俗话所说，“众人拾柴火焰高。”我深信，通过我们大家的共同努力，世界会更加和谐(此事会圆满成功)。5．That'sall.Thankyouforyourlistening.我的演讲到此结束。感谢大家的倾听。练习1假设你是新华中学的李华，将参加主题为“Let'sRideBicycles”的英语演讲比赛。请你就此主题写一篇演讲稿，内容包括：1．汽车带来的空气污染和交通拥堵等问题；2．骑自行车的益处，如节能环保、有利健康等。Goodmorning,everyone,I'mLiHua,fromXinhuaMiddleSchool.Itismyhonortomakeaspeechhere.Thetopicofmyspeechis“Let'sRideBicycles”．Asisknowntoall,withtheimprovementofpeople'slivingstandards,carshavebeeapopularmeansof（一种受欢迎的方式）transport,bringinggreatconveniencetoourlife.However,theyhavealsocausedsomeproblems,suchasairpollutionandtrafficjams.Howcanwesolvetheproblems?AsfarasI'mconcerned,ridingbicyclesisagoodsolution.Foronething,bicyclesdon'tneedanypetrolandtheyareenergysaving.Foranother,bicyclesareenvironmentallyfriendlybecausetheydon'tgiveoffwastegas（释放废气）.What'smore,ridingbicyclesisagoodwayforustoexerciseanditisbeneficialtoourhealth.Therefore,let'staketheresponsibilitytobuildalowcarboncitybyridingbicycles.eonandjoinus.That'sall.Thankyou练习2假如你是学生李华，在英语课上你打算向全班同学介绍音乐在日常生活中的重要性，请你用英语写一篇演讲稿，内容包括以下几个方面：1．音乐可以消除疲劳、缓解压力；2．音乐可以陶冶情操；3．音乐可以使人更有创造力。注意：1.词数80左右；2．不可以逐字翻译；3．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。[参考范文]Goodmorning，mydearestclassmates.Itismygreathonourtostandhereanddeliveraspeechabouttheimportanceofmusicinourdailylife.First，musiccanhelpusrelievetirednessaswellasfeellessstressed.Wecanpletelyrelaxourselvesinmusic.Whatismore，appreciatingmusicisofgreatbenefittocultivateourminds.Lastbutnotleast，peoplewithaccesstomusicoftengetimprovedincreativity.Allinall，musicwillhelpuskeephealthy.Thankyouallforbeingsuchanattentiveaudience.词句精练一．单句语法填空1.Nervously_____________(face)challenges,IknowIwillwhispertomyselfthetwosimplewords“Beyourself”.2.Ordinarysoap,___________(use)correctly,candealwithbacteriaeffectively.3.___________(order)overaweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveanytimenow.4.____________(raise)inthepoorestareaofGlasgow,hehadalong,hardroadtobeingafootballstar.5.Clearlyandthoughtfully__________(write),thebookinspiresconfidenceinstudentswhowishtoseektheirownanswers.6.When_____________(ask)forhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaidhefounditveryinterestingandrewarding.7.Children,when__________(acpany)bytheirparents,areallowedtoenterthestadium.8.Thetest_____________(finish),webeganoursummerholiday.9.when____________(offer)help,oneoftensays“Thankyou”or“It’skindofyou”.10.___________(give)anotherchance,IamsureIwilldothejobmuchbetter.1.facing2.used3.Ordered4.Raised5.written6.asked7.acpanied8.finished9.offered10.Given二、语法填空BeijingOpera1.__________(consider)asanationaltreasureinChina,which2.__________(date)backtoover200yearsago.TheearlyQingDynastysawthegreat3.___________(develop)ofit.EmperorQianlongoftheQingDynastyhad4.____________interestinthelocalopera.5.____________(celebrate)hiseightiethbirthday,heaskedoperatroupes(戏班)6._________differentplacestoperformforhiminBejing,sothefourbigHuibanOperaTroupesenteredthecapital.7.__________(gradual),theybinedwithKunquOpera,QinqiangOperaandHandiaoOperatoformthepresentBeijingOpera.BeijingOperaisaformoftraditionalChinesetheatre8.___________binesmusic,performancesanddance.Manyaudiencesfromdifferent9._________(country)thinkthatitisthe10.__________(large)andmostinfluentialkindofoperainChinaandtheinfluenceisinparable.1.isconsidered2.dates3.development4.an5.Tocelebrate6.from7.Gradually8.which/that9.countries10.largest能力提升一.语法填空Peoplehaveallturnedtosadmusictomake1.________(they)feelbetteratsomepointintheirlives,butwhydoesthemusicwithdoublesadnesshelpdragpeopleoutoflowspirits?Anewstudythrowslightonwhat'sgoingoninsidepeople'sbrainswhentheymatchtheirmusictotheirfeelings,anditlooksasifsadmusiccanbeenjoyable,ratherthan2.________(simple)depressing.Musicofthissortcanarousepositivememoriesinpeople'slife,thus3.________(lift)theirmood.PsychologistAdrianNorthfromCurtinUniversityinAustraliasays4.________existtwogroupsofpossibleexplanationsforwhypeopleenjoylistening5.________sadmusic—onefromsocialpsychology(心理学),andtheotherfromcognitiveneuroscience(神经学)．Intermsofsocialpsychology,oneideaaboutthisisthatpeoplewillfeel6.________(good)aboutthemselvesiftheyfocusonsomeonewho'sdoingevenworse.Everything'sgoingtobeokay,becausethispersonishaving7.________evenworsedaythantheyare.Anotherideafromsocialpsychologyisthatpeopleliketolistentotheverymusic8.________showstheirpresentlifecircumstances,becausethiskindofmusicmakesthemfeeltheyareunderstood.Withtheiremotions9.________(share),theydefinitelygetacertainamountoffort.Sosadmusicdoescheerpeopleup,andit10.________(work)farbetterthanhappymusic,inmostcases.【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了伤感的音乐对人们的影响。伤感的音乐能使人振奋，而且在大多数情况下，它比快乐的音乐更有效。1．themselves【解析】考查代词。设空处作make的宾语，指代主语People，当宾语跟主语是同一个对象时，宾语应用反身代词。故填themselves。2．simply【解析】考查副词。修饰形容词应用副词。故填simply。3．lifting【解析】考查非谓语动词。设空处应用非谓语动词作结果状语，lift与句子主语为逻辑上的主谓关系，且表示自然而然的结果，应用现在分词。thus为副词，意为“这样”。故填lifting。4．there【解析】考查固定句型。Thereexists...为固定句型，意为“有……”。故填there。5．to【解析】考查固定搭配。listento为固定搭配，意为“听……”。故填to。6．better【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意为：社会心理学对此有一种观点，即如果人们把注意力集中在一个做得更糟糕的人身上，他们的自我感觉便会好一些。根据空后的evenworse可知此处应用比较级，故填better。7．an【解析】考查冠词。句意为：一切都会好起来的，因为这个人的处境比他们还要糟糕。此处泛指“一天”，其前应用不定冠词。even以元音音素开头，故填an。8．that【解析】考查定语从句引导词。设空处引导定语从句，music是先行词，从句缺少主语，且先行词由thevery修饰，所以应用关系代词that，不可以用which。故填that。9．shared【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意为：随着他们的情绪得以分享，他们肯定会得到一定程度的安慰。此处是“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构，emotions和share之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以应用过去分词形式，故填shared。10．works【解析】考查动词时态。work是谓语动词，与主语it之间是主动关系，逗号前的分句使用一般现在时，所以此处也应用一般现在时。故填works。二．阅读理解The2018WorldCupwasheldinRussia.Whilemostsoccerfanswereenjoyingtheactionfromhome,thispairofColombianationalfootballteamsupporterswereattractingpubliceyesforhowtheytookpartinthegame.AvideoofDazacelebratingColombia’svictoryoverPolandwithhisfriendGallegohasbeenpopularonline.Gallegolostbothhissightandhishearingatninebecauseofanunmondiseasewhichoftenleadstototallossofsightandhearing.Fortunately,GallegohasafriendcalledDaza.Thetwomenmetafewyearsagoandinstantlybondedovertheirloveofthesport.BothenthusiasticColombianationalfootballteamsupporters,theybeganattendingmatchestogether.DazataughthimselfsignlanguageandtheydevelopedaseriesofhandgesturessothatDazacouldmunicatewithGallegoduringgames.Eventually,Dazacreatedaboardthatimitatedthelayoutofasoccerfield.Withsignalsforthingslike“offside”calls,fouls(犯规)andredcards,DazacreatedawayforGallegotofollowalongwiththefieldofplaybymovingGallego’shandsacrossthesoccerboard.Theygainedmediaattentionlastyear,butamorerecentvideoofthepairsupportingtheirhometeaminagroupstagematchagainstPolandattheWorldCuphasofficiallybeepopular.Inthevideo,DazaisguidingGallego’shandsacrossthesoccerboardastheactionplaysoutonthefield.Astheteamscorestheirfirstgoal,DazaquicklyguidesGallego’shandsacrossthesoccerboard,stoppingwhenhereachesthe