2023名校版高考英语阅读理解精读内测版含答案

2023年名校版高考英语阅读理解

精读内测版含答案

Ineedanewphone.Likemanyofuswitholdermodel

iPhones,mybatterylifeisjustafewhoursandFvestopped

updatingtheoperatingsystemtoextendthephone,slife.ButF

mhavingatoughtimemakingthefinaldecision.Ifsnotthe

cost.Ifsnottheinconvenienceeither.Itzstheenvironment.

Makingsmartphones,laptops,andothertechproductstakes

alotofresources.Thisispartlyduetothecarbonemissionsfrom

theproducingprocess.Still,themostnegativeimpactcomes

fromtheminingoftherareearthmetalsthatmakeyourphone

work.Ifyou*rereadingthisonyourphonerightnow,you*re

holdingabout0.034gramsofgold,0.34gramsofsilver,and

smalleramountsofotherrareelements.Thesearetinyamounts,

butconsiderthedemandforsmartphonesaroundtheworld.

Alloftheserareelementshavetobeminedfrominsidethe

Earth,inplaceslikeChinaandsomeAfricancountries.Miningis

hugelyenvironmentallydestructive:forestsaredestroyed,the

groundisdisturbed,andwaterqualityintheareatakesadive.

Nowtaketheseenvironmentalrisks,andcombinethemwith

thefactthattheaveragelifespan（使用寿命）ofasmartphoneis

justtwoyears,thelengthofyourcontractwithyourcellphone

company.Afterthat,ifyou'relucky,yougeta"free"upgrade.

Awesome,right?Sure,ifyouignorethefactthatthe

environmentalimpactofanewphoneisaboutthesameasusing

youroldoneforadecade.

It'snearlyimpossibletoliveinthe21stcenturywithout

contributingtothedestructionoftheenvironmentandclimate

change.Iamguiltyaswell-eatmeatandoccasionallyfly.But

thatdoesn,tmeanthatweshouldstoptryingtodobetter,or

ignoretheconsequencesofouractions.Iurgeyoutothink

carefullyaboutyournextsmartphonepurchasenomatterwhat

thoseBlackFridayadsmaybetryingtotellyou.

28.Whatdoestheauthor1sfinaldecisionreferto?

A.Goingaheadwithgettinganewphone.

BTakingactiontohelpreducepollution.

C.Updatingyourphone'soperatingsystem.

D.Raisingmoneyforanewsmartphone.

29.Whydoestheauthorlistspecificnumbersinparagraph2?

A.Torevealtheconsequencesofmakingsmartphones.

B.Toanalyzethecausesofmakingnewsmartphones.

C.Toemphasizethehugedemandforsmartphones.

D.Toprovidesolutionstocuttingsmartphoneuse.

30.Whatmessagedoestheauthorconveyinparagraph4?

A.Itiseconomicaltoupgradeyourdevice.

B.Thelifespanofsmartphonesisnarrowed.

C.Theupgradecomesattheexpenseoftheenvironment.

D.Signingacontractsparesusersfromeconomicpressure.

31.Whatistheauthor*spurposeinwritingthepassage?

A.Topushforenvironmentallyfriendlysmartphones.

B.Todiscouragebusinessesfrommakingsmartphones.

C.Toadvisereadersnottochangesmartphonesoften.

D.Todemonstratethenegativeeffectsofsmartphones.

AACC

Carspoweredbybatteriesmadefromseawaterandplanes

fueledbyammonia®willbecomecommonoverthenext10

years,BillDavid,aprofessorofmaterialschemistryhas

predicted.

Mostbatteriesforelectriccarsandsmartphonesarepowered

bylithium（锂），whichhastobemined,butDavidthinksthatthey

willbeovertakenbybatteriesmadefromsodium（钠）,which

canbeobtainedfromseawaterandsalt.Thefutureofairtravel

couldalsobegreenerthankstobiofuels.

Davidsaid:"Wearedevelopinganammonia-basedplane.In

principle,wecanimproveonanAirbusA320oraBoeing787

andessentiallyreplacejetfuelwithammonia.

Davidsaidthatbatteriescould,atfirst,combinesodiumand

lithium,assodiumwasnotquiteaspowerfulaslithiumbutis

muchmoresufficient."It'snotquiteperfectintermsof

performance,soweneedboth,"Davidsaid."Sodiumisonthe

wayupandmostelectriccarshavehadacombinationoflithium

andsodiumbatteriesinthem.Myestimateisthatby2040I

wouldnotbesurprisedifthereweretentimesmoresodium

batteriesthanlithiumones,maybeeven100times.z,

Thefirstgenerationofmass-producedsodiumbatterieshas

beenusedforanelectriccarforthefirsttime.Sodiumwillnotbe

thefinalanswertoeco-friendlyairtravel,however,whichiswhy

David'steamislookingintotheuseofammonia.Some

companiesarelookingintowhetherjetfuelcanbereplacedwith

hydrogen,butDavidseesammoniaasmoresustainable.Hesaid:

"Ifyoudothesums,thenat500mphyougetthesameamount

ofpowerasjetfuel,butjust40percentoftherange.However,

evenwiththerangehit,a787couldstillgofromLondontoNew

York."

However,areportfromtheRoyalSocietyonnet-zero

aviation,whichDavidco-wrote,saysthatreplacingjetfuelwith

biofuelwouldrequirehalfoftheagriculturallandintheUK.

1.Whatisanadvantageofsodiumbatteries?

A.Theirperformanceiseasytoimprove.

B.Theirrawmaterialiseasilyaccessible.

C.Theyarewidelyappliedtovariousvehicles.

D.Theyaremorepowerfulthanotherbatteries.

2.AccordingtoDavid,whichisidealforfutureelectriccars?

A.Lithiumbattery.

B.Sodiumbattery.

C.Hydrogenfuel.

D.Ammoniafuel.

3.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Hydrogencastsalightonjetfuelmarket.

B.Electriccarmakersfavorsodiumbatteries.

C.Ammoniafeaturessustainabilityandpracticability.

D.Companieshavemass-producedrecycledbatteries.

4.What'sDavid'sattitudetoreplacingjetfuelwithbiofuel?

A.Tolerant.

B.Unclear.

C.Cautious.

D.Doubtful.

BBCC

"Adolescentchimpanzees（黑猩猩）areinsomesensefacing

thesamepsychologicalcharacteristicsthathumanteens

are,"saidAlexandraRosati,aprofessorattheUniversityof

Michigan."Ourfindingsshowthatseveralkeyfeaturesofhuman

adolescentpsychologyarealsoseeninourclosestprimate

relatives."

Theresearchersconductedtwotestsinvolvingfoodrewards

with40wild-bornchimpanzeesinRepublicofCongo.The

chimpanzeesvoluntarilyparticipatedinthegamestoreceive

foodtreats.

Chimpanzeesexperienceadolescenceatabout8to15.Like

humans,chimpanzeesshowrapidchangesinhormonelevels

duringadolescence,startformingnewbondswithcompanions,

showincreasesinaggressionandcompeteforsocialstatus.

Inthefirsttest,adolescentandadultchimpanzeescould

choosebetweentwocontainersinagambling（投机）task.One

containeralwayscontainedpeanuts,afoodthatchimpanzees

somewhatlike.Hiddenintheotheronewaseither

anunlinedfood-acucumberslice-orafavoritefood-abanana

slice.Thechimpanzeescouldplayitsafeandgetthepeanuts,or

takeachanceforsomegreatlydesiredbananaattheriskof

endingupwithunappetizingcucumber.Thechimpanzees'

emotionalreactionswererecorded,includingangers,screams,or

stickingonthetable.

Duringseveralroundsofthetest,adolescentchimpanzees

tooktheriskyoptionmoreoftenthanadultchimpanzees,but

adolescentsandadultshadsimilarnegativereactionswhenthey

receivedcucumber.

Thesecondlest,modeledafterthefamous"marshmallow

tesf'withhumanchildren,examineddelayedsatisfactionwhere

chimpanzeescouldreceiveonebananasliceimmediatelyorwait

foroneminutetoreceivethreeslices.Bothadolescentandadult

chimpanzeeschosethegreaterdelayedrewardatasimilarrate.

Humanteenslendtobemoreimpulsive（冲动）thanadultsso

theywouldbemorelikelytotaketheimmediatereward.

"Priorresearchindicatesthatchimpanzeesarequite

patientcomparedwithotheranimals,andourstudyshowsthat

theirabilitytodelaysatisfactionisalreadymatureatafairly

youngage,unlikeinhumans,"Rosatisaid.

Risk-takingbehavioricbothadolescentchimpanzeesand

humansappearst。bedeeplybiologicallyrooted,butincreases

inimpulsivebehaviormaybespecifictohumanteens.

12.Whatdoesthefirsttestaimtofindoutaboutchimpanzees?

A.Theirproblemsofemotions.

B.Thesignsofaggression.

C.Theirsenseofadventure.

D.Thechangeinhormonelevels.

13.Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression"playitsafe”in

paragraph4mean?

A.Giveitatry.

B.Takeaction.

C.Playwithfire.

D.Avoidtakingrisks.

14.Howmightchimpanzeesfeelaftergettingthecucumberin

theexperiment?

A.Puzzled.

B.Delighted.

C.Disappointed.

0.Surprised.

15.Whatisthefindingofthesecondtest?

A.Thechimpanzeespreferbananastoanyotherreward.

B.Humanadolescentstendtoenjoytheinstantsatisfaction.

C.Humanteens'abilitytodelaysatisfactiondevelopsbetter.

D.Thechimpanzeesareimpatienttowaitfordelayedrewards.

cDcB

Severalresearchgroupshavepreviouslygeneratedimages

frombrainsignalsusingAImodelsthatrequirenumerousdata

analysis.Now,ShinjiNishimotoandYuTakagiatOsaka

UniversityinJapanhavedevelopedamuchsimplerapproachby

slightlyadjustingStableDiffusion,apopulartext-to-image

generator,allowingittoturnbrainsignalsdirectlyintopictures.

ShinjiNishimotoandYuTakagibuilttwoadditionalmodels

tohelpmakeStableDiffusionworkwithbrainsignals.Thepair

useddatafromfourpeopleobtainedbyusingfunctional

magneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)(功能磁共振成像技术)toscan

theirbrainswhilethefourwereviewing10,000pictures.

Usingaround90percentofthebrain-imagingdata,thepair

thentrainedonemodeltomakelinksbetweenfMRIdatafroma

brainregionthatprocessesvisualsignalsandtheimagesthat

peoplewereviewing.Theyusedthesamedatasettotrainthe

othermodeltoformlinksbetweentextdescriptionsofthe

imagesandfMRIdatafromabrainregionthatprocessesthe

meaningofimages.Aftertraining,thesetwomodelscould

translatebrain-imagingdataintoformsthatweredirectlyfed

intotheStableDiffusionmodel.Itcouldthenreconstructaround

1000oftheimagespeopleviewedwithabout80%accuracy.This

levelofaccuracyissimilartothatpreviouslyachievedinastudy

thatanalysedthesamedatausingamuch

moretediousapproach,whichinvolvedmoretimeandefforts.

However,thestudyonlytestedtheapproachonfourpeople.

"ThisapproachrequireshugefMRImachines”,saysSikunLinat

theUniversityofCalifornia."Infuture,morepracticalversionsof

theapproachcouldallowpeopletomakeartorchangeimages

withtheirimagination,oraddnewelementstogameplay,butit

isstillalongwayfromdailyuse,"shesays.

12WhatdoweknowaboutStableDiffusion?

A.Itcallsformoredataanalysis.

B.Itwascreatedtoreadbrainsignals.

C.ItwaslaunchedbyJapanesescientists.

D.Ithelpschangebrainsignalsintopictures.

13.Whatarethetwomodelsintendedtodoaftertraining?

A.Toprocessdata.

B.Toredrawimages.

C.Toscanhumanbrains.

D.Tomatchtextdescriptions.

14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tedious"meanin

paragraph3?

A.Simple.

B.Complicated.

C.Effective.

D.Convenient.

15.WhatdoesSikunLinsayaboutthisapproach?

AItispracticalfordailyuse.

B.Ithasbeenwidelyusedinart.

C.Itwillenrichpeople'simagination.

D.Itwillbeappliedinabroadrange.

DABD

Introducedspecieshaveabadreputation.Ithasbeen

believedthatthespeciesmixinaparticularplaceshouldremain

asunchangedaspossible.Butthisisjustanopinion.Other

opinionsarepossible.AstudypublishedrecentlybyDovSaxof

BrownUniversity,thusaskshowthebenefitsofintroduced

speciesmightbebetterassessed,sothatopinionscanbemore

informed.Specifically,heidentifiesseveralaspectsforthat.

Initially,whetherintroducedspeciesprovidedirecthuman

advantageistakenintoaccount.Dr.Saxandhiscolleagues

ignoredcrops,sincetheirbenefitsareobvious.Buttheyincluded

transplantedgrassspeciesthathavegonewild,yetprovide

grazing（牧草）fordomesticanimals,andintroducedforesttrees

thatproducewoodforconstruction.

Anotherfactoristheirpossiblebenefittotheecosysteminto

whichtheintroductionhashappened.Suchintroductionis

sometimesmadetoreducetheriskofalocalisedspecies

becomingextinct.Pyne'sgroundplum（李子）,nativetoahandful

ofsitesinthecentralbasinsofTennesseebutnowtransplanted

toothers,fallsintothiscategory.

Thelastvalueisexperiencedonanemotionalratherthana

practicallevel.Lotsofpeoplefeelgoodaboutnativewildlife,

whichisgenerallythemainmotiveforitsconservation.Butthat

feel-goodfactorcanextendtointroducedspeciesaswell.Such

valuecancutbothways,however.Forexample,ring-necked

parakeets,anAsianandAfricanspecies,havebeenspreading

throughBritainforseveraldecades.Somefindthemacolourful

additiontothelocalwildlife,others