高中英语科普类文阅读技巧

科普类文阅读技巧一、特点1、短小性。它篇幅小，然而就其知识容量、主题意义、现实作用又可以很大。它旁征博引，尺幅千里，能及时反映科学上新的事物、思想、方法和动态。2、知识性。它普及科学知识，把科学的最新信息常给读者。它常常把握住现实生活中的某一事物或现象，用正确的理论，去进行科学的解释，纠正常识错误，从而使读者了解世界万物变化、运动的规律。3、文学性。它要以优美文字、形象手法，来表达科学内容。它常采用比喻、拟人等文学手法和故事、对话、散文等形式及通俗、形象、幽默等语言，生动活泼、情趣盎然地介绍科学知识。4、思想性。它往往以具体细小的事物，阐发一点耐人寻味的哲学道理，给人起启示，发人深省。阅读科普文章，要注意把握好两个层面的目标和要求：一是科学与人文的层面。也可以说是科学的人文性。从科学中吸取智慧与力量，体会求实的科学态度和勇于探索创新的科学精神。另一个是知识和能力的层面。要根据科学小品这一体裁的特点，学会筛选并整合文中有用信息，把握作者的写作思路，重点研习将抽象内容说明得具体生动的技巧。二、基本要求1、理清说明顺序。主要有空间、时间、逻辑顺序。逻辑顺序又包含从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到局部、从概括到具体、从总说到分说、从现象到本质、从特点到用途等。在段落中尽量找到表示说明顺序的显著的语言标志。(一)(2011•全国卷Ⅱ)Forthosewhostudythedevelopmentofintelligence(智力)intheanimalworld，selfawarenessisanimportantmeasurement.Ananimalthatisaware(意识)ofitselfhasahighlevelofintelligence.Awarenesscanbetestedbystudyingwhethertheanimalrecognizesitselfinthemirror,thatis，itsownreflectedimage(反射出的影像).Manyanimalsfailthisexercisebitterly,payingverylittleattentiontothereflectedimage.Onlyhumans,andsomeintelligentanimalslikeapesanddolphins，havebeenshowntorecognizethattheimageinthemirrorisofthemselves.Nowanotheranimalhasjoinedtheclub.IntheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,researchersreportthatanAsianelephanthaspassedthemirrorselfreflectiontest.“Wethoughtthatelephantswerethenextimportantanimal.”saidDianaReissoftheWildlifeConservationSociety,anauthorofthestudywithJoshuaM.PlotnikandFansB.M.deWaalofEmoryUniversityTheresearcherstestedHappy,MaxineandPatty,threeelephantsattheBronxZoo.Theyputan8footsquaremirroronawalloftheanimals'playarea(outofthesightofzoovisitors)andrecordedwhathappenedwithcameras,includingonebuiltinthemirror.Theelephantsusedtheirlongnosestofindwhatwasbehindit,andtoexaminepartsoftheirbodies.Ofthethree,Happythenpassedthetest,inwhichaclearmarkwaspaintedononesideofherface.Shecouldtellthemarkwastherebylookinginthemirror,andsheusedthemirrortotouchthemarkwithherlongnose.DianaReisssaid,“Weknewelephantswereintelligent,butnowwecantalkabouttheirintelligenceinabetterway.”1．Whatcanmirrorteststellusaboutanimals?A．Whethertheyhavelargebrains.B．Whethertheyhaveselfawareness.C．Whethertheyenjoyoutdoorexercises.D．Whethertheyenjoyplayingwithmirrors.2．Whydoestheauthormentionapesanddolphinsinthetext?A．Theyaremostfamiliartoreaders.B．Theyarebigfavoriteswithzoovisitors.C．TheyareincludedinthestudybyReiss.D．Theyarealreadyknowntobeintelligent.3．WhatmadeHappydifferentfromMaxineandPatty?A．Sheusedhernosetosearchbehindthemirror.B．Sherecognizedherownimageinthemirror.C．Shepaintedamarkonherownface.D．Shefoundthehiddencamera.答案与解析1.B细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，通过研究动物是否在镜子中识别自己可以测试它们的自我意识。2.D推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，作者提到猿和海豚是因为它们和人一样可以识别镜中自己的形象，是人们已知的有智力的动物；再根据第三段，一个亚洲象也通过了该测试，也加入到有智力的行列里，故选D项。3.B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段，三个大象中只有Happy通过了镜子测试，也就是说只有她能识别镜中自己的形象，因此这是她有别于其他大象的地方，故选B项。(二)(2011•江苏高考)AccordingtotheUSgovernment,windfarmsoffthePacificcoastcouldproduce900gigawattsofelectricityeveryyear.Unfortunately,thewaterthereisfartoodeepforeventhetallestwindmills(seepicture)totouchbottom.AnexperimentunderwayoffthecoastofNorway,however,couldhelpputthemanywhere.Theproject,calledHywind,istheworld'sfirstlargescaledeepwaterwindturbine(涡轮发电机).Althoughitusesafairlystandard152ton,2.3megawattturbine,

Hywind

represents

totally

newtechnology.Theturbinewillbefixed213feetabovethewateronafloatingspar(seepicture),atechnologyHywind'screator,theNorwegiancompanyStatoilHydro,hasdevelopedrecently.Thesteelspar,whichisfilledwithstonesandgoes328feetbelowtheseasurface,willbetiedtotheoceanfloorbythreecables(缆索);thesewillkeepthesparstableandpreventtheturbinefrommovingupanddowninthewaves.Hywind'sstability(稳定性)inthecoldandroughseawouldprovethateventhedeepestcornersoftheoceanaresuitableforwindpower.Ifallgoesaccordingtoplan,theturbinewillstartproducingelectricitysixmilesoffthecoastofsouthwesternNorwayasearlyasSeptember.Toproduceelectricityonalargescale,acommercialwindfarmwillhavetousebiggerturbinesthanHywinddoes,butit'sdifficultenoughtobalancesuchalargeturbinesohighonafloatingsparinthemiddleoftheocean.Tomakethatturbineheavier,thewholespar'scentreofgravitymustbemovedmuchclosertotheocean'ssurface.Todothat,thecompanyplanstodesignanewkindofwindturbine,onewhosegearbox(变速箱)sitsatsealevelratherthanbehindthethatthisisatechnologytheycanbenefitfrom”可知，在患者身上进行实验是他们团队工作的一个目标，旨在证明这项技术对他们有益。故正确答案选B项。5.C主旨大意题。本文为科技说明文，开篇点题。介绍科学家研究的这项新技术BCI，对残疾人大有裨益。故正确答案为C项。(四)(2011•安徽高考)Thinkaboutthedifferentwaysthatpeopleusethewind.Youcanuseittoflyakiteortosailaboat.Windisoneofourcleanestandrichestpowersources(来源),aswellasoneoftheoldest.Evidenceshowsthatwindmills(风车)begantobeusedinancientIranbackintheseventhcenturyBC.TheywerefirstintroducedtoEuropeduringthe1100s,whenarmiesreturnedfromtheMiddleEastwithknowledgeofusingwindpower.Formanycenturies,peopleusedwindmillstogrind(磨碎)

wheatintoflourorpumpwaterfromdeepunderground.Whenelectricitywasdiscoveredinthelate1800s,peoplelivinginremoteareasbegantousethemtoproduceelectricity.Thisallowedthemtohaveelectriclightsandradio.However,bythe1940swhenelectricitywasavailabletopeopleinalmostallareasoftheUnitedStates,windmillswererarelyused.Duringthe

1970s,peoplestartedbecomingconcernedaboutthepollutionthatiscreatedwhencoalandgasareburnedtoproduceelectricity.Peoplealsorealizedthatthesupplyofcoalandgaswouldnotlastforever.Then,windwasrediscovered,thoughitmeanshighercosts.Today,thereisaglobalmovementtosupplymoreandmoreofourelectricitythroughtheuseofwind.1．Fromthetextweknowthatwindmills________.A．wereinventedbyEuropeanarmiesB．haveahistoryofmorethan2,800yearsC．usedtosupplypowertoradioinremoteareasD．haverarelybeenusedsinceelectricitywasdiscovered2．Whatwasanewuseforwindpowerinthelate19thcentury?A．Sailingaboat.B．Producingelectricity.C．Grindingwheatintoflour.D．Pumpingwaterfromunderground.3．Oneofthereasonswindwasrediscoveredinthe1970sisthat________.A．windpoweriscleanerB．itisoneoftheoldestpowersourcesC．itwascheapertocreateenergyfromwindD．thesupplyofcoalandgasfailedtomeetneeds4．Whatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagra