研究生论文英语基础必备

CONTENT§1Accuracyinwriting§2PrinciplesofClear,Cohesive,andCoherentWriting

§3Stepsinwriting§1AccuracyinwritingAcademicvocabulary[refertothehand-out]CautionConjunctionsAcautiousstyleisnecessaryinsomeareasofacademicwriting1

SomeExamplesPrimaryproducts…usuallyhavelowsupplyanddemandelasticities……multiplefactorsmayleadtoapsychiatricconsultation…someparametersmightdependonthedegreeofwatercontentinthesand…womentendtovalueprivacymorethanmen…otherstudiessuggestthatsomepermanentmodalshiftwilloccur

Acautiousstyleisnecessaryinsomeareasofacademicwriting2Areaswherecautionisparticularlyimportantinclude:Outliningahypothesisthatneedstobetested,(eg,inintroduction)Discussingtheresultsofastudy,whichmaynotbeconclusive;CommentingontheworkofotherwritersCautionisneededtoavoidmakingstatementsthataretoosimplisticExample:Pooreducationleadstocrime.Suchstatementsarerarelycompletelytrue.Thereisusuallyanexceptionthatneedstobeconsidered.Cautioncanbeshowninseveralways:[Modalverb]Pooreducationcanleadtocrime.[Adverb]Pooreducationfrequentlyleadstocrime.[verb/phrase]Pooreducationtendstoleadtocrime.Thereisatendencyforpooreducationtoleadtocrime.Anotherwaytoexpresscautionistousequite,ratherorfairlybeforeanadjective.

Afarilyaccuratesummary…

QuiteasignificantcorrelationAraterinconvenientlocationWhenreferringtosources,theverbusedindicatesthedegreeofcautionappropriate.Compare:Widmerpool(1999)states

thatjuniordoctorsworklongerthan…(positive)LeBas(1983)suggests

thatmoretrainingwouldresultin…(cautious)Otherverbsthatimplytentativeorcautiousfindingsare:Think/consider/hypothesize/claim/presume[Refertotheexercises]ConjunctionsConjunctionsarewordsandphrasessuchas“and〞or“but〞whichjoinpartsofasentencetogether.Therearesixmaintypesofconjunctions:a)additionFurthermore,childmortalityratesmustbeexamined.b)resultPricesarerisingworldwide,thusencouraginginvestment.c)reasonDuetothestriketoday’sclassesarecancelled.d)timeThirdly,theroleofthearchitectwillbereviewed.Conjunctions(Con.)e)exampleVariouswritershaveexaminedtheissue,forinstanceVanExel(2000).f)oppositionAlthoughthisstudyconcentratesmainlyonpeak-timetravellers...AdditionFurthermoreResultReasonTimeExampleOppositionfurthermoreDecidewhichtype(a–f)thefollowingsentencesbelongto.1)BeforetheRomaninvasiontheeconomywasmainlyagricultural.()2)Theresultswerecheckedbecausetheyweresosurprising.3)Estimatessuggestthattheeffectswillcontinue,butatamoremoderaterate.()4)SomeAsianeconomies,forexampleIndonesia,aregrowingmoreslowly.()5)Moreover,travelinformationisveryimportantforrouteplanning.()6)Thefindingswereambiguous,thereforethestudywasrevised.()7)Thedeadlineisnextweek,sospeedisvital.()8)Thereisaseriousprobleminthedistrict,namelyunemployment.()§2PrinciplesofClear,Cohesive,

andCoherentWriting

1:Keepyourcompletegrammaticalsubjectsshort.2:Expresskeyactionsasverbs.3:Beginsentenceswith“old〞information.4:Endsentenceswithnewinformation.5:Beconcise.6:WriteinActiveVoice.AvoidPassiveVoice.7:Limit(don’tuse)firstperson8:WriteinpasttensePrinciples1Keepyourcompletegrammaticalsubjectsshort.Readersliketogetpastthesubjecttotheverbasquicklyaspossible.Longsubject:Afullexplanationofwhythemodelcannotaccommodatethisparticularcaseofomittedvariablebiasisgivenintheappendix.Shortsubject:Theappendixexplainsinfullwhythemodelcannotaccommodatethisparticularcaseofomittedvariablebias.Principle22:Expresskeyactionsasverbs.Thatmaysoundobvious.1aThereisoppositionamongmanyvoterstonuclearpowerplants.1bManyvotersopposenuclearpowerplants.2aEconomistsmadeattemptstodefinefullemployment.2bEconomistsattemptedtodefinefullemployment.3aWeconductedareviewofthematter.4aThemodelmakestheassumptionthatpeopleengageinutilitymaximization.5aThereisaneedforfurtherstudyoftheproblem.Principle33:Beginsentenceswith“old〞information.Herearetwopassagesthatsaythesamething.Whichflowsbetter?1a.Someastonishingquestionsaboutthenatureoftheuniversehavebeenraisedbyscientistsstudyingblackholes.Thecollapseofadeadstarintoapointperhapsnolargerthanamarblecreatesablackhole.1b.Someastonishingquestionsaboutthenatureoftheuniversehavebeenraisedbyscientistsstudyingblackholes.Ablackholeiscreatedbythecollapseofadeadstarintoapointperhapsnolargerthanamarble.Principle44:Endsentenceswithnewinformation.Newinformationisjustthat:informationthatyourreaderhasnotencounteredyetorcouldnotanticipate.Generallyspeaking,newinformationisthemostimportantinasentence;itthusshouldreceivethemostemphasisbybeingplacedattheendofthesentence.Principle55:Beconcise.JosephWilliamsoffersfiveprinciplesofconcision:Deletewordsthatmeanlittleornothing.Deletewordsthatrepeatthemeaningofotherwords.Deletewordsimpliedbyotherwords.Replaceaphrasewithaword.Changenegativestoaffirmatives.Considerthefollowingsentence:“Inmypersonalopinion,itisnecessarythatweshouldnotignoretheopportunitytothinkovereachandeverysuggestionoffered.〞Beconcise(Con):

Usesimple,directlanguagePrinciple6

6:WriteinActiveVoice.

AvoidPassiveVoice.Writinginthe"activevoice"improvesthereadingpace,andhenceflow.Avoidpassivevoice.Youshouldbedirectinyourwriting.Whenyou’rewritingtomakeapoint,usingdirectnesswillmakeyourreaderbelievewhatyouwrite.90%ofyourwritingshouldbeinactivevoice.中宾夕法尼亚社区大学:商务写作(4)常见写作错误

(语态、时态、结构平衡)

However,inmethodsandresultssectionsthepassivevoiceisgenerallymoreeffective.Itemphasizestheactionratherthanthepersonperformingtheaction.Thus,theactiveform:Istoppedcellgrowthwithcolchicinehasnorealadvantageoverthepassive:Cellgrowthwasstoppedwithcolchicine

sincenobodycareswhoperformedtheact.Moreover,Passiveexpressionshavetheirusesthough.Asanotherexample:Excessivedrinkingcancausedementia.(active)Dementiacanbecausedbyexcessivedrinking.(passive)Principle77:Limit(don’tuse)firstperson(“I〞or“we〞)Youattitude:anaudiencecenteredapproach

Howtowriteacademicpaper:StanforduniversityPrinciple8

8:WriteinpasttenseOnlytwotensesarenormallyusedinscientificwriting:presentandpast(Day1995;DayandGastel2006).Presenttense

isusedforestablishedknowledge(includingyourownpublishedfindings)Past

tensefortheresultsthatyouarecurrentlyreportingThetenseof

AbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionThetenseoftheabstractsectionMostoftheabstractsectiondescribesyourownpresentwork;itisreferredtointhepasttense.

ThetenseoftheintroductionsectionMuchoftheintroductionsectionemphasizespreviouslyestablishedknowledge;giveninthepresenttense.Tigersareoftentransported[but]theeffectoftransferonthemhasnotyetbeendocumented....如果引用的是一些已经过时或失效的科研结果，动词要使用过去时Nineteenth-centuryphysiciansheldthatwomengotmigraines偏头痛becausetheywere"theweakersex,"butcurrentresearchshowsthatthecausesofmigraineareunrelatedtogender.TenseoftheMETHODSsection

Themethodsandresultssectionsdescribewhatyoudidandfound;theyappearinthepasttense:Wesimulatedtransportbyrelocating