1999英语考研真题

年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 PAGE41999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI StructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)1. Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecovery________justaroundthecornerwasuntrue.[A]wouldbe[B]tobe[C]was[D]being2. Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills________peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes[D]seventimes3. It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechanges________placeinourever-changingworld.[A]taking[B]totake[C]take[D]taken4. Thisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andone________whichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscoveredalmostdaily.[A]from[B]by[C]in[D]through5. ________canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.[A]As[B]What[C]That[D]It6. AlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningceremony,Iwasunabletoattend________suchshortnotice.[A]to[B]in[C]with[D]on7. Californiahasmorelightthanitknows________todowithbuteverythingelseisexpensive.[A]how[B]what[C]which[D]where8. Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalong________tospendmostoftheirtimetogether.[A]sowell[B]toowell[C]wellas[D]wellenough9. Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabout________complimentstohispoliticalleaders.[A]paying[B]havingpaid[C]topay[D]tohavepaid10. Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan________intraditionalmedia.[A]existtheorythateq\o(doesso,\s\do14(C))withthesmallernumberofassumptionsiseq\o(tobepreferred,\s\do14(D)).17. TheCommitteeadoptedaresolutioneq\o(requiring,\s\do14(A))thesevenautomakerseq\o(selling,\s\do14(B))themostcarsinthestateeq\o(making,\s\do14(C))2percentofthosevehicleseq\o(emissions-free,\s\do14(D))by1998.18. eq\o(Aslongas,\s\do14(A))poorpeople,whoingeneralarecolored,areeq\o(inconflictwith,\s\do14(B))richerpeople,whoingeneralareeq\o(lighter,\s\do14(C))eq\o(skin,\s\do14(D)),there’sgoingtobeaconstantracialconflictintheworld.19. Allthoseeq\o(leftundone,\s\do14(A))maysoundeq\o(greatly,\s\do14(B))intheory,buteventheeq\o(truestbeliever,\s\do14(C))hasgreatdifficultyeq\o(when,\s\do14(D))itcomestospecifics.20. eq\o(Evenif,\s\do14(A))automakersmodifycommerciallyproducedcarstoruneq\o(on,\s\do14(B))alternativeeq\o(fuels,\s\do14(C)),thecarswon’tcatchoninabigwayeq\o(when,\s\do14(D))driverscanfillthemupatthegasstation.PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21. Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto________furtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.[A]stimulate[B]renovate[C]arouse[D]advocate22. Althougharchitecturehasartisticqualities,itmustalsosatisfyanumberofimportantpractical________.[A]obligations[B]regulations[C]observations[D]considerations23. Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss________thebread-winner’sdeath.[A]atthecostof[B]onthevergeof[C]asaresultof[D]forthesakeof24. Ineducationthereshouldbeagood________amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.[A]distribution[B]balance[C]combination[D]assignment25. TheAmericandreamismost________duringtheperiodsofproductivityandwealthgeneratedbyAmericancapitalism.[A]plausible[B]patriotic[C]primitive[D]partial26. Povertyisnot________inmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsincertainareas,itismorevisiblethere.[A]rare[B]temporary[C]prevalent[D]segmental27. Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthoselivingin________populatedareas.[A]densely[B]intensely[C]abundantly[D]highly28. Asawayof________themailswhiletheywereaway,theJohnsonsaskedthecleaningladytosendlittleprintedslipsaskingthesenderstowriteagainlater.[A]pickingup[B]copingwith[C]passingout[D]gettingacross29. Tom’smothertriedhardtopersuadehimto________fromhisintentiontoinvesthissavingsinstockmarket.[A]pullout[B]giveup[C]drawin[D]backdown30. Anincreasingproportionofourpopulation,unabletolivewithoutadvancedmedical________,willbecomeprogressivelymorereliantonexpensivetechnology.[A]interference[B]interruption[C]intervention[D]interaction31. Thesecausesproducedthegreatchangeinthecountrythatmodernizedthe________ofhighereducationfromthemid-1860’stothemid-1880[A]branch[B]category[C]domain[D]scope32. Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslythe________inthefinancialsystemwilldragdowntheeconomy.[A]shallowness[B]shakiness[C]scantiness[D]stiffness33. Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribethe________inmanyanimalspecies.[A]minimization[B]restriction[C]descent[D]decline34. Thecityisanimportantrailroad________andindustrialandconventioncenter.[A]conjunction[B]network[C]junction[D]link35. Prof.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto________myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.[A]assure[B]inform[C]avail[D]notify36. Researchersdiscoveredthatplantsinfectedwithavirusgiveoffagasthat________diseaseresistanceinneighboringplants.[A]contracts[B]activates[C]maintains[D]prescribes37. Corporationsandlaborunionshave________greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponthegeneralpublic.[A]conferred[B]granted[C]flung[D]submitted38. Themovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,whichwas________fromonenewmoontothenext.[A]measured[B]reckoned[C]judged[D]assessed39. Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas________totheissueathand.[A]irrational[B]unreasonable[C]invalid[D]irrelevant40. Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases________automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.[A]persuaded[B]prompted[C]imposed[D]enlightenedSectionII ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.CompaniesEQ\X\BO(大41家)lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthemEQ\X\BO(大42家)andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,aEQ\X\BO(大43家)ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablishedEQ\X\BO(大44家)timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.SuccessfulsafetyprogramsmayEQ\X\BO(大45家)greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.OthersstresssafeworkpracticesbyEQ\X\BO(大46家)rulesorregulations.EQ\X\BO(大47家)othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safetyEQ\X\BO(大48家).ThefewertheinjuryEQ\X\BO(大49家),thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.ThismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingatEQ\X\BO(大50家)orataloss.41. [A]at[B]in[C]on[D]with42. [A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile[D]diverse43. [A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance[D]requirement44. [A]where[B]how[C]what[D]unless45. [A]alter[B]differ[C]shift[D]distinguish46. [A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing[D]justifying47. [A]Some[B]Many[C]Even[D]Still48. [A]comesoff[B]turnsup[C]paysoff[D]holdsup49. [A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations[D]proclamations50. [A]anadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest[D]aprofitSectionIII ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.”Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.51. Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.52. Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto________.[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts[B]becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyastheirfirstconcern53. ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat________.[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw[B]helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes54. Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe________.[A]biased[B]indifferent[C]puzzling[D]objectiveText2InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,”sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,A,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.55. WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness________.[A]hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket[B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket[D]hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso56. Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat________.[A]thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers[B]businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions[C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy[D]itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners57. IntheviewofNetpurists,________.[A]thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture[B]moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb[C]theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset[D]thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests58. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce[B]interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers[C]leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago[D]settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpowerText3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.59. Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis________.[A]far-reaching[B]dubiouslyoriented[C]self-contradictory[D]radicallyreformatory60. Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren________.[A]isindicativeofapessimismindisguise[B]cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputers[C]isdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredadvocates[D]originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountries61. Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor’scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis________.[A]dependentuponthestartingageofcandidates[B]worthtryinginvarioussocialsections[C]oflittlepracticalvalue[D]attractivetoeverykindofprofessional62. Accordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe________.[A]includedasanauxiliarycourseinschool[B]highlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualifications[C]masteredthroughalife-longcourse[D]equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwiseText4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment--althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheair.”63. Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.[A]federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans[B]theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning[C]NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique[D]theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel’srecommendationsoncloning64. Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat________.[A]thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw[B]thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol[C]itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning[D]itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing65. NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause________.[A]embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning[B]thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch[C]anembryo’slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch[D]theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw66. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely[B]alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime[C]privatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’sappeal[D]theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettledText5Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethings,youdon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod”asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid“thedataarestillinconclusive.”“Weknowthat,”themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,“butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam.”67. TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat________.[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch[D]unpre