毕业设计外文资料翻译

附件1：外文资料翻译译文立体机械车库类型、应用及智能化当今车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近30-40年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功，我国也于90年代初开始研究开发机械立体停车设备，距今已有十年的历程。由于很多新建小区内住户与车位的配比为1：1，为了解决停车位占地面积与住户商用面积的矛盾，立体机械停车设备以其平均单车占地面积小的独特性，已被广大用户接受。目前，立体车库主要有以下几种形式：升降横移式、巷道堆垛式、平面移动式、垂直升降式、垂直循环式、箱型水平循环式、圆形水平循环式。（一） 升降横移式升降横移式立体车库采用模块化设计，每单元可设计成两层、三层、四层、五层半地下等多种形式，车位数从几个到上百个，此立体车库适用于地面及地下停车场，配置灵活，造价低。1.产品特点：1）节省占地，配置灵活，建设周期短。2）价格低，消防、外装修、土建地基等投资少。3）可采用自动控制，构造简单，安全可靠。4）存取车迅速，等候时间短。5）运行平稳，工作噪声低。6）适用于商业、机关、住宅小区配套停车场的使用。2.安全装置：防坠装置，光电传感器、限位保护器、急停开关等。（二）巷道堆垛式巷道堆垛式立体车库采用堆垛机作为存取车辆的工具，所有车辆均由堆垛机进行存取，因此，对堆垛机的技术要求较高，单台堆垛机成本较高，所以巷道堆垛式立体车库适用于车位数需要较多的客户使用。（三） 垂直升降式立体车库垂直升降式立体车库类似于电梯的工作原理，在提升机的两侧布置车位，一般地面需一个汽车旋转台，可省去司机掉头。垂直提升式立体车库一般高度较高（几十米），对设备的安全性，加工安装精度等要求都很高，因此造价较高，但占地却最小。（四） 垂直循环式产品特点：1）占地少，两个泊位面积可停6-10辆车。2）外装修可只加顶棚，消防可利用消防栓。3）价格低，地基、外装修、消防等投资少，建设周期短。4）可采用自动控制，运行安全可靠。（五） 平面移动式采用在同一层上用搬运台车或起重机平面移动车辆，或使载车板平面横移实现存取停放车辆，亦可用搬运台和升降机配合实现多层平面移动存取停放车辆的机械式停车设备。特点：每层的车台和升降机分别动作，提高了车辆的出入库速度，可自由利用地下空间，停车规模可达到数千台；部分区域发生故障时，不影响其他区域的正常运行，因此使用更加方便；采用以车辆驾驶员为中心的设计方法，提高了舒适性；采取多种保险措施，安全性能卓越；通过计算机和触屏界面进行综合管理，可全面监视设备的运行状况，并且操作简单。（六） 简易升降类简易升降类停车设备在结构上比升降横移类更简单，处于地面层的车位可以直接存取，处于地下的车位，借助升降机构将车辆升到地面再存入或取出。这是垂直升降半地下3层，也有半地下2层的，这种类型的车库的另一个特点是平时隐藏地下，看上去与平地停车一样，保持景观不变。简易升降类设备还有其他多种形式，这是采用俯仰机构将车辆存入或取出，当存取上面的车辆时，需将下面的车开出，因此俗称子母机。这是另外一种，采用链条传动的子母机。简易升降类停车设备机构简单，操作容易，为企事业单位住宅小区以及一些独立私人住宅经常采用，在面积相同的条件下至少增加一倍以上的停车位，垂直升降类车库因运行方式和电梯相似，又被称为电梯式车库，又因独立的车库像塔而被称为塔库，这种类型的车库利用率很高。很多人从外观上会把平面移动类车库和沆道堆垛类车库混淆，但实际上平面移动类车库是采用升降机把车辆送到不同的平面，再通过搬运台车车辆送到停车位，完成存车过程，取车时也通过搬运台车把车辆从停车位取出，再通过升降机把车辆送到出口搬运台车除了搬运车辆的功能外它还是个重要的交换机构，负责把车辆从升降机转换到搬运台车，从搬运台车转换到停车位，或者反过来，有的搬运小车还具有回转的功能，使车辆在搬运过程中实现了调头，也有的平面移动类车库采用履带交换形式。平面移动车库是一种大型的自动化车库，容车密度大，存取车辆快捷，是机场车站繁华商业中心体育馆等较为理想的车库类型。立体机械车库的智能化也是非常重要的。在一般情况下，操作系统所需的技术包括各种各样的项目设备,包括在此以前分析的车辆自动识别设备；闭路电视监控系统设备，在街头利用电视摄像机监控交通状况；驱动程序的信息设备，各种型号的最常用的可变信息标志面板；电子支付使用电子设备，电感，磁或智能卡技术；电子停车收费表可以有效控制车辆多长时间停放在街道,收取检查；和电脑。我们建议，该标准的设备和服务规范应始终遵循，应该已经在该地区实施的一些制度更应始终遵循，以确保更容易适应。在运输技术领域，建立系统的体系结构可以培养更为合理、有效的发展。在停车设施的具体情况，其引进的设备可以定义如何将相互关联，以确保通过其传输到用户的信息从字段中的数据源源不断地收集设施，提供空置车位的指导。为了建立一个完整的系统体系结构，应考虑一定的程序：服务提供详细的描述，定义所有的用户界面和辅助系统；该系统的逻辑结构的建设，确定一个有效的数据传输链；建设该系统的物理架构意味着组织进行数据传输设备连接；除了构建和发展规划用于设备实施和安装过程中在分析了系统部件之间的沟通和定义布局，设备安装和测试后检查其是否合适。要强调的是，在现阶段出现的一些初步的可交换性问题可能表明需要修改已定义的架构。它始终是一个好主意，运行试点试验，安装部分设备，从而确保完美的运作。如何实现是个问题，经过计算访问控制服务的数量计数泊车位可通过与车辆数之差进入实时数目减去离开的车辆数目，生成统计数据停车设施的使用率;可以通过收取的费用或自动化机器停车收费表管理街头停车设施；自动车辆识别服务发出停车滑，电子付款工具使用信用卡或电子标签;每一种停车设施提供信息服务,公共交通的安排与终端安装，用户可以通过检查区域和最近的巴士上客点的路线。在现有设施的区域信息服务;停车位预订服务,预定一个特定空间旅行还没开始,或在途中发生的，统计控制的各种停车设施、车库建筑和停车计时器，使策划团队更有效地适应于高密度流量的场合，如交通流的节日和体育事件的变化。最后，研究的开发体现了实行停车管理系统，它支持改善停车面积控制，保持了供求之间的平衡，甚至在停车场提供指导，为司机寻找一个停车位，缩短旅行时间，减少交通流的干扰。这种方法也有意赋予系统与设施减少城市交通拥堵，包括降低运输成本和可能的环境效益。样重要的是要强调,采用该系统将有助于规范这些服务,激发企业公共交通机构管理工作在停车设施的竞争优势,。凭借对在有关地区提供更平衡的车位利用率，停车场管理员可以提高生产率，因此提高他们的收入。它还提供了更严格的控制和尽量减少活动更有效的检查非法停车的影响，此外还有一个更好的停车管理系统，流线型的交通流量及提高安全。附件2：外文原文TypeAtnlApplicatiunofthree>dimensiona]mechanicalgarageToday,nuplaceIQparkVehicles.:heproblemisthere$ldLol宮sciciiil*ecunonticttrafficgeneratedbydevelupmeiiL;oacertaniexbent,diedevelupmenLatparkingfacilitiesinfureigncuiintrie£4especiallyinJapan；,nearly30[i)40yearsfusTory,whetherin(echinealurtheexperiencehadbeenasuccessChin^.mechanicalparkinlequipimetnin±eearly9UH.thecourseoftenyearsagti.AsmanyciewresidentialparkingspaceswitliinthehouseholdanddieratioofI:],inordertosolverheparkingareaol'ilieccpifradkiii)ns茁1』tenantsn：'cornmercialspace,thnee-di-ileiisicnal:nechanicalparkingequilamenttoritssmalltoutprinfmeantheuniquecharacLcjisLicstil'cycling,tiasbeentheinujcjrilyof'usersaccepted.Mcc上miiu加garageandcompLircdtoLr茁diLienalnaluia]undergroundgaiagt,icimanywaysiodemonstratesuperiority,l-'irst.dietriech^nicalgaragehasapruTinneiitscetii^tiofdieadv^ntages^PastdueLeavegenerousuniler^roiin<]garagevehicularaccess,diejverngjecarwouldoccupyanareao「40square andif[heus&ofdcmlilenotchanicalgarage,〔hrgroundcanincineasetheutilizationratecr80%-90%^ittheusev\'groun<l■multilayer(25layers)Tluiee-diniensionalgarage,ll-.enthelandareaof50squaredieterswillbeplacedonihe50v^hiclss,wliichcangreatlysavethelimitedLandresuunces,acidsavedevelopiin^iitcostsofcivilengineeiin^.Mcc上aniculcomcpLirudundcr^niundparkicigtjaiagcthancanhemuirclTcctivcIyensureLhcsafetyc?l'pcnion$uii吐vchiclci,werekeptii:thegarageor|hecaraptisitionwtierelLuentiretl亡vicebytheeleetruiiieeonliulwillnutoperate.][shuuldbesaid,mechanicalgaragecanbedunecb]Lipletel\-fitomtheHLanagententolpeopleandvehicles.Hieuseq「macliinerymtheundergivundgaragekeptearhcanalsoremove[heheatingandventihliciLtherefore^ruci[heptwerimanageinetitthanworkers：iiitheundergroundgarageb;nuchli>wer.Ccnnpletesystemsusuidlydumildomechanicalgarage,buiina\ins-lecontainermadeof,Thiswillgiverullplaylutheirkndless,theadvantagescanbedec^ntrali恥山itircsidentjalsircasurin门<?utnpiececincuil0：eachLcmrcanberandomlySeilipd[}wnsl^ir&mcclianicMparkingbuiidin^.This话nowushorligcq1'rcsidcnualg前呂geparkingi$dit'JiCUllLn&[)lvc(heprtfblcmprovided\icuhvenient-5-Curreinly^parkiti.gmainlyicithefolLowingfbrnii::liningand[ran5tfeiriTig+lanewaystyle.imobik,verticallift,verticalcircular,be?；-typelevels川cyclic,circularlevelsul-circuluting(A)liftingandLransferringLiftingmidiranslcmn^garagemcxluhrd?$igiLeachunitcanbedesignedasLwo.diree.dur,five.liaJl-iLiiderground.anduthermean^(lieEiimberufparkingspacesfrom盘few[“hundreds.I'hisappliesiusurfacep^rkin^andund亡『gruuiuiparking,flexibleconfiguration,lowcost.ProdiKiiosavekind”configurationflexibiiiLy,shortconstructiQrperiud.lowpriceTline,e^fernaldecoration,civilfoucidaticnsandutherlowinvestmenf.Cun[n)lcanbeusedh>ccjnsft-uc4simpk,safewdreliiable,富u年訪tocariinthewidticiL*limeis.iiMnu[)th?qlui^lcpcruLiim.applyLucummerciaLoffices,resident:i±l.neighburliuodsindiecarparkuse.Safetydevices；anci-l^llduvices,ptiotuelecirieSJtnsor^limitpnuteciii>[i.andertiergericystopswitch.B)ofcheaislestackingParkingaislestackingcraneusedasa心讣1lvaccessvehicles,allvehiclesbeaccessedbyihecrnn%soihetechnicidrequirenicnts<if:hemuckersliighThighcosi门「asinglecrane^rheroadwaystackingparkingspacesforthenuimber“IcustomerswhotieedmoreClverticalc]cvaljn:ggarageVcrucallihici^]?Eirki:i:gequipmcnL^iinilurlheclcvaiorworks,ih.celevaterarrangemenLofparkingspacesunbothsides^thegeneralgruiindneedacarrutarytabids,climinaticigtheneedfordriversturnaround.Verticalliftingparkingeqnipnieingenerallyhighhigh(lensi)fmeters),safetycqutprern.precisiemjnachinirnandinstallaiionrequLrem&ntsarehigh卜sothehigherco九butil-.ccoveringi%[helowest.CD)<)rrlieverticalcirculationFcafun&s：ofspace,(wl>parkinganeacanatcoiminodate6lu10vehicles,[juldoordecoraLioiic^nbeaddedonly(()Lhcceiling,tinehydraciLavailable.1)lowprice,LhcLbundaLiun,cxic「口；ildecoratiuiLlire.etc.£mallinveiLmcRi,shortcnnscrucii^npcriixJ.i,.d'|i....i.i、■.■.■!..1■-..-ii、-、‘6.jL.-p-.i,..■i(FJflatmobileOnthesamellpo『with山皐movingeftror鼻cranewil]inplanemcivingvehicles,[jrLollaLslidingplateDoachieveMue拈locarpaikiug7carLindirauspirlcunliLsc?beusedldachievemulLryoncyflflfwilhIilxaccts临loparkedvchitlc$mnvicigr□亡cb^ciicalparking亡<juipm亡【】l.l;eanires.：eachcarpkLttormandlit'[niuvcnieni,respectively,increasedthespeedMvehicksouiot'storage,freeup“fundergroundspace,scaleupti?[hausands山parking:partor[heregionalbreakdownhdoesnotaf_，ectthenormaloperation⑶otherir&gLanshsousemortconvenient:useq1'ann?corvehickdriver-centereddesign:neilnjiisioiirprovetheti)in：ori:kikemulliipLesecuritymeasures,security,highperfomiance;tliroughihecomputerandloucliscreeninterface,integratedmanage口】cnLarchillyoptr^lio：iUlIhlaluhnLm^niLuringcqniipmcnLandsimple(F)Nmiplcliftingula甜Strucmre01dietypeor'lifdngmorethanasimplesummaryofthistypeulmke-uflandlandingpoking住RriliciH阳diegrcujudfluurtheparkingspacesc^nbeaccesseddireeilya【thegrumidz'loorulparkingspaces,withtake-u：'landHandingvehicleswillri.seagaininti?thegroundorcut.Tliisisaverticaltake-offandlanding3andahalfontliegroundfloorlevel.thereart2andahalfuntliegiwndloorlevelsthisfypeofgaragehususdlycliaracterizedbyahiddenunderground,andihegroundlookslikeparking:；ndniiiintainLandscapereinainunchanged.SimplemovementandothertypesofmwipmEruinvarioui'；farms,whichi.s卩itching:heuse川vchitileswillbe<1忙卩o^iLcdinor“ill,check:helopinchcl'Uievehicle,willtakethetbllcwingvehicle^put,訓]i-cfllL閃ulu^lcrmachine.Thisisanexher,Uiechain□][r4n&mi$5icinof[heuse01cluseermachme.■亠・・「・i、J「曲电■「亠X韦operate,encerprisesandii-^lilutionsfortheresidentialquarters,aswellassuineindependentprivateresidentialoftenusedintheareaunderthesameconditiocis^atleastmorethand<mbllcll-.cnuiTiber山parkingspaces.Verticaltake-<jlandlandingasaresvliofgarage-typeuperatiun：ncde汕』issknikir[o汁吒：lift,ahoknownas[；levati>r-garageTl^auseasanindepetidemgarageand(lietower,IceowlasI.jl>r；iryTower,thistype□!garagespaceutilizaCLcmlii^h,5()squareMusuallytinLhcgrturd.wconlyslcj]?2car,bininthesame50&quaicmetersontheground,wecarbuild吕25storyLibraryTciwcr,scjihj[rhtparkingiTEichcd引Iwiihnnaveragepc「squaremeterolaparkedear,Changzhuu^asLiteLibrary[X)wericicunjunetiun5Scoversaciareaoflessthan300squanenitersseiup250parkingspaces,accessin-vehiclesupn>41M)daynips,which±n)ugh±cgarageclcvatcricist^llcdinthttake'Oi:jindlandicigEind[AkfQtlandlanding]?]^doriuwil][reverseVehicleorvehiclesconLaini]：^theslidingplaic[<}achieveaccessLcvehicleswiltik>\vpovi^r,sitiei]]niHse、last,andeasycomaiiicainiheuniqueadv；itleasessuch；lscuiivenienctanda[thesamedmeduetothebackwheel[ecluiDlugy,cardirtei(rafikintoastraight,easy[uuse*TheluistlingenyId'regionalurotherparkinsplacesmorefocusonusingthistypedTcomparisonadaptMthegarage.ThislooksabitlikeaverticalLaktwffandlanding⑴[hetype讨garagtisthedevtiopniemSChinasearlLtrmeclianictlparkingtype*vertical-typecycleofiliegarage,ihnniglidu:cliainandsprocketLirivegijiiiftrailersdepositorsdes^endin<;verticallysorhecycleof'nnweiinentmachieveThepurp^Eul'accessn>Ui?car.|liegarage幅a□!'Small,single])tiwcrequi卩mein、aincnjllisimple,tomaiiKainasmall泊山匕i：is$tillwidelyu^cd,(liegarageb°【hlar^candmdeiILlar^cgarageTbrthegeneralClosed-endsmicTureor'diebuilding,parkingsupm40.Hsmallparkinggarageingeneral^geu^raplncalcundiLiurLScanliesetseparately.oreven:unit]piedevicesseiup.CumpiexaagaragtusesL'.J订亡vicescurnectedtugedicrwithraiwan.Theparkinggaragesothatihucapacitycr152.according山[heRSdesignprincipleofhang-typestackirgRoadgarageinrecentyearsinhi.uh-endapartment''Mjichincors?artrhebridge,iniheveriitaliiiidhorizomal：novemein[lieleadthevehicleitmi•『mHquicklyTwhichdoesnotneedthegaraaedriveway,enfranceandsetupNiTcxiblc,highvoltimc,int)n:snitableland1'cjf[cn$ion.highgreen,parkingTherelativein^nsiiycjJ'[heplace-UyouarenotpciBtinallyinto[he7-irctcrwide.37-meter-longstripuispaee^itlsdirficuliioinia^inehereintfieparkS9ears,butrnus【themartlarge-scaJehigh-gearear..Thisislessdian5rnecerswickstripindiepastishulJ-.apedestriancrossingandaparkingp]acehbump(K-cnrredasaresnh讨【山isyd-iiigsoccurtiw\time⑴lime、soil-.attheunitluubeenincharge讨admiristrativepivbleiusTbutcilicetheadoptionofasingleRoadliangsidecr[htgaraaecutpile,ifseeing山euallcifasuddeneverythin^haschangedasaresulinr'theorignialdriversforbeing]ai：eiuworkisalsoreducedsigiiilKanily..ManypeoplewillbeonthekM)kI'romthe卩limeand.(hegarage[ypcmtibilthangR<kk1ciilpilei:ypcq!'<j[)nluNii)ngflr^gc,huLJlftl[ypcmcbilcgarageisu^cd!□IillLhcvehicleCoadilfcirnlplane：,社n<lth^nmoveLhnm^hthehandlebarvehicles[讣TftiwanParking$paces..parkingcunipkiiutiyftheprocessof[akiiig;hetmisdiroughtheremovalofTaiwatifinj-iitliehandlebarvfveindesoul山parkingspaces,andthenthroughihuveluclclilttnexports,in乱hliikjrtnhandlingcarl^aodlingfiwetionsn：'thevehicleuisanimportanit^chan^eol'bodyToswitchinlift[lievehicleIrointhecarImmlling.traiisportatLiii：fromthecarpafkhigspaceswccnverLor,inturn,andsoint；handling[)l山电c^r机宮olifts鼻nu[aiyfuncli<m?山呂[vehicle^movinginthepriKcsiofthercuilizudon{ifaU-ium,undsomeJ'Llil[ypcmobile^artigcTruckusedintheJbrmofexchange.Mobilepltneof:h七garageis二large-scaleauiumatedgarage^capacitydensityaccess[门vehieleSjairportstationislmsycuniniercialcentersuchasdiestadiumismuredesliabletypeulgaragedel:JO.lClfrj.cities.2004.01.001Crties.Vril.11.No.1,p.del:JO.lClfrj.cities.2004.01.001Crties.Vril.11.No.1,p.I57-I4S.2卿◎iKUPLbLkhwi0ELmetLMPzinliaiinGo*soxBriiui0264-2731S-%曲bomzanlwELSBIEKTinmetevieruioilouleddesInt£1ligenttransportationsystemsandparkingmanagement:implementationpotentialinaBraziliancitvMareelinMaiiuhoBereugerVianna*,LiciuiaduSilvnPoitugalandRonaldoBa]a^i^noTnm^port 飓Prograrti.PET:COPPE7UFEJ.Cwmra创latii&iogia.CidadaUnivsr:itAria.BlocaH,SalaJflftCEP:21945-9^6&5I2Stia创 应BrazilTLeproblem^HrifingfromthegapbetuieeadfiriDdandsupplyofpftrkiD^spacermebecom-uigiDrren^iugl^-acuteinmosttounTandtititE.Tbes« ar#notedinninlyinmoredenselypopulatedirensthntfirepoorlyservedbypubHrtranspormtionfnrilitieEandwheretbephnniagnnduseofexistingnre^^込iaadequnte.Th?importnDceofCDHtrolbngpnrkiiigipnceinoiategmlelementofth.#trafficnodtripdemandiD^aaEeizientprocess,rogerlierwiththene»dbneoiureaclolinkedeant^ptualnpprDath^lins-beendefiuednnddefendedfarquirehideihm.Thispaperpre^ent^amethodologicnlprocedurethntunderpHrheffssi-bililyofimplemeDtiDgmniut^gmtedparkingsyilembasedontekinarit^mourc^z.ThisproceduremrludesthederelopiiieDtofalo-gicarclutortureforprocessingandtruisferriDgdntanndinkunintiGii.Inordertorestth#proposedprocedure,am«dHim.-zizedBrazLli^uitownintheRiodeJaneiroMetropolitanRezioa—Niterfli—ttucoa^id^r^d.Aipseific^uneyarwnCGieriEigzoiaiCtvg^qu-arekilometresiritlia numberofparlkiDgfncilide?wai&el«eredforrli«化njlydE.There^ult^亡zpertedthroughtheiinpl&mentndoiioftheproposedgysTemindiCArethntth史r^sultbiigbenefitsunouldincludepgEiblyloiverlerekoftriifficcongeTri-ODindienrenllEidercoD^id^mtioDLitlul#alsoreducingairpGllorion.©ZOOSFubUih^dbyEheiisrLtd.知IrtT■血padL££m^pj^mppln^,相回口込.1ra±Z JOTpciljlieilInti'ciductionTheproblenuInti'ciductionTheproblenueeneTanedbyLlielackofparkinsspacesarebecomingmoreacuteinmanytownsaiiHcities,particiilariyinmaredenselypopulatedareasthatarealreadytryingtocopeWLtfiinadequatepublictrans-portatioiifacilities,andwheredieuseoftheexisdii?areasnotundertakenon呂welJ-plaiiiiedbasis(Vail已ley：199S).Asaresult,usersarenotmervkedproperlyduringdueirconumitin^trips,andincreasedtrafficcang已sticiiiandkmgeitraveftimesaremanifested.inparallel谄thapoorerqualityofliieandlowerlevdsofaccessibility(VShoeferal..1995;Coornbestal.1997;Milesetal..1998:Isonand■Com平icidiz^ lutbor.Fie:+55-21-25«531727.;e-mai]z™Dv^-,pet.coppe.uftj.brWall,2002).Thisconfirmstheimpartiaiiceofprcmor-ingparkingmanagenientandcontrolpoliciesthatarecompatibleiviththetran^ortplnnningprocessandsocialandecQnoimcdjevetopm缶r.Asanintegral!elementof±etnnsportaticinplanningprocess,pail;insinanaseiiientisnorecentpbeoam已noa.lii\ingSeendefiledanddefendedforquitesometun启(J^cksoo.1973)lHiestudycarriedoutbyF.F.AbbottandA.C.Johnson"in1926MunicipalAdminisn'aiionofrkeRomanEmpijv)notedthatinAncientRjame.problemswerealready1beingnotedivithtrafficcangesiiciLpramptinj□mnicipaJlawsthatciiitailedthemovenieiitofcartsandcarriages.亦wella&血rgingfeeifortakinguproadspacebyparking(Click.1通射.Thecurrentscenarioinmajorurbancentresisnorvai1diCEeren匚blitmerelymorecatEplex.particiilariy肌刑聲説亦心吩丽Umz parties僦0吨e咄:MMB旳an阿s?faL±es^turatiaQ±es^turatiaQlewhoftheroadsystem,theshortageofpaikiiigspacesandthedifficiiltiesofmamgin£±enLAocardingtoMdkmaldandLycms(1996)aswellasVascancellos(1997),thissituntioDwoiseneilparticiilariyduringthesecondhalfof±e20thcenturydrivenby±esharpupsurgeinthefleetofprivaleTehiclesincwciilatioii.Ch'er^thepasttwodecades,siguificuitincreaseshavebeennotedintheglobalvehiclefleer,whiclidoubledinit&mimbeTifrooi1970through1990.CunenreKpecLatiansindiicatethecan-tiiiiiatianofthisrapidsrovrth.ivithforecastsestimar-insthecunenrfleetwlDdoublea^ainby2015(Click,1翦可.Ihisgroxvflimayeven*higherinsomedev已iapinEcountries—inBrazil,fariustaiice.theprivalevehiclefleeteNpandedeightfoldfrom2.6millionin1970toaround18.3nulljaDchiclesin1990.ThefioneeastsissuedbytheNadonalTrafficDepaitnuentCDENATRAN)iiidicate血tthisfleermayalsodoubleby2005.TherapidespansionofdueBrazilianfleerofvehicle&maybejustifiedbysomekeyaspects,suchas:econjoniicstabilization;radicalchannelinthesocidEtiucluie(paiticiilailytheuseof"individualvehicle5):hekoflanduaeplanniiig;dieadoptionofaplanningmodelbasedonroadtransport(whichnar-mallyaccountsforover90%ofnfbsuicommunes)snudthelackofiiivestnieiit^inhidi-capa€inFtransportfacilities.InadditiontotheespiDsionof血fleetandbilityofinip]emeDtiiifanintegratiedparkingnianase-□oentsystanbasedontheuseoftelematics.InorSeTtotestth亡ippbcatiaQofthisprocediwe.amediuni-sizedtownlocatedintheRiod-eJan已iioMetropoEtanResia—it已rd―asanalyzed.Iutegiatedparkingmanfigeineiitandtekioatic^Anewipproachtodiistopicisstartingtoappear,whichassumesthatmerelybanningcarsaremcour-agiiiFdueu^eofparkingfacilitiesvdthnospecificcriteriaisnoreuoudi.In^teaiitisneee5sar}rtounderstandthewrelation^hipgandvariablesinordertoffiiaranneebetteruseofthesefacilities.已nsnriagthatpartinghcilitiesarevieivedasanintegralpartof±etrip筒eratiemprocess.HueividediversityoffactorsandeffectsasEocialedwith,theparkingfacilitymfLn-agementprocessisshoxviiinj■毎my1,whichliststhemainaspectsinvolved.Parkingfacilitiesshouldbe'lieivedas迪syst己hlthatunderpinstheeKploratiouofthemtrinsic"relatioiiihipsamongthe\paiiouselanearsiuflu-eiicinathepaikingprocess,actiag亦glinktharconnectsupthemeansoftransportwi±landuse.InorderDoprovidethefbuodatkrnsfarthisiute-sratedconcepLitisnecessarytoguarantieeintena-LtiouBetweenusers.trafQccantrailersandadieruaiti-thecoucentratianofworkoppaminiriesincentralarthecoucentratianofworkoppaminiriesincentralar已as,theshortageofparkingspacerandpoorcontroloverirregulaiparkinghawtoastedtheproblenBcausedbytrafficcongeatianintownsandcitiesalloverBiazilMostliifficfinesissuedinBraziliaDmbanarenaieforpinkin?mthewrongplace.InthespecificcaseoftheCityofRiodeJaneiro,basedondataissuedbytheMunicipalTranspoitiatioDBureau(SNfTU),39.7%ofthetotalniLmb^ofGnesissueddimn?1999hadbeenforillegalparkins(ViaDna-2000fThestudycarriedoutbyAxhanseneral.(1994^notesthatlookingforaspacebopad;nwybakeupto40%ofthetotalfiliationofa.tnpfarcataiagroupsofdriwns.The^uille&ssearchfiarpaikingspacemayaccountforc/vs30%ofthetrafficon'mainurbanav已nu已s(AJIol199J).SomestudiesalsoundffLcarethefactthatthesevehiclesspend90-^5%oftheiiusefilllifepacked(Valkky-1998).ThemanaremenrofAutomobileparliing^cilitiesconsequentlyplaysa.decisiveraleintheplanui唱process,andmaycantributeappreciablytoEaiLumizm?tlie^eproblenB<T&amboiilas:2001:VTPL,2002).' 'Thisstuih7consequenllyundencoresdieimpcr-tanceofadoptingintegratedpaikin吕mauaremenrpoliciesthatensiiienotonlymoreratiormluseofthea^'ailabl已parkingspacer(ertnlybalancedsupplyanddemand,biinesn^insufficientrev已mu已stocor曰thecostaofmaintainiiigthesepaddingspaces),wtiilealsoeosiningvf已U-manchedperfomMiiceamongroadsys-tenB,tiiaajortfacilitie&andlanduse.Ltalsopre^ent^aniethodcJo旦calprocedurethatumkipiiisdiefeasi-J^>LLLLnRwUjLXSIaL1J-1-■lH.UJLBk?LLVXJ<JU1AUWUJIJUXpHALLl.~cipantiinthetransportplanningprocessf&iichaspublictrmsportoperatorsandthoseinchargeofpaAingareas).Thisinter敢社onshouldalsoincludesharingtheinfonnatianiequiiedDoscheduletripsand€antraleojot已rnent弓-win呈rheresoiwcesofferedbytechnologicalde咱已nt.Someservicesmayberatedasciijcialwhendefininganinitialmitline-ofthisinte-srabednMnaseoueiitsystsn.Hovrever-inordertoensuretlieiifeasibilitj;dueassistanceoftelematicsiscrucial,appliedtotranspartatiaiisystemEinordertodev已1壬acancqirthatmaybedefinedassmartpaik-ins.(Viauuaerni.:1999)/"Ingensial.thisintegratedparkingmameieinenrEvstemoffersmanvdiffierenrbenefits,aslistedby屜fans(19S4)WAllen(1993):Fardii'i'er^.itisusefillbecauseithelp弓themlocateandselectthepaikingspacebestsiiiledhotheiirequires已nts-&a\-ins"fiielandcuttingoperatingcosts,inadditiontoreducingtheamountoftimewastedduringcominutes.Fartrafficfloviis.thissvstemreducesthetklavs■ Jr Jrcausedbyth已inefficienrsearchforpaikingspaces,inadditionboincreasingtheroadcapaci^poftheregionthroudireducingline-upswhilesoeoeohewaitsforaparidnsplacetobecom已free,keepingroadsandcrossinssfreefromobstmctioDS.Fartransportauthiarities.thissvslemoffersbetterdistribiTtioDofdemand,inadditiontomakingiteasiertocontrolthe弓亡aperationsvdthLett曰datamonitaring,simplifyingtheprocessoftakingdecisioii^and讪『1円曲胡足plans.Iritvlli^nzfrtni:par:a7iori寸jfw明占andparUfi^rnatia^am^tt:MMBViatinatr!al.ticmalareas,andmayticmalareas,andmayalsobeappbedtopaikingmanagement{NykawperaL,1995).Systemsdesignedhomanagepartingspacesaiealsoknownasparkinsguidanceandmfbnnation(PGI)sj^lemsorad^Tancelpaiidnginformationsystems(APIS),whichhavealreadybeenusedforovertwodecades,initiallyimpleineDnedinAachen(Germany),dmiugtheearly.''Os.Oversubsequentyear^.a.reasonable"已xpansicnwasnotedintheiruse.asthey呂revt”morepapularfhron尊1theircapacitytominimi?ptheprobl已msre&iilmi^fromtrufflecongesticaicausedbytheaearchforpaiiingspaces.MetrerecallstudiesreporttheeKist已nc亡oYover50systeuosoffbi?ryp已出operatiaQviiorldwide(Polakeral.71990;Axliauseneral..1994:Twpelas.2000).InJapan,thesesystemsarebeingdevelopedjointlyVkUthotheraspectsrelanedhomnoaeenient.Tics^teniiprovideus巫wl±real-tinueinformationcoroadaccidents,trafficcon^estiaaB.mfi&cflowsrestraintsandthelocatioQofparkinsfacilities(Tokiiyama.1泗5;GiannopoulosandElcDaoalcL1997:Iwasaki,1^97).Oneoftheprojectsde^'elcpedinJapcoistheIoyotaparkingguidanceandinibr-Hwtionmervict-whic-h.isdesignedtorationalizetheuseoflimit虱paikiugfacilities(SakaietaL,1996).LiEurope,newsunneyscarriedoutfrom1^90fhnouda2000onpaikin?饥iliiyinaDaaeiueiitaierepresented,forinstance,Bythe'ADEPT.CAPETALS.CON-facilities.hamperiDgtheiiitrodiictionofanintegrated□aanagemairplan.‘Parkingfhfilitvmmaeeniflitsvstemsbasedonthedisseminationofinfonnatiaaanisuidanceau込vaiJ-ableparkingareashavepranenu&efuliarhesearchandselectionprocess.pro\TiigtiueircperatiooaJfeasibility.Asequipmentha&becomea\iaiJableatlowercosts,inparallelto±edropinthepricesofthechipsusedtoniaDiifacttuietlieaedevices,concenisarenowfbcuseidonhorevthisintegrationvtillbeuudertak已u_whilealsodecidingontheservicesthatmaybeofferedthnou^jthe"useofthiseqiiipmenr.FcRntiaLforu^iugITSininte^int^dparkingAnanalysisofthemteniational曰ipeH已ncfshowsthattheiise'oftelematicsininregratedparkingmanagementisstilllimited-despiteitsivi血applicafoaipot已ntiaJ.ThesuccessofthisproposalisconditiooaJBothewayinVihichtheinfomiaticDisen^jloyedbytheTarijou&agent&iurerveuipginthemanagemairprocess.Telematicahelpidaitift7thebasicsenicesthatarecrucialhothissystem,whilealsodefningspecificcommuiiicaticinssrandaids.Listedbeloviraiesomeservicesdutmaybetakenundercoasiderationforintegratedparliingmanagement,ba^edontheuseoftelematicsQijkaiupertil..1995):CERT.FMJCT.GAUBIandROMANSECERT.FMJCT.GAUBIandROMANSEprojects.AdditioDaJlj;awidevaii^Rofneveseniceiisbeinsintroduced."suchastheBo&chSignalbauHuber'sparidnsguidancesystemandtheFraulfurtparkinnguidance-andinforniationsystenLalthoughrheii'fiel3ofactionislimitedtosmallerareas,andtheyar已not:fiillyintegratedwi±others\7stemE(TLuAiey.1995:Bossohl1997;Milesetal.f998;NPA.19弼一IntheUSA.parkingfacility7nMLLagementhasbeendealtivithundertheAITSscheme,researchingtheinneToperabilityofeqiiipmenr.linkinginfomiationprotwokmidallowingpajmeotthron^ismartcaiih.In1996.anexperiniaital'ryTtemwadintroducedinSt.Paul.MN.knownastheAdvancedPail;insLnfbr-JmotionSystem,runningonEuro-Aniericantechnology7.whosemaiiipurposeistodloivrationalpadc-ins.nian^^emeDLbaostinsthesiipph1ofparkiugareasa\"ailable\)\isitorswhilereduemstrafficcansestioD{IISInternatitrnal.1996).InBrazil,theuseoftheITShambeen±ssemiLiatedthroughastudyundeipinninstheiiitr(Miiictio