汽车差速器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)FailureanalysisofanautomobiledifferentialpinionshaftAbstractDifferentialisusedtodecreasethespeedandtoprovidemomentincreasefortransmittingthemovementcomingfromtheenginetothewheelsbyturningitaccordingtothesuitableangleinvehiclesandtoprovidethatinnerandouterwheelsturndifferently.Piniongearandshaftattheentrancearemanufacturedasasinglepartwhereastheyareindifferentformsaccordingtoautomobiletypes.Mirrorgearwhichwillworkwiththisgearshouldbecomefamiliarbeforetheassembly.Incaseofanybreakdown,theyshouldbechangedasapair.Generally,inthesesystemsthereareweardamagesingears.Thegearinspectedinthisstudyhasdamageasaformofshaftfracture.Inthisstudy,failureanalysisofthedifferentialpinionshaftiscarriedout.Mechanicalcharacteristicsofthematerialareobtainedfirst.Then,themicrostructureandchemicalcompositionsaredetermined.Somefractographicstudiesare2005ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Differential;Fracture;Powertransfer;Pinionshaft1.IntroductionThefinal-drivegearsmaybedirectlyorindirectlydrivenfromtheoutputgearingofthegearbox.Directlydrivenfinaldrivesareusedwhentheengineandtransmissionunitsarecombinedtogethertoformanintegralconstruction.Indirectlydrivenfinaldrivesareusedattherearofthevehiclebeingeithersprungandattachedtothebodystructureorunsprungandincorporatedintherear-axlecasing.Thefinal-drivegearsareusedinthetransmissionsystemforthefollowingreasons[1]:(a)toredirectthedrivefromthegearboxorpropellershaftthrough90°and,(b)toprovideapermanentgearreductionbetweentheengineandthedrivingroad-wheels.Invehicles,differentialisthemainpartwhichtransmitsthemovementcomingfromtheenginetothewheelsOnasmoothroad,themovementcomestobothwheelsevenly.Theinnerwheelshouldturnlessandtheouterwheelshouldturnmoretodotheturningwithoutlateralslippingandbeingflung.Differential,whichisgenerallyplacedinthemiddlepartoftherearbridge,consistsofpiniongear,mirrorgear,differentialbox,twoaxlegearandtwopinionspidergears.AschematicillustrationofadifferentialisgiveninFig,1.ThetechnicaldrawingofpinionthefracturedpinionshaftisalsogiveninFig,2,Fig.3showsthephotographofthefracturedpinionshaftandthefracturesectionisindicated.Indifferentials,mirrorandpiniongeararemadetogetusedtoeachotherduringmanufacturingandthesameserialnumberisgiven.Bothofthemarechangedonconditionthatthereareanyproblems.Inthesesystems,thecommondamageisthewearofgears[2-4].Inthisstudy,thepinionshaftofthedifferentialofaminibushasbeeninspected.Theminibusisadieselvehicledrivenattherearaxleandhasapassengercapacityof15people.Maximumenginepoweris90/4000HP/rpm,andmaximumtorqueis205/1600Nm/rpm.Itstransmissionboxhasmanualsystem(5forward,1back).Thedamagewascausedbystoppingandstartingtheminibusatatrafficlights.Inthisdifferential,entranceshaftwhichcarriesthepiniongearwasbroken.Variousstudieshavebeenmadetodeterminethetypeandpossiblereasonsofthedamage.Theseare:•studiescarriedouttodeterminethematerialoftheshaft;•studiescarriedouttodeterminethemicro-structure;•studiesrelatedtothefracturesurface.ThereisacloserphotographofthefracturedsurfacesandfractureareainFig.4.Thefracturewascausedbytakingoutcircularmarkgearseeninthemiddleofsurfaces.2.ExperimentalprocedureSpecimensextractedfromtheshaftweresubjectedtovarioustestsincludinghardnesstestsandmetallographicandscanningelectronmicroscopyaswellasthedeterminationofchemicalcomposition.Alltestswerecarriedoutatroomtemperature.2.1ChemicalandmetallurgicalanalysisChemicalanalysisofthefractureddifferentialmaterialwascarriedoutusingaspectrometer.ThechemicalcompositionofthematerialisgiveninTable1.ChemicalcompositionshowsthatthematerialisalowalloycarburizingsteeloftheAISI8620type.Hardenabilityofthissteelisverylowbecauseoflowcarbonproportion.Therefore,surfaceareabecomeshardandhighlyenduring,andinnerareasbecomestoughbyincreasingcarbonproportiononthesurfaceareawithcementationoperation.Thisisthekindofsteelwhichisgenerallyusedinmechanicalpartssubjecteddotorsionandbending.Highresistanceisobtainedonthesurfaceandhighfatigueendurancevaluecanbeobtainedwithcompressiveresidualstressbymakingthesurfaceharder[5-7].Inwhichalloyelementsdistributethemselvesincarbonsteelsdependsprimarilyonthecompoundandcarbideformingtendenciesofeachelement.NickeldissolvesintheαferriteofthesteelsinceithaslesstendencytoformcarbidesthanironSiliconcombinestoalimitedextentwiththeoxygenpresentinthesteeltoformnonmetallicinclusionsbutotherwisedissolvesintheferrite.Mostofthemanganeseaddedtocarbonsteelsdissolvesintheferrite.Chromium,whichhasasomewhatstrongercarbide-formingdependsontheiron,partitionsbetweentheferriteandcarbidephases.Thedistributionofchromiumdependsontheamountofcarbonpresentandifotherstrongercarbide-formingelementssuchastitaniumandcolumbiumamountofcarbonpresentandifotherstrongercarbide-formingelementssuchastitaniumandcolumbiumareabsent.Tungstenandmolybdenumcombinewithcarbontoformcarbidesisthereissufficientcarbonpresentandifotherstrongercarbide-formingelementssuchdatitaniumandcolumbiumareabsent.Manganeseandnickellowertheeutectoidtemperature[8].PreliminarymicrostructuralexaminationofthefaileddifferentialmaterialisshowninFig.5.ItcanbeseenthatthematerialhasamixedstructureinwhichsomeferriteexistprobablyasaresultofslowcoolingandhighSicontent.HighSicontentinthistypeofsteelimprovestheheattreatmentsusceptibilityaswellasanimprovementofyieldstrengthandmaximumstresswithoutanyreductionofductility[9].Ifthemicro-structurecannotbeinvertedtomartensitebyquenching,areductionoffatiguelimitisobserved.ThereareareaswithcarbonphaseinFig.5(a).ThereisthetransitionboundaryofcarburizationinFig.5(b)and(c)showsthematrixregionwithoutcarburization.Asfarasitisseenintherephotographs,thepiecewasfirstcarburized,thenthequenchingoperationwasdonethantempered.Thissituationcanbeunderstoodfromblindmartensiteplates.2.2HardnesstestsThehardnessmeasurementsarecarriedoutbyaMetTest-HTtypecomputerintegratedhardnesstester.Theloadis1471N.Themediumhardnessvalueoftheinteriorregionsisobtainedasobtainedas43HRC.Microhard-nessmeasurementshavebeenmadetodeterminethechanceofhardnessvaluesalongcross-sectionbe-causeofthehardeningofsurfaceareaduetocarburization.TheresultsofVickershardnessmeasurementunderaloadof4.903NareillustratedinTable2.2.3InspectionofthefractureThedirectobservationsofthepiecewithfracturedsurfacesandSEManalysesaregiveninthischapter.Thecrackstartedbecauseofapossibleprobleminthebottomofnotchcausedtheshafttobebrokencompletely.Thecrackstartedontheouterpart,aftersometimeitcontinuedbeyondthecentreandtherewasonlyalittlepartleft.Andthispartwasbrokenstaticallyduringsuddenstartingofthevehicleatthetrafficlights.Asacharacteristicofthefatigue,therearetworegionsinthefracturedsurface.Theseareasmoothsurfacecreatedbycrackpropagationandaroughsurfacecreatedbysuddenfracture.ThesetworegionscanbeseenclearlyfortheentireproblemasinFig.4.Thefatiguecrackpropagationregioncoversmorethan80%ofthecross-section.Shaftworksundertheeffectofbending,torsionandaxialforceswhichaffectrepeatedlydependingontheusageplace.Thereisasharpfilletatlevelonthefracturedsection.Forthisreason,stressconcentrationfactorsoftheareahavebeendetermined.Kt=2.4value(forbendingandtension),andKt=1.9value(fortorsion)havebeenacquiredaccordingtocalculations.Thesearequitehighvaluesforareasexposedtocombinedloading.Theseobservationsandanalysisshowthatthepiecewasbrokenundertheinfluenceoftorsionwithlownominalstresseselectronmicroscopyshowsthatthefracturehastakenplaceinaductilemanner(Fig.6).Therearesomeshearlipsinthecrackpropagationregionwhichisaglueoftheplasticsheardeformations.Fig.7showsthebeachmarksofthefatiguecrackpropagation.Thedistancebetweenanylinesisnearly133nm.3.ConclusionsAfaileddifferentialpinionshaftisanalysedinthisstudy.ThepinionshaftisproducedfromAISI8620lowcarboncarburisingsteelwhichhadacarbursing,quenchingandtemperingheattreatmentprocess.Mechanicalproperties,microstructuralproperties,chemicalcompositionsandfractographicanalysesarecarriedouttodeterminethepossiblefracturereasonsofthecomponent.Asaconclusion,thefollowingstatementscanbedrawn:•Thefracturehastakenplaceataregionhavingahighstressconcentrationbyafatigueprocedureunderacombinedbending,torsionandaxialstresseshavinghighlyreversiblenature.•Thecrackofthefractureisinitiatedprobablyatamaterialdefectregionatthecriticallocation.•Thefractureistakenplaceinaductilemanner.•PossiblelaterfailuresmayeasilybepreventedbyreducingthestressconcentrationatthecriticallocationAcknowledgementTheauthorisveryindebtedtoProf.S.Tasgetirenforhisadviceandrecommendationsduringthesrudy.ReferencesHeislerH.Vehicleandenginetechnology.2nded.London:SAEInternational;1999.MakevetE,RomanI.Failureanalysisofafinaldrivetransmissioninoff-roadvehicles.EngFailureAnal2002;9:579-92.OrhanS,Aktu¨rkN.Determinationofphysicalfaultsingearboxthroughvibrationanalysis.JFacEngArchGaziUniversity2003;18(3):97–106..TasgetirenS,Aslantas?K,UcunI.Effectofpress-fittingpressureonthefatiguedamagesofrootinspurgears.TechnolRes:EJMT2004;2:21–9.NanawareaGK,PablebMJ.Failuresofrearaxleshaftsof575DItractors.EngFailureAnal2003;10:719–24.AslantasK,TasgetirenS.Astudyofspurgearpittingformationandlifeprediction.Wear2004;257:1167–75.SavasV,O¨zekC.Investigationofthedistributionoftemperatureonashaftwithrespecttothedeflection.TechnolRes:EJMT2005;1:33–8.SmithFW.Principlesofmaterialsscienceandengineering.3rded.USA:McGraw-HillSeries;1996.p.517–18.ASMmetalhandbook,vol.1.Propertiesandselection,irons,steels,andhighperformancealloys;1991.VoortGFV.Visualexaminationandlightmicroscopy.ASMhandbookmetallographyandmicrostructures.MaterialsPark(OH):ASMInternational;1991.p.100–65.汽车差速器小齿轮轴的失效分析摘要差速器是用来降低速度增加扭矩并根据合适的角度向两轮传递动力。小齿轮和其所安装的轴是一体的。在装配前应熟悉这一齿轮结构。不管发生任何故障，小齿轮和其所安装的轴都要一起更换。一般而言，在这些系统中，齿轮的损坏形式为磨损损坏。在这项研究中检查的齿轮，损坏形式为轴断裂。在这项研究为差速器小齿轮轴的故障分析。首先获得的材料的机械特性。然后，确定微观结构和化学组合物。关键词：差速器；断裂；动力传递；小齿轮轴1．简介最终的驱动齿轮可以直接或间接地从变速器的输出齿轮驱动。当发动机和传动装置结合在一起形成一个整体结构时，需使用直接驱动的最终驱动齿轮。间接驱动末级驱动器或借助一些辅助装置敷在汽车后方或者纳入驱动桥。最后的传动系统中使用该齿轮如以下原因：（1）将传动轴从变速器或传动轴上定向到90度。（2）在发动机和驱动轮之间提供永久减速。在车辆中，差速器是传递发动机和车轮之间运动的主要部分，在平滑的路面上，运动是由两个车轮均匀传动的。内轮应转向少，外轮应多转向，不然转向时会发生滑移。差速器，一般放在后桥的中间，由星形齿轮架、差速器箱、半轴齿轮和星形齿轮组成。图1是一个示意图。图2、图3显示了小齿轮轴的技术图和小齿轮轴的照片，并指出了断裂的部分。在差速器制造过程中，从动轮和小齿轮的使用相同的序列号。出现问题二者都需更换。在这些系统中，常见的损伤是齿轮[2-4]磨损。在这项研究中，对一辆面包车的差速器小齿轮轴进行了检查。该面包车是一辆后轮驱动的柴油车并有15人的载客能力。发动机最大功率为90/4000马力/转速，最大扭矩为205/1600纳米/转/分。它的变速箱有手动系统（5向前，1回）。损害是由停在交通灯下启动面包车引起。在这差速器中，带有小齿轮的入口轴被打破了。各种各样的研究已经确定的类型和可能的损坏原因如下：•进行研究，以确定轴的材料；•进行研究，确定了微结构；•与断裂面相关的研究。图4裂隙面和断裂面积的近距离照片。该断裂是由在表面的中间看到的圆形标志齿轮去除造成的。2.实验程序将轴上提取的试样进行各种测试，包括硬度测试和金相和扫描电子显微镜以及化学成分的测定。所有的测试都在室温下进行。2.1化学和冶金分析使用光谱仪进行了断裂材料的化学分析。材料的化学成分在表1中给出。化学成分表明该材料是一种低合金渗碳钢AISI8620型。因为低碳的比例，钢的淬透性很低。因此，在表面增加碳的比例与胶结操作，表面将变得坚硬，持久耐用，并使内部变得强硬，。这是一种常用的钢结构，用在受扭弯的机械零件中。通过残余压应力和加强硬度可获得高疲劳强度的高性能表面。在碳钢中合金元素的分布主要取决于各元素的化合物和碳化物的形成倾向。镍在钢中的铁素体中溶解，因为它没有比铁形成碳化物的倾向更大。硅与刚中的少部分氧反应形成非金属化合物，不然则分解与铁素体。与铁相比，铬更易与碳反应。掺入铬取决于碳含量。失效差速器材料的初步微结构检查示于图5。它可以看出，该材料具有混合结构，其中可能存在某些铁素体。这种钢的高硅含量，提高了热处理的敏感性，以及屈服强度且提高最大应力而不减少塑性[9]。如果微观结构无法通过淬火向马氏体转变，则观察到了疲劳极限的降低。图5（1）有碳相区。在图5的渗碳过渡边界（b）和（c）显示矩阵区域无渗碳。只要是在那里的照片看，这件作品是第一渗碳淬火，然后回火操作。这种情况可以理解，从不以观察到的马氏体板。2.2硬度试验开展的一mettestHT型计算机集成硬度计硬度测量。负载是1471；中等硬度值的内部区得到43HRC。显微硬度测量已确定硬度值沿截面加大由于渗碳。4.903n所示表2负荷下的维氏硬度测量结果。2.3断裂处的检查本章中给出直接观测结果与断裂面扫描电镜分析。裂纹开始，一个可能是，底部的裂缝导致轴断裂。裂缝开始在外的部分，经过一段时间后，它继续超越中心，只有小部分为断裂。这部分是在等交通灯的车辆突然启动时被打破的。作为疲劳的一个特征，断裂面有2个区域。这是一个光滑的表面裂纹扩展和粗糙的表面创建的突然断裂。这2个区域可以清楚地看到整个问题如图4。疲劳裂纹区覆盖80%以上的横截面。轴在弯曲，扭转，轴向力的作用下，受影响的地方反复使用。有一个锋利的薄面在水平上的裂缝性剖面上。这个原因使该区的应力集中系数确定。KT=2.4价值（弯曲和张力），和KT=1.9价值（扭转）是根据计算获得。这些都是相当高的数值，区域暴露在联合载荷下。这些观察和分析显示，在扭转应力的作用下，轴断裂且在延展的状态下（fig.6）。裂纹扩展区内有一定的剪切裂痕，这是塑性剪切变形。