汽车防抱死系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Theantilockbrakingsystem(ABS)analysisAbstract:Automobileantilockbrakingtechnologyisamaturetechnology.Equippedwithanantilocksystem(ABS)ofthevehicleundervariousdrivingconditionsespeciallywhenbraking,emergencybraking,cannotonlyutilizethepotentialofadhesionbetweentireandroadsurface,improvetheantislidingstabilityoftheridingdirection,keepthesteeringoperation,butalsocangivefullplaytothebrakingefficiency,shortenbrakingdistance,improvesafetythispapermainlyintroducestheperformanceofvehicleantilockbrakingsystemofautomobilewheel(ABS)analysisofthedefinition,structureandworkingprinciple,compositionandprincipleoftheelectroniccontrolpartandABSsystem,wheelspeedsensor,hydrauliccontrolcomponentsandprincipleofdevice.Itintroducestheantilocksystem(ABS)faultlightintheABS,ABSknowtheuseandmaintenanceof.Bythewheelantilockbrakingsystem(ABS)basedtointroduceitsworkingprinciple,theanalysisoftheworkingprincipleofABScontroldeviceisintroduced.Keywords:ABS;system;composition;principle;controlOne、wheelantilockbrakingsystem(ABS)1.1wheelantilockbrakingsystem(ABS)technologyisintroducedInearlytwentiethCentury,peoplebegantostudytheantilockbrakingtechnology.Begantoapplytotheaircraftandrailway,untilthelate50's,ABStechnologybegantobeusedinthecar.Thecoreideaistoavoidmakingthesameasthepowerswitch,thehydraulicsystempowercontrolinzeroorthebiggest,butaccordingtothespeedofthewheel,tocontrolthehydraulicpressure,sothatthebrakingperformancetogetthemaximumimprovement.First,awheelspeedsensorismeasuredwithawheeloradriveshafttorotatethetoothnumberofthesensinggear,andthefrequencyandthewheelspeedareproportionaltotheACsignal.TheACsignalofthewheelspeedsensorisfedintoanelectroniccontroller.Theelectroniccontrollercalculatesthespeedofthewheel,thespeedofthewheel,thespeedofthewheel,andthespeedofthevehicle.Thepressureregulatorpumpinstalledinthebrakemasterpumpandbrakesystem,receivecontrollerinstructions,bythepressureregulatingsolenoidvalvetocontrolthebrakingpressureincreaseordecreasethedevice,therebyregulatingthebrakingtorque,andmakethegroundadhesionstatusofthewheelsarelockedtopreventbrake.TheelectroniccontrolleralsocontrolstheothercomponentsoftheABS.Whenthecomponentsareintrouble,thecontrollermakesthealarmlamplight,andmakesthewholesystemstopworking.1.2wheelantilockbrakingsystem(ABS)classificationABSaccordingtothetransmissionmediumofthebrakesystem,canbedividedintotheairpressuresystem,gasliquidsystemandhydraulicsystem.Airpressuresystemismainlyusedforheavydutytruckandtrailer,thecompressedairgeneratedbytheenginedirectlycontrolthepressureofthepump.Gascapsystemisgenerallyusedforlargeandmediumsizedvehicles,inthefrontandrearaxleoftheoriginalbrakepipeineachoftheaircompressor,throughthecontrolofthepowergaschamberoftheinputpressuretoindirectlycontrolthehydrauliccylinderoutput.Hydraulicsystemforcars,vansandlighttrucks,systemincreasedabraketransmissionmediumindependentsupplydevice,suchastributariesmotorandrecyclepump.ABSaccordingtothenumberofcontrolchannelsandthenumberofsensors,canbedividedintosinglechannel,dualchannel,threechannelandfourchanneltype.Accordingtothecontrolmode,ABScanbedividedintomechanicalandelectronictype.DuetomechanicalABScontrolaccuracy,responseisslow,cannotguaranteetheemergencybrakewheelisnotlocked,hasbasicallybeenreplacedbyelectronicABS.Accordingtothearrangementofthepressureregulator,theABSisdividedintotheintegraltypeandtheseparationtype.Theintegraltype,whichismadeintoapressureregulatorandabrakemastercylinder,iscalledaseparationtypeofindependentbrakepressureregulatorandanindependentbrakemastercylinder.Two、wheelantilockbrakingsystem(ABS)compositionandprinciple2.1wheelantilockbrakingsystem(ABS)structureWhenthecarisnormal,thebrakeshoe10andthefrictionplate9inthespring13,andfixedonthewheelhubbrakedrum8tomaintainacertaingap,sothatthebrakedrumcanrotatewiththewheels.Wantstomakeamovingcartosloworstop,aslongasthedrivertosteponbrakepedal1,youcanmakethebodyofthebrakingenergythroughapushrod2andbrakemastercylinderpiston34,themastercylinderbrakefluidpressureintothebrakewheelcylinder6,andthroughtwowheelcylinderpiston7topromotethetwobrakeshoes10togetherwithfrictionplate9aroundthebranchunderwritingturned12,thefrictionplateoutercirclefacepressureinthebrakedrum8ofthesurfaceoftheinnercircle.Inthisway,thebrakeshoefrictionplateisfixedtotherotatingdrumofthebrakedrumandthefrictiontorqueisMu,anditsdirectionisoppositetotherotationdirectionofthewheel.Brakedrumtothebraketorquetransmittedtothewheels,duetothewheelsandtheroadsurfaceadhesion,wheelontheroadsurface.Aforwardedgeforce,brakebrakingforceFu.Atthesametime,theroadalsogivesthewheelabackwardreaction,thatis,theroadsystempowerFb,whichistoforcethecartoslowdownwhenthebrakeuntiltheparkingbrakeforce.Thegreatertheroadbrakingforce,thegreaterthecartoreducethespeed.Whenthedriverreleasesthebrakepedal,Backtothespring13isabouttobrakeshoesbackinplace,theoutercircleofthefrictionplateandtheinnercircleofthebrakedrumtoresumetheoriginalgap,frictiontorqueMuandbrakingforceFbtolift,thebrakefunctionisalsoterminated.Itisnotdifficulttoseethattheroadtostoptheroadfromthecar'sdrivingFbnotonlydependsonthebrakeforceFusize,butalsobythetireandroadadhesionconditions.Thatis,thecarbrakesystemonlyhasasufficientbrakebrakeforceFu,whiletheroadandcanprovidealargeF1,togetalargerroadbrakingforceFb.2.2workingprocessofbrakesystem:1、Parkingbrake.Carparking,manipulationhandbrakevalve3,releasingparkingbrakethree-waypipe6andaquickreleasevalveinthecompressedair,thespringenergystoragetyperearbrakeairchamberinthespringrelease,andpromotethereardrumbrakeshoeopen,frictionplateistightlypressedinthebrakedrumwitharoundface,parkingbrake.Inthebrake,thebrakethreethroughthetubeinthecompressedairhasbeenlost,therearestillparkingbrake.2、Toliftparkingbrake.Starttheengine,drivenbyaircompressoroperation,thebrakesystemairsupplypipelineandtwostoragecylinderwithcompressedair,compressedairpressurecanbethebarometer12toinstructions.Atthispointintheparkingbrakesupplylineinthequickreleasevalve4andtheairpressurealarmswitch5noairpressure,thealarmswitchtocontrolthealarmandthealarmlights,indicatingthecarisintheparkingbrakestate.Manipulationofthehandbrakevalve3toremovethebrakeposition,whenairpressureislower,thepressurewarninglampstilllight,saidbrakepressureisinsufficient;enoughairpressurebrake,parkingbrakegaspipelinethroughthequickreleasevalve4andthree-waypipejointsothattheparkingbrakeairchamberairsupplying,rearwheelbrakeairchamberstoragecompressionspringtherearbrakehoofpieceisreturned,rearwheelbrakeisinanonbrakestate,pressurealarmlights,carbrakepressureenough,youcanstart.3、Drivingbrake.Drivinginthebrakesystemairsupplypipelinepressureenough,setfootdrivingbrakefootbrakepedal,makeastraightfootbrakevalve2action,compressedairthroughthefour-way21fortothefrontbrakechamberjoint,beforethebrakewheel,thistimebrakelampswitch22isswitchedon,thebrakelights;compressedairproportionbyasenseoftheloadstoragevalve8andathree-waypipejoint6todonorofairchamber,therearwheelbrake,wheninstalledintheloadsensingproportionalvalverearbrakelampswitchispowered,thebrakelightbright.Thevehiclebrakingstrengthiscontrolledbythepedaltypebrakevalve,thebrakepedalstrokeisstrong,andthebrakepedaltravelissmallandweak.Wheninsufficientairpressureinthebrakesystem,installedinthewetstoragecylinder16onthelowpressurealarmswitchisturnedon,lowpressurealarmlightsandsirens,saidbrakepressureisinsufficient.4、Thedrivinghandbrake.Whenthefootbrakefailureornoairpressure,cancontrolthehandbrakevalvetothebrakeposition,canmaketherearwheelbrake.5、Thenopressurereleasetheparkingbrake.Thecarparkedinalongtime,maybeinanonpressurestate.Atthistimethecarparkingbrake.Theenginedoesnotstart,youwanttodragthecaraway,canbeusedtorotatethetworearwheelbrakespringbrakeairchamberoftheliftingofthebrakebolts,liftrearparkingbrake.Torecovertheparkingbrake,tocyclethebolt.2.3wheelantilockbrakingsystem(ABS)controlprincipleNowthepopularityofthecarontheABSisbasicallyanintegratedcontrolofelectrohydraulic.Andthatistomakethemechanicaldevice,thecontroldevicetobecometheelectroniccontrol.Thegeneralprincipleistodetectthewheelbythewheelspeedsensor,andthenthewheelspeedsensortomeasurethespeedofthesignalpassedthroughtheamplificationoftheECUcar(someoftheABScomputerisintegratedwiththeenginemanagementcomputerandsoon).Thenthecomputerthroughthesensormeasurementdatatodeterminewhetherthewheellocking,ifthewheelisnotfunctioningproperly,maybelockedorhasbeenlocking)thenacomputercanimmediatelyissuedadirectivetothesolenoidvalve,electromagneticvalveinavacuumstate,soastoachievebrakingforceisreduced,untilthelockinglift,ifatthistimethedriverstillvigorouslybrake,sotheABStoliftcontrolwheelwillreturntothelockedstate,sotheABSagainaccesstheknowlockonceagaintoremove.ThisiswhywearedrivingtheABScartobrakethebrakepedalwillproduceastrongjitter,whichistheABSofthethreesolenoidvalveinthework,thehydrauliccircuitandsometimesthepressurefromtimetotime,sothebrakepedalpulsejitterphenomenon.ThecontrolofABScanbemoreaccurateandmoreactivebyelectronicdevices.ButeventheelectroniccontroloftheABSaccordingtothedifferenttypesofitsconfigurationalsohasalotof.Firstofallfromthehardwareconfigurationismainlydividedinto:1channel2sensor,2channel3sensor,3Channel4sensor,4channel1sensortype,four.Forthefirstway,itcanbesaidtobetheearliestandmostoriginalABScontrolmode.Alsoistoachievetheabovesaidcomputercontrolall,butwhetheritisinformationaccesschannels(sensors)orcontrolchannels(channels)areonlyone.Asdescribedabove,itisthemostdangerousforthebrakingoftherearwheelslockedfirst.Forvehicleemergencybrakingespeciallyonslipperysurfacesundertheemergencybrake,rearwheelisthemosteasytolock.Iftherearwheelsthanthefrontwheelslockedfirst,andthatatthispointthedriverandintentofthesteering,thecarwillbethedangerofskiddingflick.SoforthesinglechannelABSisofcoursetogiveprioritytotherearwheellock.SotheABSsensorisinstalledinthereardifferential,whichisusedtoperceptionoftherearwheelslocking,andsolenoidvalveinstalledontherearbrakehydraulicpipe,whichisusedtoliftthelockingcrisis.Becauseonlyasensorandanelectromagneticvalvetocontrolthewheelbrakingforce,socomputeronlyforoverallrearwheellocktodealwiththecrisis.Ifthefrictioncoefficientofthepavementisdifferent,thenthesystemwillbeverydifficulttoadjustthesizeofthebrakingforceautomatically.Forthe2Channel2sensorABS,thesituationwillbebetter.Butthishardwareconfigurationcanbedividedintotwosolutions.Thefirstsolutionisthetwosensorandtwochannelsareassignedtofrontandrearwheels.Thiscanonlypreventlockingwiththewholeofthefrontwheelsandcanpreventtherearwheelslocked,butforontheleftandrightwheelsrunningonthepavementwithdifferentfrictioncoefficientsispowerless;anotherisforXpipingmodesettings.Theso-calledXistomakethebrakehydraulicpipingdiagonaldistribution.Inotherwords,thehydraulic50%fromthetotalpumpoutoftheleftfrontwheelandtherightrearwheel,whiletheother50%areassignedtotherightfrontwheelandrearwheel.Theonlytwochannelsarefittedonthemainsideoftheleftandrightwheels.SothisABScaninthecaseofhardwarelimitedpartofthesolutionbeforeandafterthewheellockandaroundthewheellock.Butforchannel33sensorhardwareequipmentsituationwouldbealotbetter,thiskindofABSinfrontofusingtwochannelandtwosensor,usingachannelandasensor(rearcontrolDocumentaryChannelsinglesensordesign)intherear,soitcannotonlytoautomaticdistributionbeforeandaftertheoverallbrakingforce,butalsoindependentregulationofthefrontwheelbrakingforce.ButthisisnotthemostperfectABS.ThemostperfectABSiscurrentlythemostwidelyused4Channel4sensorABS.ThiskindofABSreallysatisfiestherequirementofthesystempoweradjustmentonthehardware.Sowhetheritisfrontwheellockedfirstorthefirstlockingrearcanregulateeffectively,andeventhefourwheelsofroadsurfacefrictioncoefficientaredifferent,ABScanalsoautomaticallyadjust,leteachwheelwon'tlock.Sothe4channelsoftheABSsystemandthesystemwithmorethanoneadditionalfeaturecalledEBDelectronicsystempowerautomaticallocation.Infact,inthepurchaseofacar,ifthemanufacturerstopromotethiscarequippedwithEBDelectronicpowerdistribution,thenthecar'sABSforthe4Channel4sensordesign.Buteventhe4Channel4sensorABSaccordingtothedifferentperformanceofthesolenoidvalveisalsodifferent.ThisABSsolenoidvalveismainlydividedintotwotypes:oneisthe3solenoidvalve,theotheristhe2solenoidvalve.Alsoisthesolenoidvalve,therealizationofthefunctionisnotthesame.3solenoidvalvetothebrakehydrauliccontrolintothreekindsofstate,namely:thepressurestate,thestateofdecompressionandbalance.Andthe2bitofthesolenoidvalvecanonlybethebrakehydrauliccontrolinto:thestateandbalanceofthetwokindsofstate.Althoughtheperformanceofacompressionfunctionisnotthesameasthatofapressurefunction.The2isequippedwithasolenoidvalveABS,itcanonlyplaytheroleofpreventingthebrakelocking.Becauseitcanonlyreduceormaintainthebrakefluid,thatis,onlyafterthebrakepedaltothebrakepedal,hecanplayarole.Soevenifitisthe4sensor4channels,canonlyachievethepowerofEBDelectronicsystempowerautomaticallyassigned.AndforequippedwiththreeABSsolenoidvalve,fromthehardware,itmeetstheESPelectronicstabilitysystem,TCStractioncontrolsystemandEDLelectronicbrakingspeedrequirementsofthepoor.Thereasoniscalled3solenoidvalve,iscomparedwiththe2solenoidvalvetoincreasethepressurefunction.Thatis,evenifthedriverdidnotsteponthebrakepedal,thecomputercanalsoautomaticallycontrolasinglewheelbrake.Thenwhatgoodisit?Wefirstsimplyfromthefunctionofthebrake.Ifthecomputercanautomaticallycontroltheincreaseinhydraulic,thenwewillgetamoresecureperformanceinthehighspeedandstrongbraking.Becauseofthehightemperatureofthebrakesystem,thebrakesystemisveryhigh,andthebrakediscisveryhot.Theso-calledthermalattenuationisactuallyduetothebrakediscandbrakeshoeistoohightemperature,resultinginthesurfaceorlocalonthevergeofmelting,theengineeringstrengthisreduced,sothebrakeforcewillweaken.Thesamereason,whenweareataspeedof120,oreven160ofthespeedofthespeedis,iftheneedtospeedupthespeedofthebrakesystemto20oreventheloadisverylarge.Duetothedriver'shabitsistokeepthebrakepedaltoformthesamesocaliperbrakingforceisconstant,soastothelaterstagebrakeduetothehightemperaturebeginstodecay,thedriverisoftendifficulttofindtheweakeningofthebrakingforce,andsowillnotbeactivecontinuetoincreasebrakingpower.Sobecausethethreesolenoidvalveandcontrolofthebrakelinepressurefunction,soitcanautomaticallyincreasethebrakingforce,sothatthespeedofthebraketomaintainlinear,eventotheendofthebrakeandthermaldecay,canalsobeduetothebrakeforceisnotlineartothesafetyrisk.Butthisisjustthethreebitofthesolenoidvalveonthebrakeside,infact,thecontributionofthethreesolenoidvalveisfarmorethanthat.Itsbiggestroleistorealizethecomputerautomaticallytoasinglewheelbrake,sothatESPorEDLcanbeachieved.WeknowthatESPisaBOSCHdevelopmentofasetofelectronicstabilityprogram,toachievesuchanelectronicstability,wemusthavea4Channel4sensorsand3solenoidvalveisequippedwithhardware.ESPwasabletoletfrontwheeldrivecarreduceundersteer,drivereduceoversteer,becauseitcanonthesliprateexceedsacriticalvalueofthewheel(i.e.skiddingofthewheels)separatebraking,soastogetridoftheoutofcontrolofthesituation,allthesedonotneedhumanintervention,andisinaveryshortperiodoftimebycomputercontroltocomplete.Simply,theprincipleisthatthecomputerdetectsthespeedofeachwheelbymeansofthefourwheelspeedsensor,andthencalculatesthespeedofawheelbymeansofavehiclespeedsensorandasteeringanglesensor.Iftheactualspeedofthefourwheelsandthetheoreticalspeeddoesnotmatchthecomputerwilldeterminethewheelhastheriskofslippingoutofcontrol,thenECUwillimmediatelynotifythethreesolenoidvalvetothewheeltobrake,sohereturnedtonormalspeedundertherestrictionofbrakingforce.Sohecanimprovetheactivesafetyperformanceofthecartoagreatextent,makethecarhavebettertracking.ForEDL,itsworkingprincipleissimilartothatofESP.Isthewheelspeedsensordetectionofactivewheelspeedvalue,iftwoactivewheelspeeddifferenceinthenormalrange(throughthesteeringanglesensorjudgment,becauseinturndrivenwheelspeeddifferenceisnormal),sotheABSdoesnotwork;ifdetectedabouttwodrivingwheelspeeddifferenceistoolarge,thecomputerwilldeterminethehighrotationalspeedofthewheelisslipping,sointhreesolenoidvalveundertheactiontothespinofthewheelbrakingforcesappliedadditional,powercanbetransmittedtothenoskidwheelthereto,makethecarcanstillhavenormaltractioncontrol.Ofcourse,forthefourwheeldrivecarthiselectronicdifferentialbrakingismoreimportant,becauseitcanbethroughasinglewheeltoadjustthebrakingforcedistribution.Setcanmakethepoweronanyoneofthewheelsfromthe0%-100%regulation.Soitisnotrequiredtoincreasethecaseofotherhardwaredevicestoachievesuchanumberofderivatives.Thatistosaythe4Channel4sensorandequippedwiththree4bitsolenoidvalveABSiscurrentlythehighestmarketspecificationsABS,aslongastheprogramsupports,youcanachieveallthefunctionsmentionedabove汽车防抱死系统（ABS）的研究分析摘要：汽车制动车轮防抱死技术是一项比较成熟的技术。装用车轮防抱死系统（ABS）的汽车在各种行驶条件下制动时，特别是紧急制动工况，不仅能较好利用轮胎与路面之间的潜在附着力，提高骑着抗滑的方向稳定性，保持转向操作性，而且能充分发挥制动效能，缩短制动距离，提高整车的安全性能本文主要介绍汽车车轮防抱死系统（ABS）的定义、结构组成及工作原理分析，和ABS系统的电子控制部分的组成和原理，轮速传感器，液压控制装置的组成和原理。还介绍了车轮防抱死系统（ABS）中的ABS的故障灯，ABS晓得使用和检修。由车轮防抱死系统（ABS）的基础来引出其工作原理，分析ABS工作原理的同时进行控制装置的介绍。关键词：ABS；系统；组成；原理；控制1、车轮防抱死系统（ABS）1.1车轮防抱死系统（ABS）的技术介绍早在20世纪初，人们就开始研究制动防抱死技术。开始应用于飞机和铁路，直到50年代后期，ABS技术开始用于汽车。其核心思想始终是避免使制动力像开关一样，只把液压制动力控制在零或最大，而是根据车轮的减速情况，阶段性地控制液压，使制动性能得到最大限度的改善。首先由轮速传感器测出与车轮或驱动轴共同旋转地传感齿轮的齿数，从而得到频率与车轮转速成正比的交流信号。轮速传感器的交流信号送入电子控制器，电子控制器计算出车轮速度、滑移率和车轮的加、减速度，然后再由电子控制器对这些信号加以分析，给压力调节器发出制动压力控制指令。压力调节器安装在制动系统的制动总水泵与制动分泵之间，接受控制器的指令后，由压力调节器中的电磁阀控制制动压力的增加或减小，从而调节制动力矩，使之与地面附着状况相适应防止制动车轮被抱死。电子控制器还对ABS的其他元件进行控制，当这些元件发生故障时，控制器令警报灯点亮，并使整个系统停止工作，恢复到常规制动方式。1.2车轮防抱死系统（ABS）的分类ABS根据制动系统的传动介质，可分为气压系统、气顶液系统和液压系统。气压系统主要用于重型载重汽车及其挂车，由发动机产生的压缩气直接控制动力分泵的气压，不需在原有的系统中增加另外的部件，能较容易地独立控制各车轮的制动力。气顶液系统一般用于大中型汽车，在前后轴原有的制动管路中各装一个空气加压器，通过控制动力气室的输入气压间接地控制液压主缸的输出液压。液压系统用于轿车、厢式车和轻型载重车，系统中增加了一套制动传动介质的独立供给装置，如支流电动机和再循环油泵。ABS根据控制通道数量和传感器数量，可分为单通道式、双通道式、三通道式和四通道式。根据控制方式，ABS可分为机械式和电子式。由于机械式ABS控制精度差，反应速度慢，不能保证紧急制动时车轮不被抱死，已经基本被电子式ABS所取代。根据压力调节器的布置，ABS分为整体式和分离式。将压力调节器与制动总泵制成一体的称整体式，具有独立制动压力调节器和独立制动总泵的称分离式。2、车轮防抱死系统（ABS）的组成与原理2.1车轮防抱死系统（ABS）的结构组成汽车正常行驶时,制动蹄10连同摩擦片9在弹簧13的拉力下，与固定在车轮轮毂上制动鼓8之间保持有一定的间隙，使制动鼓能随车轮一同自由转动。欲使行驶中的汽车减速或停车时，驾驶员只要踩下制动踏板1，就可使肌体的制动能源通过推杆2和制动主缸4中的活塞3，使主缸内的制动液加压流入制动轮缸6，并通过两个轮缸活塞7推动两个制动蹄10连同摩擦片9绕支承销12转动，使摩擦片的外圆面压紧在制动鼓8的内圆面上。这样，固定不旋转地制动蹄摩擦片就对旋转着的制动鼓作用一个摩擦力矩Mu，其方向与车轮旋转方向相反。制动鼓将该制动器制动力矩传到车轮后，由于车轮与路面的附着作用，车轮对路面作用一个向前的周缘力，即制动器制动力Fu。同时，路面也给车轮一个向后的反作用力，即路面制动力Fb，这就是制动时迫使汽车减速行驶直至停车的外力。路面制动力愈大，汽车减速度也就愈大。当驾驶员松开制动踏板时，回位弹簧13即将制动蹄拉回原位，摩擦片的外圆面与制动鼓的内圆面之间恢复原有间隙，摩擦力矩Mu和制动力Fb解除，制动作用也就终止。综上所述不难看出，阻止汽车行驶的路面制动力Fb不仅取决于制动器制动力Fu的大小，而且还受到轮胎与路面间附着条件的限制。也就是说，汽车制动系只有具备了足够的制动器制动力Fu，同时路面又能提供大的附着力F1时，才能获得较大的路面制动力Fb。2.2制动系统工作过程①驻车制动。汽车驻车时，操纵手制动阀3，放掉驻车制动三通管6和快放阀4中的压缩空气，使弹簧储能式后制动气室中的储能弹簧释放，推动后轮鼓式制动器制动蹄片张开，摩擦片紧压在制动鼓的内圆面上，起驻车制动作用。在制动中，制动三通管中压缩空气已全部流失，仍有驻车制动。②解除驻车制动。起动发动机，带动空气压缩机运转，使制动系统供气管路和两个储气筒中充满压缩空气，压缩空气的压力可由气压表12来指示。此时接在驻车制动供气管路中的快放阀4和气压警报开关5无气压，气压警报开关控制警报器发响和警报灯亮，指示汽车处于驻车制动状态。操纵手制动阀3至解除制动位置，气压较低时，气压警报灯仍然灯亮，表示制动气压不足；制动气压足够时，驻车制动供气管路通过快放阀4和三通管接头使驻车制动气室供气，压缩后轮制动气室储能弹簧，使后轮制动蹄片回位，后轮制动即处于非制动状态，气压警报灯熄灭，表示汽车制动气压足够，可以起步。③行车制动。行车中在制动系统供气管路气压足够的情况下，踏下行车制动（脚制动）踏板，使直踏式制动阀2动作，压缩空气通过四通接头21供至前制动气室，使前轮制动，此时前制动灯开关22接通，制动灯亮；压缩空气按比例通过感载储阀8和三通管接头6供至后制动气室，使后轮制动，此时装在感载比例阀上的后制动灯开关9接通，制动灯亮。汽车制动强度是由直踏式制动阀通过踏板控制的，踏板行程大制动强；踏板行程小制动弱。当制动系统中气压不足时，装在湿储气筒16上的低压警报开关接通，低压警报灯亮和警报器响，表示制动气压不足。④行车手制动。行车中脚制动失灵或无气压时，可以操纵手制动阀至制动位置，可使后轮制动。⑤无气压解除驻车制动。汽车长期停放，可能处于无气压状态。此时汽车驻车制动。发动机不起动，想要将汽车拖走时，可用扳手旋转两个后轮的弹簧制动气室的解除制动螺栓，解除后轮驻车制动。要想恢复驻车制动，要旋回这个螺栓。2.3车轮防抱死系统（ABS）的控制原理现在轿车上所普及的ABS基本上都是电液一体式控制的。也就是把机械的感应装置，控制装置全部变成了电子来控制。总的原理就是通过车轮转速传感器来检测车轮的运转情况，然后把车轮转速传感器测得的转速信号通过放大以后传递给ECU车载电脑（有些车的ABS电脑是跟发动机管理电脑等集成在一起的）。然后电脑通过传感器测得的数据判断车轮是否抱死，如果车轮运转不正常（有可能抱死或已经抱死）那么电脑会立即发出指令给电磁阀，让电磁阀处于减压状态，从而达到降低制动力的目的，直到抱死解除，如果此时驾驶员仍然在大力刹车，那么ABS解除控制后车轮又会回到抱死状态，那么ABS再次接入知道抱死再次解除。这就是为什么我们在驾驶ABS车大力制动的时候刹车踏板会产生强烈的抖动，这就是ABS的三位电磁阀在工作，液压油路时而增压时而减压，所以造成刹车踏板的脉冲抖动现象。通过电子设备接入以后ABS的控制能够更加精确，而且更加主动。不过即便是电子控制的ABS根据其配置的不同种类也有很多。首先从硬件配置来说主要分为：1通道1传感器式，2通道2传感器式，3通道3传感器式，4通道4传感器式等四种。对于第一种方式，可以说是最早最原始的ABS的控制方式。同样是实现上文说的电脑控制一切，但无论是信息获取渠道（传感器）还