2023学年完整公开课版概要写作summarywriting

SummaryWriting福州教育研究院薛蓉Whatis“summary”?Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.

概要是一篇较长文章本质思想的简洁重述，它要求用尽量少的语言对原文的主旨进行复述。概要不是简单的换句话说，更不是评论，而是作者思想中最基本部分的准确再现。Asummaryisa

shortstatementthatgivesonlythemainpoints

ofsth,notthedetails.《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》摘要是一种对原始文献或文章的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.

考查能力:阅读理解能力,分析判断能力，概括能力，表达能力…Whattogetfromsummary1.learntoobservethings,tograspitsessentialmeaning,toexpressthemselvesconcisely,correctlyandaccurately.2.practiseinparaphrasing,thechoiceofwordsandsentencemaking3.manifold《考试说明》：考查内容与要求提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求学生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容摘要。（所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主）阅卷时将主要考虑以下内容：（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（3）上下文的连贯性；（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。阅读方法Taylor（1984）发现，专业阅读者花较长时间阅读与思考，通过文本提示来寻找主题和结构，他们对于源文本条分缕析，分析作者目的、找出引入句、结论句、各部分要点，既能深入文本，也能跳出文本，多次回源文本核查要点和作者语气，以保证概要的准确性，直到完全理解和精确反映作者意思才停止阅读。相比之下，业余作者只看首尾，寻找大意，很少提及主题和结构，只专注于细节，业余作者很少去核查概要的准确性，而是依据自己的理解提出观点。写作方面Campbell（1990）发现，高水平写作者写前做出计划、反复安排全局问题，如组织结构、内容、读者，同时还注意语法和词汇问题。低水平写作者所作的写前计划和全局安排较少，他们花较多时间做表层水平的修改工作，影响写作进程的流畅性。Howtogetahighmark?《考试说明》中评分标准规定概要写作阅卷时按5个档次给分，其中最高档次第五档（21-25points）：理解准确，涵盖全部要点；能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；完全使用自己的语言；有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使完成的概要结构紧凑。contents(内容)languageskills(语言)structure(结构)概要写作考核的语言能力快速阅读，准确把握文章主旨及各段主要内容的能力；熟练运用语法知识分析句子成分与结构的能力，主要体现在概要写作的语法结构和词汇准确性上；对固定搭配和短语的识记和再现能力，体现在不能出现和原文同样的句子上；单词拼写能力。agoodsummaryallthekeypointsgrammar,vocabularytightandcoherent(连贯)yourownwordsabout60-80wordsrightspelling,properpunctuationHowtowriteagoodsummary?定位findouttheessentialinformation改写rewritetheinformationinyourownwords核查checkthesentencesandaddsomeconjunctionsA.定位

通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心单词，核心短语和核心句子。（句子为主，以单词和短语为辅）

typeskeyinformation记叙文narration人物+时间+地点+事件（起因+发展+结果）说明文exposition描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象+性质功用+利好”；针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题+解决方法”；介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象+原因+结果”议论文argumentation论点+论据(+结论)1.确定文体thetypesofthepassage√√2.消减事例

Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglishin1546.3.省略细节（尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）essentialinformationB.改写

在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变。

改写过程中，原则上字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑结构，充分考虑语句压缩。1.使用近义词或反义词

ZhouYangwillrememberhisfirsttaskasareporter.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBakerperformedtwoexperiments.NeverwillZhouYangforgethisfirstassignmentasajournalist.studyifcarriedout/did/made

Shebroughthomealotofbooksandmagazines.2.把短语变为单词Cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleaningawaydirtbenefitshealth.3.使用广义词(generalwords)代替具体词(specificwords)ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweek,andsometextbooks.Hedidn’tlikethecity.Hehatedit.4.消除重复5.把直接引语的主要信息变为间接引语Thebosssaidtohim,“Tillyou’remoreexperiencedyoucancoverastory.”Hedislikedthecity.Thebosssaidthatwithmoreexperiencehecouldcovernews.6.

主动句和被动句互换RobertBaker,apsychologistattheUniversityofKentucky,performedtwoexperiments.Twoexperimentswerecarriedoutbyapsychologist.7.基本句型间灵活转换

Dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease.S+V+PS+V+ODirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.Youwillobtainalltheinformationifvariousquestionsareasked.8.

特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，therebe）和正常语序句式的转化Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouacquirealltheinformation.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBaker,…thereisreallyasixthsense9.把从句变为短语(介词短语，非谓语动词短语)Iftheintervieweeagrees,youcanusearecordertogetthefactsstraight.Withtheinterviewee’sagreement,arecordercouldbeused.________________________________________Theskinisanecessaryorgan,whichcanserveasabarrieragainstoutsidedangers.

Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey’rebeingstaredat.10.各种从句的灵活转化Hisconclusionisthatpeoplearenotequippedwiththeabilitytofeelothers’observation.C.核查核查连贯性优先考虑使用最短连接词（but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however）核查字数（60-80words）核查标点和语法+StepsofwritingsummarystepscontentsThe1ststep定位核心信息The2ndstep在核心信息基础上，进行语言表达形式改写（改词，换句型）The3rdstep核查连接词，语法和标点2016年《考试说明》概要写作样题段落核心信息功能1…thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.论点+论据2Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease….France/EnglandInEurope3…sincethe18thcentury…cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.4nowadays…anAmericanimmunologist,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.…thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.have,exist,changingopinions，viewpointsPeoplehave

changingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Changingviewpointstowarddirtexist.People’sviewpointstowardsdirtarechanging.…S+V+PIntheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease….France/EnglandInEuropeItwasthoughtthat…/Peoplebelievedthat…protect…from…;prevent…from…;keep…freefromillness,gettingillIntheearly16thcentury,people,especiallythoseinsomeEuropeancountries,

thoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectthemfromgettingill.Intheearly16thcentury,peopleincludingsomeEuropeansbelievedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.someEuropeancountries…sincethe18thcentury…cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.DoingAisgoodtoBItisgoodforBtodoAPeoplehaverealizedthat

itwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.remove,wash…offbenefityourhealth,keep…healthySincethe18thcentury,peoplehavebeentoldthat

washingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.…Nowadays…anAmericanimmunologist,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.now/atpresentsomescientistsadvise,suggest,holdtheviewpowerfulexpose…toNow,morepeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttohaveapowerfulimmunesystem.Moreandmorepeoplebelievethat

exposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.…Peoplehavechangingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Intheearly16thcentury,itwasthoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.However,peoplehaverealizedthatitwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.

Now,anincreasingnumberofpeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttostrengthenimmunesystem.Don’tforgettomakeyoursummarytight!关注记叙文的基本要素 5W1HWhen:onafreezingwinterdayWhere:onthestreetWho:asuccessfulbusinessmanofabout60What:helpahomelessmanofabout60withmoneyandgoods(socks,etc.)Why:kindnessHow:happenedtocomeacross…andgaveaway…如何评分概写评分有问题。我们知道续写是可以根据学生英语客观实力进行评分的，但是概写呢?很难体现。仅仅考察了学生提炼的能力和优化句子、变换句型的水平。何况，到底怎么评判你是否达到了全部要点?或者如何判断你答对了多少，有多少要点又是正确无误的呢？这有很大难度。第二档6-8分

Therearetwoopinionsofdirtontheskin.Somesaythatit'sgoodforus,andweneedn'twashoffdirt.Invainweletillsin.Otherssaydirtisbadforus,becausedirt

increasethepossibilityofgettingdisease.

Nowadays,theopinionofplayingindirtgainsmoresupport.Buteveryopinionhasimportanteffectonus.11分：第三档下​Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtdirtcanprotectthemselvesfromills.Inthe18

century,peoplethoughtclean

awaydirt

isgoodtohealth.Nowadaysdifferentpeoplehavedifferentattitudes.Butmanypeoplethinkdirtcanbuildupastrongimmunesystem.第四档下第一档下学生习作1 Nowadays，technologygreatlyinfluencesourdailylife，justlikeprintingoncespedupthespreadofideas.MichaelWeschhasbeenworkingonitforalongtime.Inhisdiscovery，onlinecommunicatecanhaveawideconnectiontoothers，butisfragiletoo.Hewishespeopletousetechnologyproperlytoimproveourlifes，notbeingtheslavesofthem.（61words）其授课教师打了21分，也就是第五档（下）。（1）虽然说其语法错误不影响理解，但有几处比较明显，比如：“Nowadays，technologygreatlyinfluencesourdailylife”，最好改为“Today，technologyhasasignificantinfluenceonourdailylives”；“onlinecommunicatecanhaveawideconnectiontoothers”，应该改为“onlinecommunicationcanhaveawideconnectiontoothers”，这里很可能是学生粗心大意，但体现为语法错误；另外，“improveourlifes”应该改为“improveourlives”。（2）逻辑联系不够明显，句子内部虽然用了一些连接词，但句子之间基本上没有用连接词来表明逻辑关系。若能适当添加个别连接词语，会更具有表达力，如：“Therefore，hewishespeopletousetechnologyproperly....”（3）语义指代不够明确。由于第一句中用了笼统的“technology”，而不是“communicationtechnology”，这样就造成了后面一句中的“it”指代不够明确。另外，“Hewishespeopletousetechnologyproperlytoimproveourlifes”这一句中，“people”跟“our”也存在语义不搭，our建议改为“their”。综上，该学生习作分数区间在第四档（下）比较合适，也就是16～18分区间。学生习作学生习作1 Nowadays，technologygreatlyinfluencesourdailylife，justlikeprintingoncespedupthespreadofideas.MichaelWeschhasbeenworkingonitforalongtime.Inhisdiscovery，onlinecommunicatecanhaveawideconnectiontoothers，butisfragiletoo.Hewishespeopletousetechnologyproperlytoimproveourlifes，notbeingtheslavesofthem.（61words）学生习作2MichaelWeschwondershowcommunicationswillbeinthefuturebecausetechnologynowplaysagreatroleinhuman’slife，whichissimilartotheinfluenceoftheprintingpressinvented500yearsago.HesaysthatcommunicatingonInternetisn’tarealrelationshipanditwillchangeourconnections.Healsoarguesthathumanshouldn’tbecontrolledbytechnology，whichissupposedtobenefithumansconnection.（68words）其授课老师打了20分首先，理解准确，涵盖了全部要点。其次，准确使用语法结构和词汇，写作中几乎没有语法问题。再次，完全使用自己语言，所完成的概要语言流畅，结构紧凑。当然，该学生没有尝试用比较难的生词或句子结构。所以，我们认为可以打到第五档（下），即21～23分区间。学生习作3Technologyiscomprehensivelychangingtheworld，especiallythewaysofcommutationswhicharefundamentaltoourrelationship.Hundredsofyearsago，theinventionoftheprintingpressmadeitpossibletospreadideasquicklyandeasily.Currently，socialnetworkingandotherinteractiveInternettoolsarewidelyaccepted.Peoplecanfeelmuchmoreabouttheworld，althoughitsnotarealrelationship.Anditisbelievedthatnewmediawillleadtheworldtoapositiveway.（74words）其授课老师给了23分（其中包括1分卷面分）对该生习作，其授课老师给了23分（其中包括1分卷面分），我们总体赞同。明显可以看出，该学生的整体语言水平较高，对原文的理解也比较准确。通过“Hundredsofyearsago”和“Currently”的比照，达到了较好的信息与语义关联。唯一的不足是，原文中的主人公“MichaelWesch”及其作为一个研究者的身份被完全忽略了。如果能在最后点明，“AnditisbelievedbyresearcherslikeMichaelWeschthat...”或许更好些。学生习作4Neverhassomethingalteredthewaypeopleconnectsoentirelyas500-year-oldprintingpressandmoderndigitaltechnologyhavedone.MichaelWeschisconvincedthatsocialnetworkinghasanenormouseffectonsocialrelationshipsbutdoubtfulthatthoserelationshipsarejustunrealandswallow.Healsoputsanemphasisonindividualscontroloverthetechnologyandadvocatesthatweresupposedtotakeadvantageofitbothtothefullestandinpositivebrand-newways.虽然说这篇习作有一些语言错误，但我们还是倾向于打到第五档（下），即21～23分区间因为这些错误基本上是由于尝试比较复杂的句式结构和比较高级的词汇而造成的。开篇就用了一个倒装的强调句型，比较正确的句子应该是：“Neverhasanythingelsealteredthewaypeopleconnectsoentirelytoeachotherasthe500-year-oldprintingpressandmoderndigitaltechnologyhavedone.”或改进为“Nothingelsehassoprofoundlyalteredtheconnectionamongpeoplemore/betterthanthe500-year-oldprintingpressandmoderndigitaltechnology.”或者索性改成比较自然的说法，如“Apartfromthe500-year-oldprintingpressandmoderndigitaltechnology，nothingelsehasexertedagreaterimpactonthewaypeoplecommunicatewithoneanother.”第二句中的“butdoubtful”应该改为“butisdoubtful”，同一句中的“swallow”应该是“shallow”的误用，说明词汇的掌握还不够精准。除了这几个基本上是由于尝试复杂结构造成的语言问题外，应该说其他条件都是符合第五档的。学生习作5Digitaltechnologyisthestrongestconnectingtooluptonow，theaffectofwhichinterestsMichaelWesch.Inhisopinion，digitaltechnologywillchangepeople'srelationships.It'llstrengthenpeople'sconnectionwiththewholeworldthoughtherelationshipiswithoutanyrealresponsibility.Healsobelievesthatnowmediahasagreatpossibilityandwaystouseitarebeyondimagination.It'llhaveapositiveimpact，too.这同样是一篇容易得高分的学生习作。理解准确，要点齐全，语法结构比较正确，语言表达总体流畅自然，句子显然是原创。上下文之间的承接比较顺理成章，虽然没有用太多的连接词语。略显不足的是，最后一句话分量有些不足。可以打在第五档，也就是21～25分区间。概要写作体验

It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校园)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.概要写作体验There'snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou'dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.概要写作体验

Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(倾问)，anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.概要写作体验

It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校园)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.概要写作体验There'snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,

attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou'dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.概要写作体验Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(倾问)，anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.Sample1Toensureabrilliantcollegelife,you'dbettersparetimetovisitcampusestoexamineallaspectsofyourdreamcolleges,evenifitmaybecostly.(要点1)Ifyoulivenearby,besuretocheckitoutbeforeyouapply.(要点2)Evenaftersubmittingapplications,avisitcanhelpavoidmuchtrouble.(要点3)However,visitingtheonlinecollegefairsat,ifnotpossibletoseeforyourselfforlackoftimeandmoney,willbebeneficial.(要点4)(75字)Sample2

Sample3

Sample4

Sample4It'sreallyworthwhiletopayavisittotheirdesiredcollegespersonallybeforeapplying.Undoubtedly,studentsshouldvisittheirlocalcolleges,whichmaybeincludedinapplications.Atleast,theyshouldvisittheschoolandfigureoutitsrealconditionsinadvance.Forstudentswhoareshortofmoneyandtime,registeringonlineisagoodalternativetohelpthembetterunderstandschools.Sample5Forstudentapplicants,itisthebestpolicyforthemtomakecampustoursbeforeapplyingandmakeawell-informedchoiceoftargetuniversities.Theyareespeciallyremindedtoincludethelocalcampusesintheirvisitinglist.Evenatourtakenbeforetheygetacceptedwillbedesirableforthemtoavoidmuchregretinthefuture.Theymaymakeanon-linetoursaswellat

ifnothavingenoughtimeandmoney.评分标准评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（3）上下文的连贯性；（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。（5）拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。（6）如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。各档次的给分范围和要求概要写作样题概要写作要求与评分标准

——考试说明样题档次描述第五档（21－25）－准确理解，涵盖全部要点。－准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。－有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。－完全使用自己的语言。第四档（16－20）－准确理解，涵盖绝大部分要点。－所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达。－比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。－有个别整句抄自原文。概要写作要求与评分标准

——考试说明样题档次描述第三档（11－15－理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点。－所使用语法结构和词汇虽有错误，但不影响意义表达。－应用简单的语句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。－出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。第二档（6－10）－理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点。－有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达。－较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性。－出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。概要写作要求与评分标准

——考试说明样题档次描述第一档（1－5）－没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符。－有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达。－缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯。－多个句子抄自原文。0白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。福州市高一质检评分要求档次内容语言结构16-20涵盖全部要点准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，完全使用自己的语言有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使完成的概要结构紧凑11-15遗漏个别主要信息少量不影响表意的语言错误语言较连贯6-10遗漏部分主要信息严重语言错误较多连贯性较差1-5遗漏较多信息或留有过多细节信息几乎不能用自己的语言表达连贯性差0未作答或作答与本题无关借用的底线Roig(2001)对美国纽约49位心理学教师抄录的分析从抄录5词

词串开始一直分析到8词词串。Roig认为3词、4词的标准过于严格。但是对于Shi(2004)来说底线是4词。在大规模高风险测试中，给出的限制是4词，也就是说如果考生连续使用原文本4个词，就要用引号来标识出，这是原文本作者的语言而非概要作者的语言在教学实践中，5词的抄录可以不算作冒剽窃之嫌，6词就有可能是抄袭了。在严格的学术写作中，3词还没有剽窃问题，而4词或5词就有剽窃之嫌。在考试中3词还没有抄袭问题，4词就要注意改数或加引号了。概要写作的语言使用要略1Use

yourownlanguage2Tobeconcise(leaveoutthedetails;reducetheexamples,simplifythedescriptionsandeliminateallrepetitions.)3Topresenttheinformationfairly,don'tgiveyourowncomments4.Tousethethirdpersontoretell5.Consistencetense(narrationoftenusesthepresenttenseorthepastone.)教学建议单击此处添加副标题M1U4:

Writingasummaryofapassagemeanslookingforthemainideaofeachpartandputtingitdowninasentence.Lookateachparagraphofthereadingpassageandwritedownitsmainidea.Para.1:Beforetheearthquakestrangethingsbegantohappenbutnoonepaidattentiontothem.Para.2:TheearthquakedestroyedthecityofTangshan.Para.3:Thepeoplewereveryshockedatthedestruction.Para.4:Thearmycametohelpthesurvivors,bringinghopeforanewlife.Summary:__________________________________________lawyerguidancelegalhopefulvoteattackfightviolenceequal

blowupoutofworkasamatteroffact

reachastagewhereAccordingtothesekeywords,writeasummaryaboutElia’sStory:________________________________M1U5:Elia’sStoryM4U3:Amasterofnon-verbalhumorWhypeopleneededcheeringupWhatCharlie’schildhoodwaslikeWhathismostfamouscharacterwaslikeAnexampleofasadsituationthathemadefunnyHisachievementsInBritainandAmericapeoplewerefeelingmiserablebecauseofthebadeconomicsituation.Charlieunderstoodtheirproblems.Hischaracter“thelittletramp”waspoorandhomeless,buteverybodylovedhimforhiskindheartandthewayhedealtwithhisdifficultsituation.CharlieChaplinmadepeoplelaughatsomeoftheseterriblesituationslikebeingwithoutfoodormoney.HewroteanddirectedhisownfilmsandreceivedanOscarforhisoutstandingwork.(76words)

注重语篇教学，读后进行概要写作（1）把握文本体裁结构，培养学生语篇意识

注重培养学生在阅读过程中整体把握文本大意并探索语篇结构及其意义的意识与能力，帮助学生在大脑里建立起阅读文本体裁的形式图式。

……Styleofwriting：Exposition（problem-solution）Mainidea:Chemicalfertilizerscancausemanyproblems,soorganicfarmingisbecomingmorepopular.Writeasummaryofthispassagefollowingtheprocedures.Step1:Skimthepassagetofinditsmainidea.Writeitdowninyourownwords.Step2:Findandunderlinethetopicsentenceofeachparagraph.Rewriteeachtopicsentence,usingyourownwords.Donotcopyfromthepassage!Step3:Writeyoursummary.Firststatethemainideaofthepassageandthenthetopicscoveredbyeachparagraph.Remember,useyourownwords!Step4:Swapsummarieswithyourpartnersandgiveeachothercomments.Checkyourpartner’ssummaryforthemainideaandtopicsentences.Para.1:Inrecentdays,scientistshavediscoveredthatusingchemicalfertilizersforalongtimecanhurtthelandandalsopeople’shealth.Para.2:Thereareseveralproblemscausedbychemicalfertilizers.Para.3:Organicfarmingisbecomingmorepopularwithsomefarmersandmanycustomersafterthesediscoveriescameout.Para.4:Therearemanyorganicfarmingmethodsformakingthelandhealthyandproductive.Summary:_______________________________________________（2）围绕各类文体，开展过程性写作训练议论文：主题概括Author’sopinion(Topicsentence):Supportingreasons(Supportingsentences):1.2.3.ConclusionThearticlegivestheviewthat…should/shouldn’t…（主题）.…..（补充论据）.Thepassagehighlightstheimportanceof…..Theauthorarguesthat…说明文：段意合并现象类：Problem+reaso