软件工程9v3010双语大纲模式

1.1参考教材engineering9th,1.2参考书目1.1参考教材engineering9th,1.2参考书目1 、LawrencePfleeger，PearsonEducation,2《软件工程》第四3软件工程学出版社2009-11-14Softwareengineering:practitioner'sapproach/RogerS.Pressman.Press,说明斜体部分是可选讲授内容,带星号的习题为课程地双语背双语背教材特联系方ChapterGettingstartedwithsoftware1.1TopicsProfessionalsoftwaredevelopmentWhatismeantbyChapterGettingstartedwithsoftware1.1TopicsProfessionalsoftwaredevelopmentWhatismeantbysoftwareengineeringSoftwareengineeringAbriefintroductiontoethicalissuesthataffectsoftwareengineering.1.2ImportanceofSoftwareTheeconomiesofALLdevelopednationsaredependentonsoftware. asignificantfractionofGNP(grossproductinalldevelopedcountries.GNPGDP的关系是：GNPGDP国投在国外的资本和劳务的收入再减systemcosts.ThecostsofsoftwareonaareoftengreaterthanthehardwareSoftwareengineeringareoftengreaterthanthehardwareSoftwareengineeringisconcernedwithcost-effectivesoftwaredevelopment1.3FAQsaboutsoftwareA.1WhatisB.1SoftwareproductsmaybedevelopedforaparticularcustomerormaybedevelopedforageneralmarketB.2SoftwareproductsmayGeneric-developedtobesoldtoarangeofdifferentcustomersBespoke(custom)-developedforacustomeraccordingtotheirA.2Whataretheattributesofgoodfunctionalityandperformancetotheuserandshouldbemaintainable,dependableandusableB.1SoftwaremustevolvetomeetchangingB.2SoftwaremustbeB.3shouldsystemSoftwaremustevolvetomeetchangingB.2SoftwaremustbeB.3shouldsystemB.4SoftwaremustacceptedbytheusersforotherA.3WhatissoftwaredisciplinethatisconcernedwithallaspectssoftwareA.4engineeringSoftwarespecification,softwaredevelopment,softwarevalidationandsoftwareevolutionA.5engineeringandcomputerComputerscienceisconcernedwiththeoryconcernedwiththepracticalitiesofA.5engineeringandcomputerComputerscienceisconcernedwiththeoryconcernedwiththepracticalitiesofanddeliveringusefulA.6engineeringandsystemdevelopmentincludinghardware,softwareandprocessengineering.SoftwareengineeringpartofthismoregeneralA.7WhatarethekeychallengesfacingsoftwareB.1Copingwithincreasingdiversity,demands trustworthyB.2heterogeneousplatformsandexecutionB.3fasterdeliveryofB.4heterogeneousplatformsandexecutionB.3fasterdeliveryofB.4 trustedbyitsA.8WhatarethecostsofsoftwareRoughly60%ofcostsaredevelopmentcosts,40%aretestingcosts.Forcustomsoftware,evolutioncostsoftenexceeddevelopmentCostsvarydependingonthetypeofandthesystemsystemsuchasperformancedevelopmentmodelthatisA.9techniquesand differenttypesofsystem.Forexample,shouldalwaysbedevelopedusingaseries A.9techniquesand differenttypesofsystem.Forexample,shouldalwaysbedevelopedusingaseries a therefore,saythatonemethodbettersoftwareThewebhasledtotheavailabilityofhighlydistributedservice-basedsystems.importantadvancesinprogrammingandsoftwareSoftwareSoftwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinethatisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproductionfromtheearlystagesofsystemspecificationthroughtomaintainingthesystemafterithasgoneintouse.A.1EngineeringSoftwareSoftwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinethatisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproductionfromtheearlystagesofsystemspecificationthroughtomaintainingthesystemafterithasgoneintouse.A.1Engineeringsolveproblemsbearinginmindorganizationalandfinancialconstraints.A.2AllaspectsofsoftwareNotjusttechnicalprocessofdevelopment.Alsoprojectmanagementandthedevelopment1.4.2GeneralissuesthataffectmostA.1Increasingly,systemsarerequiredtooperateincludedifferenttypesofcomputerandBusinessandsocialBusinessandsocietyarechangingincrediblyquicklyasemergingeconomiesdevelopandnewtechnologiesbecomeavailable.BusinessandsocialBusinessandsocietyarechangingincrediblyquicklyasemergingeconomiesdevelopandnewtechnologiesbecomeavailable.Theyneedtobeabletochangetheirexistingsoftwareandtorapidlydevelopnewsoftware.SecurityandAssoftwareisintertwinedwithallaspectsofourlives,itisessentialthatwecantrustthat1.4.3SoftwareengineeringB.1herearemanydifferenttypesofsoftwaresystemandthereisnouniversalsetofsoftwaretechniquesthatisapplicabletoallofthese.B.2toolsuseddependonthetypeofbeingdeveloped,therequirementsofdevelopmentA.2ApplicationB.1Stand-aloneTheseareapplicationsystemsthatrunonalocalcomputer,suchasaPC.Theyincludeallnecessaryfunctionalityanddonotneedtobeconnectedtoanetwork.B.2Interactivetransaction-basedapplicationsApplicationsthatexecuteonaremotecomputerandareaccessedbyusersfromtheirownPCsorterminals.Theseincludewebapplicationssuchase-commerceapplications.B.1Stand-aloneTheseareapplicationsystemsthatrunonalocalcomputer,suchasaPC.Theyincludeallnecessaryfunctionalityanddonotneedtobeconnectedtoanetwork.B.2Interactivetransaction-basedapplicationsApplicationsthatexecuteonaremotecomputerandareaccessedbyusersfromtheirownPCsorterminals.Theseincludewebapplicationssuchase-commerceapplications.B.3EmbeddedcontrolThesearesoftwarecontrolsystemsthatthananyothertypeofB.4BatchprocessingThesearebusinesssystemsthataredesignedtoprocessdatainlargebatches.Theyprocesslargenumbersofindividualinputstocreatecorrespondingoutputs.B.5Entertainmenttheuser.B.6Systemsformodelingandtheuser.B.6Systemsformodelingand processesorsituations,whichincludemany,separate,interactingobjects.B.7DatacollectionThesearesystemsthatcollectdatafromtheirenvironmentusingasetofsensorsandsendthatdatatoothersystemsforprocessing.B.8Systemsofanumberofothersoftware1.4.4SoftwareengineeringA.1Somefundamentalprinciplesapplytoalltypesofsoftwaresystem,irrespectiveofdevelopmenttechniquesB.1 aprocess.Ofcourse,differentprocessesusedfordifferenttypesofB.2importantforalltypesofB.3Understandingandmanagingthesoftwarespecificationandrequirements(whatsoftwareshoulddo)areB.4softwarethathasalreadybeendevelopedratherthanwritenewsoftware.1.4.5SoftwareengineeringB.2importantforalltypesofB.3Understandingandmanagingthesoftwarespecificationandrequirements(whatsoftwareshoulddo)areB.4softwarethathasalreadybeendevelopedratherthanwritenewsoftware.1.4.5SoftwareengineeringandtheTheWebisnowaplatformforsystemsratherthanlocalWebaccessedovertheCloudcomputingisanapplicationsrunremotelyontheC.1accordingtoB.4Softwarereuseisthedominantapproachforconstructingweb-basedsystems.Whenbuildingthesesystems,youthinkabouthowyoucanassemblethemfrompre-existingsoftwarecomponentsandsystems.B.5Web-basedsystemsshouldbeB.4Softwarereuseisthedominantapproachforconstructingweb-basedsystems.Whenbuildingthesesystems,youthinkabouthowyoucanassemblethemfrompre-existingsoftwarecomponentsandsystems.B.5Web-basedsystemsshouldbeanddeliveredimpracticaltospecifyalltherequirementssuchsystemsinB.6 capabilitiesofwebinterfacestobecreatedwithinawebbrowserbutarestilldifficulttouse.Webformswithlocalscriptingaremorecommonlyused. XHTML使用文档对象模型(DocumentObjectA.2Web-basedsoftwarediscussedpreviouslyareapplicablethemasA.2Web-basedsoftwarediscussedpreviouslyareapplicablethemastheyaretoanytypessection,applytoweb-basedsoftwareinthesamewaythattheyapplytoothertypessoftwareSoftwareengineeringtechnicalskills.Softwareengineersmustbehaveinanandethicallyresponsiblewayiftheyareberespectedasupholdingthelawbutinvolvesfollowingasetofprinciplesthataremorallycorrect.1.5.2IssuesofprofessionalA.1orberespectedasupholdingthelawbutinvolvesfollowingasetofprinciplesthataremorallycorrect.1.5.2IssuesofprofessionalA.1oraconfidentialityagreementhasbeenEngineersshouldnotmisrepresenttheirlevelofcompetence.Theyshouldnotknowinglyacceptworkwhichisoutwiththeircompetence.Intellectualpropertygoverningtheuseofintellectualpropertycarefultoensurethattheintellectualpropertyofemployersandclientsisprotected.A.4Computer employer’smachine,say)toextremely(disseminationof1.5.3ACM/IEEECodeof employer’smachine,say)toextremely(disseminationof1.5.3ACM/IEEECodeofA.1TheprofessionalsocietiesintheUSaMembersoftheseorganisationssignuptothecodeofpracticewhentheyjoin.TheCodecontainseightPrinciplesrelated supervisorsandpolicymakers,aswelltraineesandstudentsoftheA.2EthicalC.1Softwareengineersshallactconsistentlywiththepublicinterest.C.2CLIENTANDSoftwareengineersshallactinaA.2EthicalC.1Softwareengineersshallactconsistentlywiththepublicinterest.C.2CLIENTANDSoftwareengineersshallactinamannerthatisinthebestinterestsoftheirclientandemployerconsistentwiththepublicinterest.C.3productsandrelatedmodificationsmeetthehighestprofessionalstandardspossible.C.4Softwareengineersshallmaintainintegrityandindependenceintheirprofessionaljudgment.C.5anddevelopmentandC.6Softwareengineersshalladvancetheandreputationoftheprofessionconsistentwiththepublicinterest.C.7supportiveoftheirandreputationoftheprofessionconsistentwiththepublicinterest.C.7supportiveoftheirC.8Softwareengineersshallparticipatein approachtothepracticeoftheA.3EthicalDisagreementinprinciplewiththepoliciesofseniormanagementYouremployeractsinanunethicalwayafinishingthetestingoftheParticipationinthedevelopmentofmilitaryweaponssystemsornuclearsystems1.6Keydisciplinethatisconcernedwithallofsoftwaremaintainability,dependabilityandefficiencyanddisciplinethatisconcernedwithallofsoftwaremaintainability,dependabilityandefficiencyandevolutiondevelopment,validationpartofallsoftwareengineeringareuniversallyapplicabletoalltypesofsystemdevelopment.Therearemanydifferenttypesofforengineeringtoolsandtypesengineeringareapplicabletoallsoftwaresystem.1.7Excercises(Homework):ChapterSoftware2.1TopicsSoftwareprocessChapterSoftware2.1TopicsSoftwareprocessProcessCopingwithThesoftwareA.1Astructuredsetofactivitiesrequireddevelopasoftwaresystem.B.1Manydifferentsoftwareprocessesbut1.should–Designandimplementation–definingtheorganizationofthesystemandimplementingthesystem;Validation–checkingthatitdoeswhatthecustomerwants;Evolution–changingthesysteminresponsetochangingcustomerneeds.A.2Asoftwareprocessmodelisanrepresentationofaprocess.Itpresentsaparticular2.2.2Plan-drivenandagileaparticular2.2.2Plan-drivenandagileadvanceandprogressismeasuredagainstthisplan.Inagileprocesses,planningisincrementalanditiseasiertochangetheprocesstoreflectchangingcustomerrequirements.Inpractice,mostpracticalprocesses4. SoftwareprocessGenericsoftwareprocessThewaterfallofspecificationanddevelopment.IncrementalSpecification,developmentandvalidationinterleaved.Maybeplan-drivenorA.3Reuse-orientedsoftwareinterleaved.Maybeplan-drivenorA.3Reuse-orientedsoftwarecomponents.Maybeplan-drivenorA.4developedusingaprocessthatincorporateselementsfromallofthesemodels.2.3.2WaterfallB.1WaterfallmodelRequirementsanalysisandSystemandsoftwareImplementationandunitIntegrationandsystemOperationand Systemand softwaredesignImplementation andunittestingIntegrationand systemtestingB.2Waterfallmodel Systemand softwaredesignImplementation andunittestingIntegrationand systemtestingB.2Waterfallmodeldistinctstagesmakesitdifficulttorespondchangingcustomermodelwhentherequirementsarewell-understoodandchangeswillbefairlylimitedduringthedesignprocess.ThewaterfallmodelismostlyusedforlargesystemsengineeringprojectsA.1IncrementaldevelopmentB.1customerrequirementsisA.1IncrementaldevelopmentB.1customerrequirementsisTheamountofanalysisanddocumentationthathastoberedoneismuchlessthanisrequiredwiththewaterfallmodel.B.2Itiseasiertogetcustomerfeedbackonthedevelopmentworkthathasbeendone.CustomerscancommentondemonstrationssoftwareB.3usefulsoftwaretothecustomerispossible.CustomersareabletouseandgainvaluefromthesoftwareearlierthanispossiblewithawaterfallA.2IncrementaldevelopmentB.1A.2IncrementaldevelopmentB.1TheprocessisnotManagersneedregulardeliverablestomeasureprogress.Ifsystemsaredevelopedquickly,itisnotcost-effectivetoproducedocumentsthatreflecteveryversionofthesystem.B.2Systemstructuretendstodegradeasnewincrementsareadded.Unlesstimeandmoneyisspentonrefactoringtoimprovethesoftware,regularchangetocorruptitsstructure.Incorporatingdifficultand2.3.4Reuse-orientedsoftwareBasedonsystematicreusewheresystemsareintegratedfromexistingcomponentsorCOTS(Commercial-off-the-shelf)systems.ProcessComponentSystemdesignwithDevelopmentandB.1ReuseisnowthestandardapproachbuildingmanyB.1Reuseisnowthestandardapproachbuildingmanytypesofbusinesswithreuseand2.3.5TypesofsoftwareWebservicesthataredevelopedaccordingtoservicestandardsandwhichareavailableforremoteinvocation.Collectionsofobjectsthataredevelopedasapackagetobeintegratedwithacomponentframeworksuchas.NETorJ2EE.Stand-alonesoftwaresystems(COTS) aProcessSoftwareTheprocessofestablishingwhatservicesarerequiredandtheconstraintsontheoperationandA.1RequirementsengineeringB.1FeasibilityIsittechnicallyandfinanciallyA.1RequirementsengineeringB.1FeasibilityIsittechnicallyandfinanciallyfeasibletobuildthesystem?B.2RequirementselicitationandWhatdothesystemstakeholdersrequireexpectfromthesystem?B.3RequirementsspecificationDefiningtherequirementsindetailB.4RequirementsCheckingthevalidityofthe2.4.2Softwaredesignand specificationintoanexecutableA.1SoftwareDesignasoftwarestructurethatrealisesA.2TheA.2Theactivitiesofdesignandimplementationcloselyrelatedandmaybeinter-A.3AgeneralmodelofthedesignA.4DesignB.1Architecturalwhereyouidentifytheoverallstructureofsystem,theprincipalcomponentsrelationshipsandhowtheyaresystem,theprincipalcomponentsrelationshipsandhowtheyareB.2InterfacesystemB.3Componentwhereyoutakeeachsystemcomponentanddesignhowitwilloperate.B.4Databasehowthesearetoberepresentedinadatabase.2.4.3Software1.&intendedtoshowthatasystemconformstoitsspecificationandmeetstherequirementsofthesystemcustomer.Involvescheckingandreviewprocessesandsystemtesting.Systemtestinginvolvesexecutingthewithtestcasesthatarederivedfromspecificationoftherealdatatobeprocessedbythesystem.4.Testingisthemostspecificationoftherealdatatobeprocessedbythesystem.4.TestingisthemostcommonlyusedV&VA.1TestingB.1DevelopmentorcomponentComponentsmaybefunctionsorcoherentgroupingsoftheseentities.B.2SystemTestingofthesystemasaobjectsTestingemergentpropertiesisparticularlyB.3AcceptanceTestingwithcustomerdatatocheckthatthesystemmeetsthecustomer’sneeds. Asrequirementsthroughsupportsthebusinessmustalsoevolve (maintenance)thisisincreasinglyirrelevantasfewerandfewersystemsarecompletelyCopingwithA.1Changeisinevitableinalllargesoftware (maintenance)thisisincreasinglyirrelevantasfewerandfewersystemsarecompletelyCopingwithA.1ChangeisinevitableinalllargesoftwareBusinesschangesleadtonewandchangedsystemrequirementsNewtechnologiesopenupnewforimprovingA.2 tothecostsanalysingrequirements)aswellasthecostsofimplementingnewfunctionalityA.3ReducingthecostsofB.1Changewherethesoftwareprocessincludespossiblesignificantreworkiswherethesoftwareprocessincludespossiblesignificantreworkisadevelopedtoshowsomekeyfeaturesofthesystemtocustomers.B.2Changewheretheprocessisdesignedsothatchangescanbeaccommodatedatrelativelylowcost. maybeimplementedinincrementsthathavenotyetbeendeveloped.Ifthisisimpossible,thenonlyasingleincrement(asmallpartofthesystem)mayhavebealteredtoincorporatetheA.1B.1Aprototypeisaninitialversionofasystemusedtodemonstrateconceptsandtryoutdesignoptions.B.2AprototypecanbeusedTherequirementsTherequirementsengineeringprocesstohelpwithrequirementselicitationandvalidation;IndesignprocessestoexploreoptionsanddevelopaUIdesign;Inthetestingprocesstorunback-to-backtests.(ThisisatypeoftestinginwhichtwoormorevariantsofacomponentaretestedwithsameinputsandtheirrespectiveoutputsarecomparedandanalyzedincaseofanyA.2BenefitsofImprovedsystemAclosermatchtousers’realImproveddesignImprovedReduceddevelopmentA.3TheprocessofprototypeA.4PrototypeB.1C.1 languagesorC.2Mayinvolveleavingout1.A.4PrototypeB.1C.1 languagesorC.2Mayinvolveleavingout1. productthatarenotwell-2.recoveryincludedinthe3. functionalrequirementssuchasandB.2Throw-awayC.1developmentastheyarenotagoodbasisforaproductionsystem:Itmaybeimpossibletotunethesystemtomeetnon-functionalrequirements;PrototypesarenormallyTheprototypestructureisusuallythroughrapid4.Theprototypeprobablywillnotmeetnormalorganisationalqualitystandards.2.5.3Incremental1.Ratherthandeliverthroughrapid4.Theprototypeprobablywillnotmeetnormalorganisationalqualitystandards.2.5.3Incremental1.Ratherthandeliverthedelivery,thedevelopmentasadeliverythe2.highestpriorityrequirementsareincludedinearlyincrements.3.Oncethedevelopmentofanincrementstarted,therequirementsarefrozencontinuetoB.1Incrementaldelivery1.Customervaluecanbedeliveredwith availableEarlyincrementsactB.1Incrementaldelivery1.Customervaluecanbedeliveredwith availableEarlyincrementsactasaprototypetohelpelicitrequirementsforlaterincrements.LowerriskofoverallprojectThehighestprioritysystemservicestendtoreceivethemosttesting.B.2IncrementaldeliveryC.1afacilitiesthatareusedbydifferentpartsofthesystem.Asrequirementsarenotdefinedindetailanincrementistobeimplemented,itcanneededbyallC.2TheessenceofiterativeprocessesisconjunctionwiththeHowever,thisconflictswiththecompletesystemspecificationispartofthesystemdevelopmentcontract.2.5.4Boehm’sspiralA.1Processisrepresentedasaspiralratherthanasasequenceofcompletesystemspecificationispartofthesystemdevelopmentcontract.2.5.4Boehm’sspiralA.1Processisrepresentedasaspiralratherthanasasequenceofactivitieswithbacktracking.Eachloopinthespiralrepresentsaphasethe3.fixedsuch-dependingonwhatis4.Risksareexplicitlyassessedandresolvedthroughouttheprocess.alternativesandEvaluatealternativesidentify,resolvePrototypePrototypetypealternativesandEvaluatealternativesidentify,resolvePrototypePrototypetypeLife-cycleplanSimulations,models,UnitDevelop,verifyandtestplanPlannextA.2SpiralmodelB.1ObjectiveSpecificobjectivesforthephaseareB.2RiskassessmentandRisksareassessedandactivitiesputinplacetoreducethekeyrisks.B.3DevelopmentandAdevelopmentmodelforthesystemischosenwhichcanbeanyofthegenericmodels.B.4Theprojectisreviewedandthenextphaseofthespiralisplanned.A.3Spiralmodel1.SpiralmodelhasbeenveryinfluentialsoftwareprocessesandintroducingA.3Spiralmodel1.Spiralmodelhasbeenveryinfluentialsoftwareprocessesandintroducingtherisk-drivenapproachtodevelopment.2.Inpractice,however,themodelisrarely2.6Key1.Softwareprocessesaretheactivitiesinvolvedinproducingasoftwaresystem.processmodelsoftheseabstract2.Examplesofgeneralmodels，3.Requirementsengineeringistheprocessofdevelopingasoftwarespecification.4.concernedwithtransforminga 5. 3.Requirementsengineeringistheprocessofdevelopingasoftwarespecification.4.concernedwithtransforminga 5. specificationandthatitmeetstherealoftheusersofthe6.takeswhenchangeexistingsoftwaresystemstomeetnewrequirements.Thesoftwaremustevolvetoremainuseful.7.Processesshouldincludeactivitiestowithchange.Thismayinvolveaphasethathelpsavoidrequirementsanddecisions8.forthatdevelopmentanddeliverymaybemadewithoutdisruptingtheasaasa2.7Excercises(Homework):2.1,Chapter3.1TopicsFunctionalandnon-functionalThesoftwarerequirementsChapter3.1TopicsFunctionalandnon-functionalThesoftwarerequirementsRequirementsRequirementsengineeringRequirementselicitationandRequirementsWhatisaB.1Itmayrangefromahigh-level aafunctionalB.2serveadualMaybethebasisforabidforacontract-thereforemustbeopentointerpretationMaybethebasisforthecontractitselfthereforemustbedefinedinTheprocessofestablishingtheservicesthatthecustomerrequiresfromasystemandtheconstraintsunderwhichitoperatesandis Theprocessofestablishingtheservicesthatthecustomerrequiresfromasystemandtheconstraintsunderwhichitoperatesandis requirementsengineering3.2.3TypesofB.1Useroperationalconstraints.WrittenforB.2SystemAdescriptionsofthesystemservices.Writtenacontractbetweenclientand3.2.4Functionalandnon-functionalA.1Functionalparticularinputsandhowthesystemshouldbehaveinparticularsituations.B.13.2.4Functionalandnon-functionalA.1Functionalparticularinputsandhowthesystemshouldbehaveinparticularsituations.B.1ExamplesoffunctionalTheusershallbeabletosearcheitheralloftheinitialsetofdatabasesorselectasubsetfromit.documentaidentifier(ORDER_ID)whichtheusershallbeabletocopytotheaccount’spermanentstoragearea.A.2Non-functionalconstraintsontheservicesorfunctionsaidentifier(ORDER_ID)whichtheusershallbeabletocopytotheaccount’spermanentstoragearea.A.2Non-functionalconstraintsontheservicesorfunctionsstandards,B.1Non-functionalC.1ProductRequirementswhichspecifythatthedeliveredproductmustbehaveinaparticularwaye.g.executionspeed,reliability,etc.C.2Organisationalarequirements,C.3ExternalRequirementswhicharisefromfactorswhichareexternaltothesystemanditsdevelopmentlegislativerequirements,B.2Non-functionalrequirementsC.1ProductProgrammingSupportEnvironment)andlegislativerequirements,B.2Non-functionalrequirementsC.1ProductProgrammingSupportEnvironment)and standardcharacterC.2OrganisationalThesystemdevelopmentprocessprocessanddeliverablesdefinedinXYZCo-C.3External fromtheirnameandreferencenumbertotheoperatorsofthesystemB.3RequirementsExample:Experiencedcontrollersshallbeabletouseallthesystemfunctionsafteratotaltraining.averagenumberoferrorsmadebyusersshallnotexceedtwopertraining.averagenumberoferrorsmadebyusersshallnotexceedtwoperA.3DomainRequirementsthatcomefromcharacteristicsofthatB.1arrival.Dependingontheuser’sthesedocumentswilleitherbeprintedlocallyonthesystemserverormanuallyforwardingtotheuserorroutedtoanetworkprinter.Thedecelerationofthesedocumentswilleitherbeprintedlocallyonthesystemserverormanuallyforwardingtotheuserorroutedtoanetworkprinter.ThedecelerationofthetrainshallbecomputedDtrain=Dcontrol+whereDgradientis9.81ms2*compensatedgradient/alphaandwherethevaluesof9.81ms2/alphaareknownfordifferenttypesofTherequirementsTherequirementsdocumentisthestatementofwhatisrequiredofthesystemadefinitionofa systemNOTdocument.possible,itshouldsetofWHATtheshoulddoratherthanHOWitshoulddo3.3.2RequirementsdocumentUser3.3.2RequirementsdocumentUserrequirementsSystemSystemrequirementsSystemSystem3.3.3WaysofwritingasystemrequirementsNaturalTherequirementsarewrittenusingnumberedsentencesinnaturallanguage.Eachsentenceshouldexpressonerequirement.Structurednaturallanguageonastandardformortemplate.Eachfieldprovidesinformationaboutanaspectoftherequirement.B.1Form-basedB.2TabularB.2TabularA.3Designdescriptionaaprogramminglanguage,butA.3Designdescriptionaaprogramminglanguage,butwithmorefeaturestospecifytherequirementsbyapproachisnowrarelyusedalthoughitcanusefulforinterfaceA.4Graphical annotations,areusedtodefinetheA.4Graphical annotations,areusedtodefinetherequirementsforthesystem;UMLusecaseandsequencediagramsarecommonlyused.A.5Mathematicalconceptssuchasfinite-statemachinesoradocument,mostcustomersdon’tunderstandaformalspecification.Theycannotcheckthatitrepresentswhattheywantandarereluctanttoacceptitasasystem3.4RequirementsengineeringA.1dependingonthedomain,3.4RequirementsengineeringA.1dependingonthedomain,developingtheA.2However,thereareaofactivitiescommontoallFeasibilityRequirementselicitationandRequirementsA.3Inpractice,REisaniterativeactivityinwhichtheseprocessesareinterleaved.B.1engineering3.4.2Feasibility3.4.2FeasibilityB.1AfeasibilitystudydecideswhetherornottheproposedsystemisworthwhileB.2AshortfocusedstudythatIfthesystemcontributestoorganisationalIfthesystemcanbeengineeredusingcurrenttechnologyandwithinbudgetIfthesystemcanbeintegratedwithsystemsthatare3.4.3ElicitationandA.1Sometimescalledrequirementselicitationorrequirementsdiscovery.customerstofindout3.4.3ElicitationandA.1Sometimescalledrequirementselicitationorrequirementsdiscovery.customerstofindoutaboutthedomain,theservicesthatthesystemMayinvolveend-users,managers,domainProblemsofrequirementsStakeholdersdon’tknowwhattheyreallyStakeholdersexpressrequirementsinown3.conflicting4.Organisationalandpoliticalfactorsinfluencethesystem5. analysisprocess.Newstakeholdersinfluencethesystem5. analysisprocess.NewstakeholdersA.3ProcessB.1RequirementsInteractingwithstakeholderstodiscovertheirrequirements.DomainrequirementsarediscoveredatthisB.2themintocoherentB.3PrioritisationandB.4RequirementsdocumentationRequirementsaredocumented.3.4.4technichesofRequirementsA.1B.1stakeholdersB.1stakeholdersarepartofmostREB.2TypesofClosedinterviewsbasedonpre-determinedlistofquestionsOpeninterviewswherevariousissuesareexploredwithstakeholders.B.3Normallyamixofclosedandopen-endedB.4Interviewsaregoodforgettinganoverallunderstandingofwhatstakeholdersdoandhowtheymightinteractwiththesystem.A.2B.1Scenariosarereal-lifeexamplesofhowasystemcanbeused.B.2TheyshouldAdescriptionofthestartingAdescriptionofthenormalflowofAdescriptionofwhatcangoInformationaboutotherconcurrentAdescriptionofthestatewhenthescenarioA.3UseB.1Use-casesareascenariobasedtechniqueintheUMLwhichA.3UseB.1Use-casesareascenariobasedtechniqueintheUMLwhichidentifytheactorsininteractionB.2ApossibleinteractionswiththeLendinguse-Libraryuse-B.3High-levelgraphicalbymoredetailedtabulardescriptionChapterB.4SequencediagramsmaybeusedtoaddB.4SequencediagramsmaybeusedtoaddofeventprocessingintheCataloguemanagement(SequenceA.4AsocialscientistsspendsaconsiderabletimeobservingandanalysinghowpeopleactuallyPeopledonothavetoexplainortheirimportancemaybeEthnographi