2023年考研英语真题及答案

2023年全国硕士探讨生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

SectionIListeningComprehension

Directions:

ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwill

hearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthat

accompanythem.TherearethreepartsinthisSection,PartA,PartBandPartC.

Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersin

yourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5

minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.

NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.

PartA

Directions:

ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.

Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou*veheard.Someofthe

informationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineach

numberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoread

thetablebelow.(5points)

Welch*sPersonalInformation

PlaceofBirthPhiladelphia

YearofBirth1901

TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920

MajoratUniversity

FinalDegreePhD

YearofMarriage1928

GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)

2

FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)

3

MainInterest

4

ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)

5

Death(Age)77

PartBDirections:

Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyou

listen,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsfor

eachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthe

sentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)

Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutside

6

thespeaker'shome?

Onereportergottothespeaker'sapartmentpretendingtopay

7

Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking

8

Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?

9

Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlessthe

10

editorsandthenewsdirectors

PartCDirections:

Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwill

havetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionby

choosingA,B,CorD.Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.

Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)

Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.You

nowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.

11.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?

[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.

[BlWhattheyaremostworriedabout.

[C]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.

[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.

12.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo

[A]getenoughentertainment.

[B]havemoreactivities.

[C]receiveearlyeducation.

[D]haveregularcheckups.

13.Accordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsshould

[A]benoplaceforplay.

[B]benearacommonarea.

[C]havenoTVsets.

[D]haveacomputerforstudy.

Questions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younow

have15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.

14.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantsto

saveup?

[A]Familydebts.

[B]Banksavings.

[C]Monthlybills.

[D]Spendinghabits.

15.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?

[A]$190,000.

[B]$330,000.

[C]$500,000.

[D]$1,000,000.

16.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?

[A]Investintoamutualfund.

[BlUsethediscounttickets.

[C]Quithiseating-outhabit.

[D]Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.

Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.

Glieberman,domestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17

-20.

17.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer'spredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?

[AlFall.

[B]Rise.

[C]V-shape.

[D]Zigzag.

18.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?

[A]Toembracechangesofthought.

fB]Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.

[C]Toreturntothepracticeinthe*60sand70s.

[D]Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.

19.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?

[A]Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.

[B]Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.

[C]Theywereafi*aidoflosingface.

[D]Theywerewillingtostaytogether.

20.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave

[A]beenshiftedaroundthecountry.

[B]haddifficultybeingpromoted.

[C]enjoyedahappierlife.

[D]tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.

Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbookletto

ANSWERSHEET1.

全国硕士探讨生入学考试英语（二）

NationalEntranceTestOfEnglishforMA/MSCandidates

（2023）

考生留意事项

L考生必需严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可起先答题。

2.全国硕士探讨生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。

3.本试题为试题（二），共11页（5-15页），含有英语学问运用、阅读理解、写

作三个部分。英语学问运用、阅读理解A节的答案必需用2B铅笔按要求干脆填

涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必需用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必

需用蓝（黑）圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，留意字迹清晰。

4.考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题（一）、

试题（二）交给监考人员。

SectionIIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20th

centuryandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhad

happened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthe

newspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthe

pamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametime

thatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,and

leading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the

20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryonesees

thatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.

Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly

20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radically

changedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32.Astime

wentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame"personal*1

too,aswellas33,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34increasing.They

werethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,with

thedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.

Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsociety"begantobe

widelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunications

revolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplace

andtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialand

culturalimplications."Benefits0havebeenweighed40"harmful"outcomes.And

generalizationshaveproveddifficult.

21.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]

later

22.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]

until

23.[A]means[B]method[C]

medium[D]measure

24.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]

form

25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]

picked

26.[A]on[B]out[C]

over[D]off

27.[A]of[B]for[C]

beyond[DIinto

28.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[D]

perspective

29.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however

[D]therefore

30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]

characterized

31.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]

although

32.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]

plausible

33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]

instrumental

34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]

faculty

35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]in

linewith

36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]

smaller

37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope

[D]territory

38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]

effected

39.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]

irrational

40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against

[D]with

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknow

howtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttothe

audienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyou

understandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingon

whomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroup

ofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;

alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheir

disorganizedbosses.

Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses1convention,ofastorywhich

workswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.Amanarrivesin

heavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,

beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeand

friendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasideby

amaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstomps

overtoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that's

God,"camethereply,nbutsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor."

Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositionto

knowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbe

appropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthe

chairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocut

inwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheir

canteenortheirchairman.Youwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslike

thePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.

Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmore

natural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucan

deliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausesthe

audiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworan

unbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.

Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliar

quote"Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.

Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafew

wordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.

41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould

[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience.

[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople.

[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople.

[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners.

42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare

[A]impolitetonewarrivals.

[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole.

[C]entitledtosomeprivileges.

[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours.

43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices

[A]havebenefitedmanypeople.

[B]arethefocusofpublicattention.

[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor.

[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock.

44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered

[A]inwell-wordedlanguage.

[B]asawkwardlyaspossible.

[CJinexaggeratedstatements.

[D]ascasuallyaspossible.

45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe

[A]UseHumorEffectively.

[B]VariousKindsofHumor.

[C]AddHumortoSpeech.

[D]DifferentHumorStrategies.

Text2

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunning

toolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.

Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushuman

capabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionof

sciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmos

whosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuch

humanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingis

doneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthe

transaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthanksto

thecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealready

robotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywith

submillimeteraccuracy-fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscan

achievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhaveto

operatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsfor

themselves-goalsthatposearealchallenge."Whileweknowhowtotellarobotto

handleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,

"wecan*tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense*toreliablyinteractwithadynamic

world."

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.

Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthat

transistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehuman

brainbytheyear2023,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastby

decadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain's

roughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhumanperception

farmorecomplicated-thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcan

recognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolled

factoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneand

immediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingon

themonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabig

crowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcantapproachthatkindof

ability,andneuroscientistsstilldon*tknowquitehowwedoit.

46.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin

[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.

[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.

[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.

[D]theelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.

47.Theword"gizmos*'(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans

[A]programs.

[B]experts.

[C]devices.

[D]creatures.

48.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman*sabilitynowistodesignarobotthat

can

[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.

[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.

[C]havealittlecommonsense.

[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld.

49.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso

[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves.

[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.

[C]improvefactoryenvironments.

[D]cultivatehumancreativity.

50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare

[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.

[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.

[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.

[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.

Text3

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPEC

agreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26a

barrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsup

scarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,when

theyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationand

globaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthis

time?

TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoil

exports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthern

hemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobeless

severethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsfbra

smallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccount

foruptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrude

haveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.

Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsoless

sensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsanda

declineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoil

consumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteel

orcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowuse

nearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlook

that,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,this

wouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.That

islessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,

oil-importingemergingeconomies-towhichheavyindustryhasshifted-havebecome

moreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.

Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unlikethe

risesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneral

commodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldis

onlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommoditypriceindexis

broadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,and

in1979byalmost30%.

51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis

[A]globalinflation.

[B]reductioninsupply.

[C]fastgrowthineconomy.

[D]Iraq*ssuspensionofexports.

52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoup

dramaticallyif

[A]priceofcruderises.

[B]commoditypricesrise.

[C]consumptionrises.

[D]oiltaxesrise.

53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries

[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.

[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.

[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.

[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.

54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat

[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.

[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.

[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.

[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.

55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems

[A]optimistic.

[B]sensitive.

[C]gloomy.

[D]scared.

Text4

TheSupremeCourt*sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecanrryimportant

implicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,

theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect,"acenturies-old

moralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects-agoodonethatisintended

andaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegood

effect.

Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesof

morphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients*pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswill

eventuallykillthepatient.

NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciple

willshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycould

notgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.'1

GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,

maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,

thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.

"Itslikesurgery,"hesays.nWedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctors

didn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'rea

physician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide.'1

Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethatthe

assisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhom

modemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.

JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,the

NationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,Approaching

Death:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainand

theaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongand

evendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.

Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,to

testknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicare

billingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingand

treatingpainattheendoflife.

Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaning

medicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseem

unconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,"to

theextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensing

boards"mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatare

incompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.'1

56.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat

[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain.

[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.

[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide.

[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide.

57.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?

[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatientsfdeath.

[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.

[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.

[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.

58.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis

[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures.

[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain.

[C]systematicdrugabuse.

[D]insufficienthospitalcare.

59.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword"aggressive**(line4,paragraph7)?

[AlBold.

[B]Harmful.

[C]Careless.

[D]Desperate.

60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey

[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently.

[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded.

[C]reducedmgdosagesfortheirpatients.

[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10

points)

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbe

solvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyof

behavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnology

mightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioral

sciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,

humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesand

advancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslow

tochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedand

partlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentis

obviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,it

selects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnatural

selectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,and

theselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehaviorofthe

individualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedands