成果讲稿文件

SATPracticeTestSATPracticeTest2AnswerYouwillseeananswersheetliketheonebelowonTestDay.theanswerkeyfollowingthetestwhenfWhentesting,startwithnumber1foreachsection.Ifasectionhasquestionsthananswerspaces,leavetheextraspacesTPRACTICETESTTPRACTICETESTReading65Minutes—52Reading65Minutes—52ThreeMeninaThefollowingpassageisadaptedfromthenineteenth-centuryThreeMeninaBoat.Inthisscene,George,WilliamSamuel,Jerome,andadognamedMontmorencytakeatypicalboatingofthetimeonaThamesRivercampingskiff.Jerome,thesharesthestoryofhowthejourneywithhisfriendsGeorgehadtowedusuptoStaines,andwehadtakentheboatfromthere,anditseemedthatweweredraggingfiftytonsafterus,andwerewalkingfortymiles.Itwashalf-pastsevenwhenwewere(5)through,andweallgotin,andsculledupclosetotheleftbank,lookingoutforaspottohaulupQuestions1-10arebasedonthefollowingTurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorWehadWehadoriginallyintendedtogoontoMagnaCartaIsland,asweetlyprettypartoftheriver,whereitwindsthroughasoft,greenvalley,andto(10)campinoneofthemanypicturesqueinletstobefoundroundthattinyshore.But,somehow,wedidnotfeelthatweyearnedforthepicturesquenearlysomuchnowaswehadearlierintheday.Abitofwaterbetweenacoal-bargeandagas-works(15)havequitesatisfiedusforthatnight.Wedidnotwantscenery.Wewantedtohaveoursupperandgotobed.However,wedidpulluptothepoint—“PicnicPoint,”itiscalled—anddroppedintoaverypleasantnookunderagreatelm-tree,tothe(20)spreadingrootsofwhichwefastenedtheThenwethoughtweweregoingtohavesupper(wehaddispensedwithtea,soastosavetime),butGeorgesaidno;thatwehadbettergetthecanvasupfirst,beforeitgotquitedark,andwhilewecould(25)seewhatweweredoing.Then,hesaid,allourworkwouldbedone,andwecouldsitdowntoeatwithaneasymind.ThatcanvaswantedmoreputtingupIthinkanyofushadbargainedfor.Itlooked(30)simpleintheabstract.Youtookfiveironarches,likegiganticcroquethoops,andfittedthemupovertheboat,andthenstretchedthecanvasoverthem,andfasteneditdown:itwouldtakequitetenminutes,wethought.Thatwasanunder-Wetookupthehoops,andbegantodropthemintothesocketsplacedforthem.Youwouldnotimaginethistobedangerouswork;but,lookingbacknow,thewondertomeisthatanyofusare(40)alivetotellthetale.Theywerenothoops,theyweredemons.Firsttheywouldnotfitintotheirsocketsatall,andwehadtojumponthem,andkickthem,andhammeratthemwiththeboat-hook;and,whentheywerein,itturnedoutthattheywere(45)wronghoopsforthoseparticularsockets,andtheyhadtocomeoutagain.Buttheywouldnotcomeout,untiltwoofushadgoneandstruggledwiththemforfiveminutes,whentheywouldjumpupsuddenly,andtryand(50)throwusintothewateranddrownus.Theyhingesinthemiddle,and,hingesinthemiddle,and,whenwewerenotlooking,theynippeduswiththesehingesindelicatepartsofthebody;and,whilewewerewrestlingwithonesideofthehoop,andendeavouringto(55)persuadeittodoitsduty,theothersidewouldcomebehindusinacowardlymanner,andhitusoverthehead.Wegotthemfixedatlast,andthenallthatwastobedonewastoarrangethecoveringoverthem.(60)Georgeunrolledit,andfastenedoneendoverthenoseoftheboat.HarrisstoodinthemiddletotakeitfromGeorgeandrollitontome,andIkeptbythesterntoreceiveit.Itwasalongtimecomingdowntome.Georgedidhispartallright,butit(65)wasnewworktoHarris,andhebungledHowhemanageditIdonotknow,hecouldnotexplainhimself;butbysomemysteriousprocessorotherhesucceeded,aftertenminutesofsuperhumaneffort,ingettinghimselfcompletely(70)rolledupinit.Hewassofirmlywrappedroundandtuckedinandfoldedover,thathecouldnotgetout.He,ofcourse,madefranticstrugglesforfreedom…and,indoingso,knockedoverGeorge.…1.Themenchangetheirmindsabouttheirdestination(A)theweatheristurning(B)theyaretootiredtogo(C)theyhavelostinterestin(D)thesuppliesarerunning2.Asusedinline22,“dispensedwith”mostnearly(A)(B)(C)(D)3.Fromparagraphs1-3,itcanbereasonablyinferredthat3.Fromparagraphs1-3,itcanbereasonablyinferredthatthemen(A)thirstyand(B)tiredand(C)panickedand(D)curiousand4.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertoprevious(A)Lines1-4(“Georgehad…forty(B)Lines13-15(“Abitofwater…forthat(C)Lines16-17(“Wewanted…to(D)Lines25-27(“Then,hesaid,…easy5.WhatthemedoesthepassagecommunicatethroughtheexperiencesitsIt’simportant(A)toplanin(B)Conflictsamongfriendsshouldbe(C)Falseconfidencecanleadto(D)Everygroupbenefitsfroma6.Itcanbereasonablyinferredthatwhichofthefollowingis(A)Noneofthemenwereskilled(B)Someofthemenwereskilled(C)Thenarrator(B)Someofthemenwereskilled(C)Thenarratoristheonlyonewithboating(D)Georgeistheonlyonewithboating7.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertoprevious(A)Lines23-25(“wehadbetter…(B)Lines28-29(“Thatcanvas…bargained(C)Lines58-59(“Wegot…over(D)Lines70-72(“Hewasso…get8.Asusedinline30,“intheabstract”mostnearly(A)in(B)inthe(C)inthe(D)in9.Inparagraph7,themainrhetoricaleffectoftheauthor’softhehoopsis(A)conveyangerthroughtheuseof(B)conveyhumorthroughtheuseof(C)conveyseveritythroughtheuseof(D)conveyconfidencethroughtheuseofactive10.Thetoneofthe10.Thetoneofthepassageisprimarilyone(A)fearand(B)comic(C)arrogant(D)mockeryandKennedyThefollowingpassageisadaptedfromPresidentJohnF.1962speech,whichhascometobecalled“WeChoosetoGotoMoon.”KennedydeliveredthespeechatRiceUniversityinWemeetatacollegenotedforknowledge,inacitynotedforprogress,inaStatenotedforstrength,andwestandinneedofallthree,forwemeetinanhourofchangeandchallenge,inadecadeofhope(5)andfear,inanageofbothknowledgeandThegreaterourknowledgeincreases,thegreaterourignoranceunfolds.…Nomancanfullygrasphowfarandhowfastwehavecome,butcondense,ifyouwill,the50,000y(10)ofman’srecordedhistoryinatimespanofbuthalf-century.Statedintheseterms,weknowverylittleaboutthefirstfortyyears,exceptattheendofthemadvancedmanhadlearnedtousetheskinsofanimalstocoverthem.Thenabouttenyearsago,underthis(15)standard,manemergedfromhiscavestoconstructotherkindsofshelter.Onlyfiveyearsagomanlearnedtowriteanduseacartwithwheels.Christianitybeganlessthantwoyearsago.Theprintingpresscamethisyear,andthenlessthantwomonthsago,duringthis(20)wholefifty-yearspanofhumanhistory,theQuestions11-20arebasedonthefollowingengineengineprovidedanewsourceofNewtonexploredthemeaningofgravity.Lastmonthelectriclightsandtelephonesandautomobilesandairplanesbecameavailable.Onlylast(25)weekdidwedeveloppenicillinandtelevisionandnuclearpower,andnowifAmerica’snewspacecraftsucceedsinreachingVenus,wewillhaveliterallyreachedthestarsbeforemidnighttonight.Thisisabreathtakingpace,andsucha(30)cannothelpbutcreatenewillsasitdispelsold,newignorance,newproblems,newdangers.Surelytheopeningvistasofspacepromisehighcostsandhardships,aswellashighreward.Soitisnotsurprisingthatsomewouldhave(35)staywherewearealittlelongertorest,towait.ButthiscityofHouston,thisStateofTexas,thiscountryoftheUnitedStateswasnotbuiltbythosewhowaitedandrestedandwishedtolookbehindthem.Thiscountrywasconqueredbythosewho(40)forward—andsowillWilliamBradford,speakingin1630ofthefoundingofthePlymouthBayColony,saidthatallgreatandhonorableactionsareaccompaniedwithgreatdifficulties,andbothmustbeenterprisedand(45)overcomewithanswerableIfthiscapsulehistoryofourprogressteachesusanything,itisthatman,inhisquestforknowl-edgeandprogress,isdeterminedandcannotbedeterred.Theexplorationofspacewillgoahead,(50)whetherwejoininitornot,anditisoneofthegreatadventuresofalltime.…Thisgenerationdoesnotintendtofounderinthebackwashofthecomingageofspace.Wemeantobeapartofit—wemeantoleadit.Fortheeyes(55)oftheworldnowlookintospace,tothemoonandtotheplanetsbeyond,andwehavevowedthatshallnotseeitgovernedbyahostileflagofconquest,butbyabanneroffreedomandpeace.Wehavevowedthatweshallnotseespacefilled(60)weaponsofmassdestruction,butwithinstrumentsofknowledgeandunderstanding.Yetthevowsofthisnationcanonlybefulfilledifweinthisnationarefirst.…Inshort,ourleadershipinscienceandinindustry,ourhopesforpeace(65)andsecurity,ourobligationstoourselvesaswellasothers,allrequireustomakethiseffort…tobecometheworld’sleadingspace-faringnation.Wesetsailonthisnewseabecausethereisnewknowledgetobegained,and(65)andsecurity,ourobligationstoourselvesaswellasothers,allrequireustomakethiseffort…tobecometheworld’sleadingspace-faringnation.Wesetsailonthisnewseabecausethereisnewknowledgetobegained,andnewrightstobe(70)andtheymustbewonandusedfortheprogressofallpeople.…Thereisnostrife,noprejudice,nonationalconflictinouterspaceasyet.Itshazardsarehostiletousall.Itsconquestdeservesthebestofall(75)anditsopportunityforpeacefulcooperationmaynevercomeagain.Butwhy,somesay,themoon?Whychoosethisasourgoal?Andtheymaywellaskwhyclimbthehighestmountain?Why,thirty-fiveyearsago,flytheAtlantic?Why(80)RiceplayWechoosetogotothemoon.Wechoosetotothemooninthisdecadeanddotheotherthings,notbecausetheyareeasy,butbecausetheyarehard,becausethatgoalwillservetoorganizeand(85)measurethebestofourenergiesand1Thisisacollegesportsreference.Kennedy’saudience(atRiceUniversity)wouldhaveunderstoodtheUniversityofTexasatAustintobethechallengingathleticopponentofRice.11.WhatisKennedy’spurposeforgivingthis(A)Topresentachronologyofhuman(B)ToexplainthethreatthatothercountriesposetotheUnited(C)ToencouragestudentstosupporttheUnitedStatesintheracereachthe(D)TopromoteincreasedfundingforNASAandspace12.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertoprevious(A)Lines8-11(“Noman…half-(B)Lines46-49(“Ifthis…(C)Lines49-51(“(B)Lines46-49(“Ifthis…(C)Lines49-51(“Theexploration…all(D)Lines81-85(“Wechoose…13.Asusedinline44,“enterprised”mostnearly(A)(B)(C)(D)14.WhatdoesKennedysuggestaboutthemotivationsofotherattemptingtoreachthe(A)TheywishtoembarrasstheUnitedStatesbyreachingthe(B)Theyaretryingtoadvancetechnologyforthegoodof(C)Theywanttousethemoonforhostilemilitary(D)Theylackthescientificknowledgetoaccomplishtheir15.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertoprevious(A)Lines24-28(“Onlylast…(B)Lines29-31(“Thisis…new(C)Lines58-61(“Wehave…(D)Lines68-71(“Weset…all16.Asusedinline52,“founder”mostnearly(A)(B)(C)(D)17.AccordingtoKennedy,what(A)(B)(C)(D)17.AccordingtoKennedy,whatistrueof(A)Itcreatesnewproblemsasitsolvesold(B)Itwasminimaluntiltheinventionofwritten(C)Itmustbeaccomplishedcooperativelywithother(D)Itleadstoanincreaseinglobal18.Thestatementinlines63-67(“Inshort,…space-faringnation”)importanttotheoverallargumentinitssuggestion(A)themonetaryrewardsforspaceexplorationaretoogreattopass(B)theU.S.militarywillneverusespaceforstrategic(C)theUnitedStatesisbetterequippedthanothernationstothatspaceremainsapeaceful(D)thespaceraceisanopportunitytosolidifythepositionofUnitedStatesasamilitary19.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,towhatgroupKennedy’saudiencebestbe(A)Soldierswhoweredraftedforserviceandbravelyserved(B)Farmerswhohaveworkedinthefieldformonthsandnowsee(C)Studentswhoarestudyingand(C)Studentswhoarestudyingandpreparingfor(D)Pioneerswhoareabouttoembarkonadifficultbut20.Kennedymostlikelyincludedparagraphs2and3inorder(A)persuadetheaudiencetofundtheracetothe(B)framespaceexplorationasalogicalnextstepinhuman(C)warnofthepotentialhazardsoftechnological(D)encourageaudiencememberstobeleadersoftheirPairedPassages—VikingPassageAttheendoftheeighthcentury,theScandinaviansknownastheVikingstooktotheseas,travelingtoareasincludingIceland,Greenland,England,Ireland,France,andRussia,andeven(5)theshoresofAmericasome500yearsbeforeColumbus.TheVikings’innovationsinshipbuildingwerecentraltoconstructingtheirempire.Theyreliedonthesuperiorshipsconjuredinthemindsofmastershipwrightsfortravelandexploration.Using(10)suchasthelongboat,thesefascinatingseafarersopenedupnewconnections.Thegreatlongboatitselfatteststotheiroutstandingmaritimeskills.Questions21-31arebasedonthefollowingpassagessupplementaryBeforeBeforearchaeologistsdiscoveredshipsburiedinthemuckofDanishfjords,Vikingtravelwasamy(15)tery,butshipreconstructionhasprovidedsomeanswers.TheirshipsweredesignedandbuiltwithuncommoningenuitytoservetheVikings’purposes.ThesecretofthesignatureVikingshipisfoundinitsuniqueconstruction.Theinventionof(20)longboatmeantVikingscouldtravelvastdistancesovertreacherousopenwater.Incontrasttomodernsailboats,thelongboatwasrivetedtogetherwithenoughspacingsothattheboatwasflexible.Itcouldbendasitrodeoverwavesinsteadof(25)thefullimpactofaswell.Incredibly,simpletoolssuchasaxes,hammers,andscraperswereallthatcarpentersusedtoframeaship.Additionally,thesleeklongboatwasanInglystreamlinedvessel.Onekindof(30)couldridehighbyskimmingthewavestoswiftlytransportacrewofabout30.Thisfastshiphadadraftofaslittleas20inches,allowingnavigationinextremelyshallowwater.Whileitsshallowdraftandeaseof(35)madetheVikinglongboatasuperiorseafaringvessel,theseamanshipoftheNorsemenwasthemostdecisivefactorinthesuccessoftheirboats.Forexample,Vikingsnavigatedbylookingattheskythroughacrystal,whichwasknownasasunstone.The(40)compositionofthecrystalwasrecentlyidentifiedasatransparentcalcitecommoninIceland.TheVikings’outstandingtalentsinshipconstruction,coupledwiththeirsuperlativeskillsasnavigators,greatlyimpactedScandinavia.In(45)throughtheirexplorations,theVikingsinfluencedtherestoftheworld.PassageTheGokstadshipwasexcavatedin1880anddatestoaroundAD890;discoveryofthisVikingshiprevealedinnovationsinconstruction.Aptly(50)named“longboats,”suchshipswerelongandnarrowandcouldtravelontheopenseaaswellasalongrivers.TheGokstadshipisconsideredthebestpreservedoftheVikinglongboats.ItrevealsthetechnicalthetechnicalachievementsoftheVikings(55)theshapewasdifferentfromtheTheGokstadshipowesnothingtoearlierboatdesigns,includingthoseoftheEgyptiansandRomans.ThelongboatwasdevelopedspecificallyforArcticwaters.Itsshallowdraft,plusitsability(60)changedirectionquickly,wasatremendousassettotheVikings.TheGokstadshipis78feetlongwithtwohigh,pointedends.Constructedoutofsturdyoak,itfeaturesalowfreeboard1andisthereforefast,thekindofshipusedtocarryVikingsonraids(65)acrosstheNorthTheshiphasbeenrestoredtorevealtheGokstad’soriginalshape.Withholesfor16oarsalongeachsideoftheship,thecrewwouldhavenumberedabout34,counting32oarsmenplus(70)steermanandlookout.Oarsweretypically17to19feetlong,constructedofpinewithanarrowbladethatmadeeachoarbothefficientandInaddition,theGokstadfeaturesanearthecenterthatcarriedalargerectangularTheGokstadisdifferentfromearlierboatdesignsinitsplanking,orframingout,aswell;itscarvelplankingmadetheshipwatertight.Carvelplankinginvolvesattachingwoodenplankstoaframeandhavingtheplanksbuttupedgetoedge,(80)providingsupportfromtheframeandformingasmoothsurface.Contrarytopopularbelief,theVikingswerenotjustwarriors;theywerealsocoastalfarmers,fishers,hunters,andcraftsmen.Theirlandswere(85)harsh,however,andincreasesintheirpopulationforcedsomementosearchforotheropportunities.Vikings,therefore,turnedtotradeandsearaiding.Theirswiftsailingships,alreadyperfectforcoastalfishing,enabledVikingstoattackportsand(90)makingtheseseameneffectiveasbothraidersandTruly,theGokstadshipisrepresentativeofagreatleapinseafaring,forthisfinestexpressionoftechnicalachievementcouldservemany(95)In1982,itsswiftnessandseaworthinesswasprovenwhenacopy,theHjemkomst,journeyedfromtheUnitedStatestoNorway.1freeboard:thedistancebetween1freeboard:thedistancebetweenthelevelofthewaterandtheupperedgeoftheofa21.ThecentralideaofPassage1isthat(A)excelledatshipbuildingand(B)hadapassionforglobal(C)helpedmaptheknownworldoftheir(D)ledEuropeanpeoplesintechnological22.TheintroductoryparagraphofPassage1moststronglysuggestswhichofthefollowingis(A)TheVikingsdependedonwhichofthefollowingis(A)TheVikingsdependedonseatradeandfishingto(B)TheVikingsexpandedculturalinteractionsthrough(C)TheVikingsreliedoncolonizationtosupporta(D)TheVikingssustainedtheireconomicdevelopmentthrough23.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertoprevious(A)Lines1-3(“Attheend…tothe(B)Lines7-9(“Theyrelied…(C)Lines9-11(“Usingvessels…(D)Lines11-12(“Thegreatlongboat…24.TheauthorofPassage2mostlikelychosetowriteabouttheshipbecause(A)contradictsprevailingbeliefsaboutmodern(C)standsoutasauniqueexampleofearly(D)wasarecentmaritimearchaeological25.Passage2stronglysuggeststhatthe(A)adaptedtotheirgeographybymoving(B)became(A)adaptedtotheirgeographybymoving(B)becameseafarerstogrowtheir(D)usedraidingasameansof26.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertoprevious(A)Lines56-58(“TheGokstad…(B)Lines82-84(“Contraryto…(C)Lines84-86(“Theirlands…(D)Lines95-97(“In1982…27.Asusedinline29ofPassage1,“streamlined”mostnearly(A)(B)(C)(D)28.Asusedinline93ofPassage2,“expression”mostnearly(A)(B)(C)(D)29.Inlines92-94ofPassage(C)(D)29.Inlines92-94ofPassage2(“Truly,theGokstad…manytheauthorusesthephrase“agreatleap”to(A)thetechnologicalprogressthatVikings(B)thedistancethatVikings(C)thestrongfaithandtraditionsonwhichVikings(D)thewidespreadinfluenceofViking30.WhichgeneralizationabouttheVikingsissupportedby(A)Devotedtowarfare,theVikingsbuiltanempirethatreshapedmapof(C)TheVikingswerenoblewarriorsandfarmerswhosoughttounderstandthe(D)Throughtheirseafaringskillsandabilities,theVikingsandchangedthe31.Whichinferencefromthetwopassagesissupportedbyinformationinthetimelineonpage(A)informationinthetimelineonpage(A)TheVikingsendeavoredtorelocatesurpluspopulation(B)TheVikingshopedtoexpandtheirculturalinfluenceeconomic(C)TheVikingstraveledfarandwidetolaunchsearaidsand(D)TheVikingswerecompelledtoabandontheirhomelandsbecausePlantFossilsFossiltreeresin,commonlyknownasamber,hastheabilitytoencaseandpreservethingsforextensiveperiodsoftime.ResearchersinKaliningrad,Russia,haverecentlydiscoveredfossilizedcarnivorous(5)plantsforthefirsttime.EncasedinthevarietyofambercommonlyfoundintheBalticregion,leavesfromtheserareandinterestingplantshavebeenpreservedforwhatscientistsestimatetobebetween35and47millionyears.Amberisoftenconfusedwithsapbecauseofitssticky,liquidform.Itischemicallydifferent,though,andhardenstosuchanextentthatitcanimmaculatelypreservewhatitencases.Asaresult,researchersoftenencounterinsectsandother(15)animalspreservedinamberforlongperiodsoftime.Consideredatypeoffossil,thesefindingsareincrediblyuseful,astheanimalsfoundinamberarenotusuallyfoundelsewhereinthefossilrecord.Questions32-42arebasedonthefollowingPlants,Plants,ontheotherhand,arerarelyseen(20)thisway.Thisnewdiscovery,alongwithamber-encasedanimals,providesscientistswithamorecomprehensiveviewoflifeinearliertimes.Thenewlydiscoveredplantfossilsarealsogroundbreakingfortwomorespecificreasons:(25)Theyaretheonlyfossilizedcarnivorousplanttrapseverfound,aswellastheonlyfossilizedevidenceoftheplantfamilyRoridulaceae.TheRoridulaceaeplanthasbeenseenonlyinseedformuntilnow.Whiletheseedsdidofferscientists(30)valuableinformation,thetrappingmechanismoftheplant’sleaveswaslefttoconjecture.Inthesenewlydiscoveredfossils,theleavesoftheplantsarefullyintactandcontainorganicanimalmatterthathadbeencapturedintheleaves’tentacleswhenthe(35)plantwasGeologistsandbotanistsinGermanypublishedthesefindingsintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,notingthattheleaveslooksimilartoagenusofcarnivorousplantscalled(40)Roridula,which,untilnow,wereconsideredendemictoAfrica,wheretheystillthrive.UnlikeVenusflytraps,whichareknowntocatchanddissolveinsectsusingadigestivemechanism,allRoridulaplants(andtheirnewlydiscoveredancestor)absorb(45)nutrientssecondhandthroughasymbioticrelationshipwithaninsectknownasPameridea.ThePamerideainsectgeneratesagreasyfilm,whichallowsittoliveonRoridula’sleaveswithoutbeingensnaredintheplant’stentacles.Theinsectthen(50)capturesanddigestsitspreywhilestillontheleavesoftheplant,andthenpassesnutrientstotheplantthroughitsfeces.ThiswayofingestingnutrientsisthemajorlinkbetweenthisinsectandtheRoridulaceaefamilyofplants. ThenewfossildiscoveryinRussiacompletelychallengestheconclusionsthatscientistshadprevi-ouslydrawnaboutthepaleobiogeographyofthespecies.RoridulaceaewaspreviouslythoughttooriginatefromtheprehistoricPangaeansupercon-(60)tinentcalledGondwana,whichincludedmoderndayAfrica,SouthAmerica,India,Antarctica,andAustralia.However,recentfindingssuggestthatthesharedancestorsoftheseplantspecieshadamuchwiderdistribution.Researcherswillneedtocon-(65)sharedancestorsoftheseplantspecieshadamuchwiderdistribution.Researcherswillneedtocon-(65)tinuetosearchforplantmatterpreservedinambertofillinmoreoftheblanksinthefossilrecord.32.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageis(A)explainhowscientistsusenewtechnologytoexploreold(B)contrastthedifferencesamongvarioustypesoffossiltree(C)informthereaderaboutnewplantfossilsdiscoveredin(D)encouragethereadertolearnmoreabouttheplantfossil33.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,thereadercaninferthat(A)waspartoftheresearchteamthatdiscoveredthenew(B)considersthediscoveryoftheplantfossilsinamber(C)thinkstheconclusionsdrawnbythescientistsinGermany(D)doesnotexpectscientiststofindmanymore(D)fossilsin34.Theauthorclaimsthatanimalfossilsfoundinamberareimportantscientistsbecause(B)containremainsoflifeformsnototherwisefoundinthe(C)areeasiertostudythanfossilsfoundburiedin(C)areeasiertostudythanfossilsfoundburiedinrock(D)containDNAthatresemblesvarioustypesofanimalsliving35.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestsupportfortheanswertoprevious(A)Lines5-9(“Encased…million(B)Lines11-13(“Itischemically…(C)Lines16-18(“Considered…(D)Lines23-27(“Thenewlydiscovered…36.Asusedinline13,“immaculately”mostnearly(A)(B)(C)(D)37.Inline7,theauthorusesthephrase“rareandinterestingplants”emphasizetheimportance(A)thediscoveryofthefossilizedcarnivorous(B)thestudyofpaleontologyand(C)thepreservationoftheexistingfossil(D)thecontinuedexplorationintheBaltic38.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassage(A)scientists38.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassage(A)scientistswillbegintofindRoridulaplantsinwarmoutsideof(B)futurediscoveriescouldchangecurrenttheoriesabout(C)plantsfossilizedinambercanonlybefoundintheBalticregion(D)theVenusflytrapistheonlyplantwithasymbioticwith39.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertoprevious(A)Lines36-41(“Geologists…(B)Lines43-46(“allRoridula…(C)Lines55-58(“Thenewfossil…(D)Lines58-64(“Roridulaceaewas…40.Accordingtoinformationinthepassage,thePamerideainsectistoliveonRoridula’sleaveswithoutbeingeatenbytheplant(A)theinsectsecretesasubstancethatpreventsitfromgettingintheplant’s(B)theplantdoesnotneedtoeattheinsectbecauseitgetsitsfrom(C)theinsectdoesnotstayontheplant’from(C)theinsectdoesnotstayontheplant’sleaveslongenoughtocaughtinitssticky(D)theplantonlyingestsinsectsthathavealreadydiedandbegun41.Asusedinline41,“thrive”mostnearly(A)(B)(C)(D)42.WhichchoicebestdescribeshowthediscoveryoftheancestorofRoridulaceaeplantchangedscientists’(A)Theyrealizedthatthefossilizedplantsaremorecloselyrelated(B)TheyrealizedthatthefossilizedplantsdidnothavearelationshipwiththePameridearatherthansecondhandlikemodernRoridula(D)TheyrealizedthattheRoridulaceaeplantfamilywasmoredistributedthanpreviouslySunspotsSunspotsSunspotsarerelativelycoolareasonthesurfaceofthesun,formedbychangesinthesun’smagneticfield.Thesun’ssurfaceisveryhot,approximately10,000°F,whilethecenterofasunspotis(5)coolatabout6,000°F.Scientistsdonotknowexactlywhatcausessunspots,butthemagneticfieldwithinasunspotisabout100timesstrongerthanitisontherestofthesun’ssurface.Normally,hotgasesflowfromtheinteriorofthesuntothe(10)surface,maintainingthehightemperature.Withinasunspot,however,theconcentratedmagneticfieldinhibitsthemovementofthegases,causingthesurfaceofthesunspottocool.Galileoandotherastronomersstarted(15)thesunspotstheyviewedthroughtelescopesintheearly1600s,althoughsunspotshadbeenobservedandrecordedwithouttelescopesforover2,000years.Whenanotherastronomer,SamuelSchwabe,plottedthenumberofsunspotsrecordedeachy(20)hefoundthatthenumberincreasedanddecreasedinacyclicpattern.Approximatelyevery11years,thenumberofsunspotsreachesamaximum.Agraphofsunspotsovertheyearshasafairlyregularpatternofpeaksandvalleys,withabout11years(25)betweenpeaks.Mostrecently,thesunspotcyclepeakedaroundthemiddleof2013,anditwillreachitsnadiraround2020.Scientistsusethe11-yearcycletopredictsolarflares,whichcausechangesinEarth’satmosphere.(30)Whentwoormoresunspotshavingmagneticfieldswithoppositedirectionsareneareachother,themagneticfieldscaninteractwithplasmaonthesurfacebetweenthesunspots.TheinteractionbetweenthefieldssendsaburstofplasmaawayQuestions43-52arebasedonthefollowingpassagesupplementary(35)fromthesurface,formingthesolarflare.Theflaresquicklyheattoseveralmilliondegreesandrelease(35)fromthesurface,formingthesolarflare.Theflaresquicklyheattoseveralmilliondegreesandreleaseasmuchenergyasseveralmillionatomicbombs.Strongmagneticfieldsandx-raystravelfromtheflarestoEarth,resulting(40)geomagneticstorms.Ifthesestormsarestrongenough,theyhavethepotentialtodisruptpowerandradiocommunicationsonEarth.Satellitesareparticularlysusceptibletodisruptionbysolarflares,thuscausinginterferencewithGPS,(45)prediction,andmobilephonecommunication.ApositiveeffectofthesestormsisthattheincreasedenergyandplasmaparticlesinteractwithEarth’satmosphere,enhancingtheauroras,alsoknownastheNorthern(andSouthern)Lights.Sunspotsdonotalwaysfollowthe11-yearsolarcycle;therewasalmostnosunspotactivitybetweenaround1645and1715.Thisminimum,whichwasnamedtheMaunderMinimumafterthehusbandandwifeteamwhodiscoveredpatternsin(55)locationofsunspotsduringthe11-yearsolarcycle,occurredduringaperiodoflower-than-normalglobaltemperaturesknownastheLittleIceAge.Scientistsmostlyagreethatthelackofsunspotactivitydidnotcontributeverymuch,ifatall,to(60)theloweredSunspotactivityhasbeendecreasingduringthelastfewcycles,anditispossiblewewillseeanot