家具设计制作外文翻译文献综述

家具设计制作外文翻译文献综述家具设计制作外文翻译文献综述(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Heat-TreatingandDryingTherough-cutblocksofhornbeamofEuropeanbeechareplacedinacylindricalchamberandhear-treatedatapressureoftwotothreeatmospheresandatemperatureof250°F[120°C]todestroyunbondedfluids,acids,andfungiandrenderthewoodinsensitivetomoistureandtemperaturedifferences.Some7ounces[200g]ofwaterisevaporatedfroman18-ounce[500g]blockofwood.Thefibersofthewoodbecomedenserandatthesametimemoreresilient.Whenanailisdrivenintoapieceofwoodthathasbeenheat-treated,thefibersareforcedapart;whenthenailisremoved,theyreturntotheiroriginalpositions.Afterheat-treating,bothendsoftheblocksarecoatedwithwaxsothatinsubsequentdryingthefluidinthewoodwillevaporateatthelateralsurfacesandtheendswillnotcrack.Nowtheperiodofnaturaldryingbegins;thislastssometwoyears.Althoughthemoisturecontentofthewoodfallsto16-18%overthisperiod,itmustbefurtherreducedto10-12%beforeitcanundergofurtherprocessing.Forceddryingchamberlastsaboutthreeweeks.Theblocksofwoodareexposedtoanairflowinitiallyatatemperatureof68°F[20°C],whichisgraduallyraisedto85-100°F[30-40°C]andfinallyto120°F[50°C]Themoisturecontentofthewoodischeckedcontinually.Neitherforcednornaturaldrying(storageinashed)canbehurried.Iftheblocksofwoodareputintothedryertosoon,forexamplemostofthemwillcrackorbecomedeformed,losingtheveryqualityforwhichtheywereselectedforlastmaking:theirresilience.Aftermanyyearsofpreparationtheblockofwoodisreadyfordeliverytothelastmaker’sworkshoptobemadeintoalast.Inthefollowingpagesweshallfindoutsomeofthesecretsofthelastmaker’sartandhowagood-qualitylastismade-thebasisofagood-qualityshoe.PreparingtheCustom-madeLastbyHandManylastmakers’workshopstillcontaintoolsthathavebeeninuseforoverahundredyears.TwoofthemfromKalmanBerta’sworkshopwouldnotbeoutofplaceinamuseum.Oneoftheseisalong-bladedguillotineusedfortheinitialshapingofthelastblock:it’shookedontooneendoftheworkbenchandcanbemovedfreely,inbothverticalandhorizontaldirections.Onetheblockhasbeenshapedwiththeguillotine,theliningsole,shapedwiththeassistanceofthedraft,isdrawnononesideofit.Thelastmakerthensawsoffitswax-coatedendsandbeginstoshapeitwiththeaxe.Theblockislaidontheworkbenchandrepeatedlyturnedinthedirectionfromwhichitcanbemosteasilyreachedwiththeguillotineblade.Thelastmakerappliestheguillotineatasuitableangleandpressesdownonitshandletoremoveshavingsofthedesiredthicknessfromtheappropriatepoints.Evenatthisearlystageheisguidedbythedatainthecustomer’smeasurementrecordregardingthelength,girth,andtypeoftheshoesrequired.Thefinerbulgesandhollowsareproducedwiththewood-carvingknifeandtherasp,whichisthenusedtorefinethem;thisprocessalsoremovesthemarksleftbytoolsusedearlier,aswellasanysurfaceunevennesses.Aftermakinghisfinalmeasurementsthelastmakerwillusesandpaper–firstcoarse,thenincreasinglyfine–togivethelastitsultimatefromandacompletelysmoothsurface.generationnThesearetheskillsinvolvedinmakingalastbyhand,buttheseisalsoalongtraditionoftheusedofmachinery-toalimiteddegree-inmakingalast.Mostlastmakerstodaywilluseaduplicator.TheLastmakerTheBertalastmakingworkshopfoundedinPapa,Hungary,in1870istheonlyoneofitskindinthecountry,supplyingtop-classshoemakingworkshopinEngland,Austria,Germany,theNetherlands,andItalywithlastsandshoetrees.KalmanBerta,now78,isoneofthefewtruemastersofhisfatherbeforehim.Mostofourtoolshavebeenhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration,justlikeourloveofthecraft.MygrandfatherMartontraveledtoGermanyin1867tolearntheartofhislastmakingthere.HevisitedseveralplacesbeforereachingthetownofPirmasens,thelaststageofhisjourney,wherehefoundalastmakerwillingtoinitiatehimintothesecretsofmanuallastmaking.Heworkedthereformorethantwoyears.InthenineteenthcenturyPirmasenswasoneofthestrongholdsoftheshoemaker’scraft.OverawellinitscastlesquaretherewasastatueofashoemakerbythenameofJoss,holdingalastinonehandandashoemaker’shammerintheother.“Mygrandfatherusedtocarvesymmetriclastsbasedonapaperfrom.Onehehadpassedtheguildexaminationbyproducingalastthanmetwiththeapprovalofitsmembers,hereturnedtoHungary,wherehelaidthefoundationstoneforhisworkshop125yearsago.Hebuiltacable-drivenmachinethatmadetheheavycarvingworkabiteasier,andcarriedonusingituntil1911-whenhewenttoViennaandboughtastate-of-the-artduplicatorandaplanningmachine.“Inthe1930s,Iremember,membersofthefamilyusedtogoroundsellingthelastswemadeinourlittleworkshop.EveryweekortwothereusedtobeamarketintheKomitat,thelargestHungarianadministrativeunit,whereyoucouldgetshoes,lasts,clothing,andothereverydayrequirements.Onthosedaysweusedtoloadourlastsontoahorse-drawnwagonbeforedawn,takethemtomarket,andofferthemtotheshoemakers.“Ilearnedthetricksofthetradefrommyfatherandgrandfatherinmychildhood.Agoodlastmakers‘senses’thewoodwithhisfingertipsandpalms,hecantellthelieofthefibersinsideit,andknowswhereandhowhemustusethesawandtheknifetoremoveonlytheexcesswood.Agoodlastmakerknowsinstinctivelyhowtomakeagoodlastfromthebasicblockofwood.Hisskillisthe‘soul’ofthelast.“Theshoemakerandthelastmakerspeakthesameknowledge,becauseeachofthemhasanintimateknowledgeoftheother’swork.Theshoemakerknowsthatfine,comfortableshoescanonlybemadeonawell-formedlast,andthelastmakermusthaveamentalpictureoftheshoethatisgoingtobemadeonthelast.Evenafter60yearsmyheartbeatsfastereverytimeIapproachtheguillotinetocreateanewlast.”KalmanBertacanbeseenhereconcentratingonproducingyetanotherfinelast,oneofthemanythathehasproducedoverthedecades.Itistobehopedthathehasbeenabletopassonhisadmirableskillstonewgenerationsoflastmakers.AfamilytraditionsuchasthatoftheBertasmastnotbeallowedtodieout-itwouldbeatragedyifitdid.PreshapingBecauseshapingthelastbyhandisextraordinarylaboriousandtime-consuming,theso-calledduplicatorisnowusedthroughouttheworld.TheAmericanThomasBlanchardpatentedthistypeoflathe-whichcanproduceirregularshapesinwood,suchasriflebuttsand,indeed,lasts-inMassachusetts,USA,in1819.Hisinventionwasthebasisofmachineswithwhichlasts-firstsymmetric,laterasymmetric-wereproduced.Inthe1920sthepredecessoroftheduplicatorsusedtodaycameonthemarketrent;itwascapableofproducingleftandrightlastsatthesametime.Present-daymachinestakeonlyfiveorsixminutestoproduceapairoflasts.If,forexample,thefiguresonthemeasurementsheetforthelengthofthecustomer’sfeetandthegirthofhismetatarsalsindicatethatheneedsasize8%,mediumwidth,butthatbothinstepsareaboveaverageheight,aformofsize9,width7isselected.Ifhisfeetareofdifferentlengths,forexampletheleftisan8andtherightan8%,thentheformesselectedareofsize8%and9respectively.Inthefirstcasetherightandleftlastsarecopiessimultaneouslyfromtheformmountedintheduplicator,whileinthesecondasize8%leftroughlastandasize9rightroughlastaremadeseparately.Theuseoftheduplicatormayhavebeenfrownedonwhenitwasfirstintroduced,buttodayitisacceptedasnecessarytothelastmaker’strade.Itcertainlydoesnotmeanthatherequiresanylessskilltoproducethelasts-onlythathecansavetimebyusingthisvaluablemachine.RoughCopyingTwoheat-treatedandwax-coatedblocksofwoodaremountedintheduplicatorandroughlastsforbothfeetaresimultaneouslycopiedfromtheform.Asensingsystemautomaticallyfollowstheshapeoftheformandguidesthesharp-edgedcutterheads.Thetwowoodenblocksrotateinoppositedirectionsbeneaththecutterheads,enablingtherightandleftlaststobeshapedsimultaneously.Herethemachineexecutestherough-copyingprocess,theinitialstageintheshapingoftheduplicatelast.FinecopingWhenthelastmakerchangesthemachinesettingtofine,theshapingprocessiscontinuedwithmeticulousaccuracy.Thecuttingheadsarereplacedbyabrasivewheels,whichfirsteradicatetheedgesofthegroovesleftbythecuttingheadsandthen,workingfromtheheeltothetipandbackagain,removethinlayersofwooduntillastisthesameshapeandsizeastheform.Modernduplicatorsarecapableofproducingcopiesaccuratetominutefractionsofaninch.Somakingthelastmakers’staskthatmucheasier.FinalAdjustmentsThelastmakersawsofftheendsbywhichthelastsweremountedintheduplicator.Hethendrillsahorizontalhole(picturetopleft)throughtheinsteptomakethelasteasiertoremovefromthecompletedshoe.Thenextprocesshasasimilarpurpose:sincethelastcannotberemovedinonepiece,agentlycurvingwedgeisswanoutofit(picturetopright).Whiletheshoeisbeingmadethiswedgemustnotprotrude,sothelastmakerdrillsaverticalholethroughbothpieces,insertsalocatingstudinit,andboltsthemtogether(pictureabove).Custom-madeLastTheRemovalMethodTowtypicalmethodsaregenerallyusedtoshaperoughlastsintocustom-madelasts,aprocessknownasfittingup.Inthefirstmethodthelastisgivenitsindividualshapebytakingmaterialaway,inthesecondbyaddingit.Thecompletedroughlasts-whicharealwaysslightlylargerthanrequired-finallyreachtheshoemaker’sworkshop.Ifthefootisnarrowerortheinsteplowerthantheaverage,theshoemaker-guidedbythemeasurementsheet-useshisraspandvariousgradesofsandpapertogivethelastitsultimateform;inotherwordshetakesmaterialaway.Thecompletedlastisthenroughenedupwithfinesandpapersothatthevarioustypesofleatherwillnotslidethiswayandthatonitssurfacewhentheshoeisbeingmade.TheAdditionMethodThislastmakingmethodrecallsthemostvenerabletraditions.Here,too,correctionsaremadeinlinewiththemeasurementsheets,takingaccountofcriticalpoints.Thecharacteristicplaceswherethelastmakermostofenhastomakecorrectionsaretheouterrimofthesole,themetatarsals,thebigtoe,theinstep,andtheheel.Itisextremelyunusualforthefoottobesmallerthantheaverageattheseplaces.Itisfarmorecommonforthefoottobewider-forexample,theinstepandthebigtoehigherortheheelthicker.Intheadditionmethodthelastisbuiltupintothecorrectshapebystickingonvariouspiecesofleatheroftherequiredthickness.Ifthedeviationisverylarge,severallayersofleathercanbeplacedontopofoneanother.CorrectedCustom-madeLastsItiseasyfortheshoemakertoconstructapairofshoesonlastsproducedbytheadditionmethod,thatisbyhavingpiecesofleatherstuckon.Buttheleathermaygetmisshapenduringtheprocess,orevenfalloff.Soifthecustomerwantsseveralpairsofshoestobemadeforofhimonthesamesetoflasts,itissafertousethebuilt-uplastsasformesformakingfinalcustom-madelasts.Theleftandrightlasts,correctedwithleatherattachments,arereturnedtothelastmaker’sworkshop,wheretheyareusedasformesformakingnewcustom-madelasts.Aprefabricatedbutslightlylargerlastisprocessedwiththeabrasivewheels.Withinafewminutesthefine-copyingprocessproducesthecustom-madelastappropriatetothetypeofshoe.Thelastisnowreadytobeusedtomakeshoes.Theshoemakerwillexaminethenewlastcarefullytomakesureitfulfilshisrequirements.热处理与干燥欧洲榉木角树的粗切块被放置在一个圆柱腔，在2至3个大气压和温度压力为250°F[120°ç]的条件下，消除无粘结液，酸，及真菌，降低木材含水率和温度不敏感的差异。一些7盎司[200克水]是18盎司[500克]的木块。木材的纤维变得致密并在同一时间更有弹性。当一个钉打入的木头已经过热处理。纤维被迫分开指痕大小的裂缝，拔出钉子时，他们回到原来的位置。

经过热处理木材，使用块蜡涂层，这样可以使以后的木材干燥中的液体会蒸发，在表面和侧面的两端不会裂开的两端。首先，开始自然干燥期，这个为期约两年。虽然木材含水率16-18％下降到了这个时期，必须进一步减至10-12％，才可以进行进一步的处理。强制干燥室持续约3个星期。木材的块暴露在气流最初温度在68°F[20°C]，它是逐步提升到85-100°F[30-40°C]和最后到120°F[50°C]是木材含水率不断检查。

无论是被迫还是自然干燥都是匆忙的存储。如果木材块进入干燥机很快有反应，例如其中大部分将裂缝或变形，失去了对他们必要的质量的lastmaking选择了：他们的应变能力。经过多年的准备木块是运送到lastmaker准备好了吗？加工厂将成为最后的。在下面的页面中我们将找出的lastmaker的秘密。艺术及如何最后是取得了良好的品质，良好的品质鞋的基础。

准备特制的手尾

许多lastmakers研讨会还包含在使用已超过一百年的工具。其中两名来自卡尔曼伯塔。加工厂不会出在博物馆附近的地方。其中之一是一项长期的最后一个块初步成型用的：在一张工作台鹰钩鼻s，可以自由移动的垂直和水平方向。

一个块已形成了的制造单位，唯一的衬里，与草案的协助下形成的，是它的一个侧面绘制。该lastmaker然后把它锯蜡涂完，开始形成与建造它。

一块是放在工作台和屡次遭到的方向，它可以从最容易达成的单位。该lastmaker适用于在适当的角度，压下手柄，以消除从适当的点所需的厚度刨花的单位。即使在这个早期阶段，他的指导原则是在客户的数据。量测记录有关的长度，周长和所需的鞋型。

凸起和凹陷的精细的制作与木雕刀和锉刀，然后被用来改进他们，这一过程还删除任何表面unevennesses所使用的早期的工具左侧的标志。测量后，作出最后的lastmaker将使用砂纸。Cfirst，然后越来越好。首席技术官给其最终从过去到完全顺利surface.generationñ

这些都是在最后的手工制作所涉及的技能，但这些也是一项长期的传统所用的机器，在有限度的最后决策。今天最后一项将使用复印机。

Lastmaker

讲习班的伯塔lastmaking爸爸，匈牙利成立于1870年，是一个独一无二的国家，提供一流的制鞋车间在英国，奥地利，德国，荷兰，意大利与鞋楦及树木。卡尔曼伯塔，现年78岁，是他父亲的几个真正的大师在他面前。我们的工具，大部分已流传下来的一代又一代，就像我们对工艺的热爱。我的祖父马顿在1867年前往德国学习他lastmaking艺术那里。他走访了才到达皮尔马森斯镇几个地方，他的旅程，在那里他发现了一个lastmaker愿意主动参与到他的秘密手册lastmaking最后阶段。他在那里工作了两年多。在19世纪皮尔马森斯是本鞋匠的重要支柱之一。s工艺。在超过1平方米的城堡以及有一个鞋匠由乔斯名称雕像，最后，一个手拿一个鞋匠锤子在其他。

我的祖父用来雕刻对称的基础上持续从纸张。他已通过一个由产生比其成员的批准会见了最后，他回到了匈牙利，在那里他奠定了他125年前研讨会的基石公会考试。他建立了一个电缆为主导的重型机器，雕刻工作较为容易，并使用它进行至1911年，当他来到维也纳买了一套先进的，最先进的复印机和规划机。

在20世纪30年代，我记得，用于销售的持续走轮我们在小作坊的家庭成员。每两个星期以前有一个在Komitat，匈牙利最大的行政单位，市场在那里你可以得到鞋子，衣服和其他日常需求。在这些日子，我们加载到一个马车持续拂晓前，把它们推向市场，并为他们提供的鞋匠。

我从我的父亲和祖父在我的童年业内人士的技巧。一个好的lastmakers感觉用他的指尖和手掌木头，他可以告诉它的内部纤维的谎言，知道他必须在何处以及如何使用锯子和刀只删除多余的木材。一个好的lastmaker本能地知道如何使一个好的最后从木材基本块。

鞋匠和lastmaker讲相同的知识，因为他们拥有的每一个熟悉的需要的工作。鞋匠知道，舒适的鞋只能在一个良好去年成立，并lastmaker必须具有的鞋，将是在最后作出的精神拍成电影。即使60年后我的心跳快每次我接近制造台创建一个新的起点。

卡尔曼伯塔可以在这里看到的又一个良好的生产集中，最后一人，他有很多几十年来生产。这是希望他能够在他的令人钦佩的技巧传递给新一代的lastmakers。阿如的Bertas，家庭的传统桅杆不能消亡，这将是一个悲剧，如果有这样做。

Preshapin