工程造价工程变更中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料中英文资料外文翻译HighwayengineeringchangereasonanalysisandcostoftheprojectofinfluenceAbstract:intheimplementationstagebecauseofhighwayengineeringdesignfactors,environmentalfactors,theinfluenceofvariousengineeringchangeshappenedismorecommon,combiningwithengineeringpractice,thispaperdiscussesthecausesandengineeringchangeofprojectcost.Keywords:engineeringchange,Reason,CostDuetothehighwayprojectperiod,long,longline,sobroadinconstructionofvariouscausesbytheengineeringchangeisinevitable.Engineeringchangecouldleadtoincreaseofconstructioncostortimelimitoftheownerandthecontractor,betweentheclaimwillclaimandthecostoftheproject.OwnerofchangeandthecausesofthecostAndwhentheownerchangeengineeringbiddingofconstructionconditionsofcommitment."SanTongYiPing"referredtointheprecedingparagraph,theengineeringtightfinish,delaypurposewillincreasethecontractor'ssettlementfee,butlittleimpactontotalcost,theownerorprojectquantitychangeprojects.Increasetheprojectcontentorquantity,willincreasethecost,Projectcontentorcancelorreducethenumberwillreducecost,butmayaffecttheusefunctionofengineering,becausetheownerwithagreementsfortheexistenceofincomplete,orinthecontractwhendivision,canincreasecontentofmissingthecontractcost,andtheowners'requirements,andshortendeliveryoffinishedaheadoftheoriginalcontractperiod,investmoreinconstructionunitcostofmanpowerandmaterialresources,toincrease,andimprovethedesignstandardrequirementowner,beautifulAnglefromsecurityrequirementsofengineeringstructurechangetype,elevation,baseline,location,sizeandstrength,makecostincrease,andtheownertochangeintheconstructionorganizationdesignhasapprovedtheconstructionplan,costincrease,andtheownerofthecontractwiththeownerofthematerialsorequipmentsupplyforthecategoryandquantity,causecostincreaseordecrease,andtheownerofthecontractspecifiesunreasonable,canmakethecostisincreasedThedesignofchangeandthecausesofthecostThedesignadoptsthenewstandard,newtechnology,newtechnology,toreplacetheoriginaldesignoftheproject,andputtousemorefavorableforownerreduceprojectcost,thedepthofthedesigndocuments,cannotsatisfytherelevantprovisionsoftherelevantdesignphaseofengineeringchangeandrequirements,costincreaseordecrease,andwhendesigningunitsinthepreliminarydesigntofullyconsiderthenetworkplanning,andinlocalgovernmentandrelateddepartments(e.g.,environmentalprotection,waterconservancy,electricity,gas,communication,navigation,etc.)andtherequirementsoftheproject,themainstructurechangeshapeandsizechangeetc,makethecostincrease,anddesignpersonnelerrorsoromissionscausedengineeringchange.Duetothe"twoSanShenschoolsystemtoimplementthechangethatcostisincreased,Unit,uncoordinatedcooperationbetweendesigners,orthehighwayfacilitieswiththeprincipalpartoftheprojectdesign,causesyncjobchange,makecostincrease,andthedesigndrawingnottimelydeliverytimedelay,provide,construction,makethecostcompensationshutdowncausedbyincreased.Tthecontractortochangeandcausetheinfluence.CostThecontractorisunabletoperformthecontractorcan'tcompletely,thecontractorshalltakeremedialmeasuresproposedchange,thiskindofchangeofengineeringcost,canincreasebycontractorburdenloss,thecontractorhasbeenapprovedchangeswhenbiddingofconstructionproject,thiskindofchangeofcost,butalmostnoeffectforthecontractormaysaveconstructioncost,andthecontractorforconstructionisconvenient,ortoshortentheconstructionperiod,ortoreducetheinvestmentofconstruction,andputsforwardsuchreasons,andmoreeconomicalandreasonable,optimizingdesignscheme,thiskindofchangeifownerrecognized,canreducetheconstructioncost,alsocanreducethecostoftheownerandthecontractor,mutuallybeneficial,Accordingtothecontract,thecontractorcouldn'tfinish,engineeringconstructioncontractextension,theownermayterminatethecontractterms,accordingtothecontentofconstructioncontractinwholeorinpart,bythecontractor,thiskindofotherchangesgenerallydoesnotmakeownercostincrease,butwillmakethecontractorunderloss,duetothecontractortechnologyormanagementoftheerrorcausedbyengineeringchange,thiskindofchangetothecontractor,theownermayclaimgenerallydonotincreasethecost,stipulatedinthecontract,thecontractorchangebyownerprocurementmaterials,usingotherkindsofmaterials,andthereforemodelbranddamagebycontractor,unlesstheownertoapprobate,generallydonotaddcostthesupervisorofchangeandthecausesofthecostSupervisionbytheowner,commissionedbythecauseofthechangeoftheownerorexpensesdirectlyinfluencethecost.1andsupervisionengineerinordertocoordinatethecontractor'soperation,orsectionofthisprojectcontractorstocoordinatewithrelevantdepartmentsorunitswheretherelationsofproduction,easycauseengineeringchangecausedbyincreasedcost.thesitesupervisionengineersinactualsituationinthecontractandthetechnicalspecificationforthedesign,accordingtolocalmodificationandperfectorbydesign,thiskindofchangeunitmaycauseincreasedcost.andsupervisionengineersworkandcoordinationabilitydamagecausedbylackofrework,engineeringcostchangework.andsupervisionengineerproposedoptimizationdesignorconstruction,thedesignoptimizationorcontractoragree,canreduceengineeringchangescausedbytheprojectcost.TheenvironmentfactorsandimpactonthecostofchangeEngineeringgeologyunknownorinsufficiencyindesign,engineeringcostincreasedto.andhighwayengineeringconstructionprojectsfromtheconstruction,projectfeasibilitystudy,designandconstructiondrawingdesigntoconstruction,duetovariousreasons,theprojectinthedeclarationandapprovalprocess,someproblemsexistingintheconstructionstage,theseproblemscausedbyexposuretochange,andengineeringcostincrease.andnationalpolicies,lawsandregulationsandstandard,thechangeofchange,resultinginincreasedcost.Four,thelocalgovernmentofthepeople'sproductionandlifeconvenientschemeadoptedbyengineeringchangeafterthatcostincrease.whosehouseiscausedbydelay,theworkofengineeringchange,couldleadtoincreasedcost.Highwayengineeringchangeofavarietyofreasons,thismeansthattheappraisalworkforengineeringchangesarecomplexanddifficulttodecreasethecost,thechangeoftheeffectsarealsodifferent.Throughtheanalysis,islookingforengineeringchangesthevariouscauses,andthroughtheanalysisofthecostcontrolarenotisolated,controlcost,thekeyistoestablishandperfectthescientificmanagementsystem.Basedoncontrolcost,qualityassuranceandacceleratetheprogress,theprincipleofefficiencytodeterminethenecessityandfeasibilityofengineeringchange.Onlyinthiswaycanwetrulyachievetheeffectivecontroloftheconstructionprojectcostandimprovetheeconomicbenefitandsocialbenefit.公路工程变更原因分析及其对工程造价的影响摘要：公路工程在实施阶段由于设计因素、环境因素等多方面的影响，发生工程变更是较常见的，文章结合工程实践，探讨工程变更的原因及其对工程造价的影响。

关键词：工程变更；原因；造价影响

由于公路工程项目路线长、工期长、涉及面广，因此在施工中由各种原因引起的工程变更也不可避免。工程变更可能导致建设费用的增减或工期的延长，在业主和承包商之间会出现索赔和反索赔，使工程的造价发生变化。一、业主原因引起变更及其对造价的影响

1、业主改变工程招标时承诺的施工条件。如“三通一平”条件，本工程紧前项目的延迟完成等，会增加承包方的结算费用，但对总造价影响很小；2、业主变更项目内容或项目数量。增加项目内容或者数量，会增加造价；减少或取消项目内容或数量会降低造价，但可能影响工程的使用功能；3、因业主原因同承包方签订的协议存在不完整之外，或在标段划分时出现遗漏内容，会增加合同外造价；4、业主要求提前竣工交付，缩短原合同工期，导致施工单位投入更多的人力和物力，使造价增加；5、业主要求提高原设计标准，从安全美观等角度要求改变工程结构的型式、标高、基线、位置、尺寸、强度等，使造价增加；6、业主要求改变已在施工组织设计中被批准的施工方案，使造价增加；7、业主对原合同中约定同业主供应的材料或设备的种类或数量进行增减，引起造价增加或减少；8、业主的指定发包不合理，会使造价增加。

二、设计原因引起变更及其对造价的影响

1、设计采用新标准、新工艺、新技术来替代原有设计，使项目的投入使用更加有利，并为业主减少工程造价；2、设计文件的深度不能满足相应设计阶段的有关规定要求而引起的工程变更，导致造价增加或减少；3、设计单位在初步设计时未能充分考虑原地面的路网规划和地方政府及相关部门（如环境保护、供电、供气、水利、通讯、航道等）的要求而引起的工程变更，主要表现结构形式和尺寸的改变等方面，使造价增加；4、设计人员的错误或疏漏引起工程变更。由于“二校三审”制度落实不够导致变更使造价增加；5、设计单位设计人员之间配合不协调，或公路的附属设施同主体工程的设计不同步，引起工作变更，使造价增加；6、分期交付的设计图纸不能及时提供，工期延误，造成施工方停工引起索赔，使造价增加。

三、承包人原因引起变更及其对造价的影响

1、承包人无法履行或不能完全履行合同，承包人提出采取补救措施的变更，这类变更不能增加工程造价，由承包人负担损失费用；2、承包人变更投标时已被批准的施工方案，这类变更对造价几乎不会产生影响，但可能为承包人节省施工费用；3、承包人为了施工方便，或为缩短工期，或为减少投入等原因，提出对施工有利，且更加经济、合理、优化的设计方案，