2023年考研外语预测试卷3

考研外语预测试卷3

一、UseofEnglish

1、WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwave,

MacmillanCancerReliefthisweek(1)itscustomary

warningaboutthesun'sultravioletrays:(2),itsays,

forthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70,000peopleayear.

(3)ahatandlong-sleevedshirt,itadvises,keepinthe

(4)inthemiddleoftheday,andslap(5)suncream

withaprotectionfactorof15orabove.

Weallknowit(6);it'sthemessagethat'sbeendrummed

intousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun(7).Butnow

there'saflyinthesuntanlotion,complieatingthemessage5s

clarity.Itcomes(8)athin,quietly-spokenand

officiallyretiredNASAscientist,ProfessorWilliamGrant,

whosaysthatsundoesn'tkill;in{act,itdoesustheworld

of(9).What'skillingus,hesays,isour(10)with

protectingourselvesfromskincancer.

Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld(11)down.

TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweek,he(12)his

startling一andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wallnew

calculationthat(13)excessiveexposuretothesunis

costing1,600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers,

(14)exposuretothesunisthecauseof25,000deathsa

yearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwords,onesixthofall

cancerdeathscouldbeprevented(15)wesunnedourselves

alittlemore;incomparison,themelanoma(16)is

insignificant.

ThereasonisvitaminD.Grant,thedirectoroftheSunlight,

NutritionandHealthResearchCentre(SUNARC)he(17)in

Californiaayearago,saysthatheandotherscientistshave

(18)vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause(19)_____17

differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanoma,osteoporosis,

diabetes,multiplesclerosisandotherneurological(20).

A.issued

B.claimed

C.declared

D.announced

2、(2)

A.qualified

B.relating

C.responsible

D.resulting

3、(3)

A.Puton

B.Taketo

C.Turnto

D.Putoff

4、(4)

A.darkness

B.ray

C.shade

D.sunlight

5、⑸

A.with

B.on

C.in

D.onto

6、(6)

A.standswater

B.reasonable

C.sound

D.makessentse

7、(7)

A.devastates

3

B.kills

C.hurts

D.injures

8、(8)

A.onthebasisof

B.inthelightof

C.bymeansof

D.intheform,of

9、(9)

A.good

B.goodness

C.benefits

D.profits

10、(10)

A.obesity

B.obsession

C.obscurity

D.obscenity

11、(11)

A.downside

B.inside

C.upside

4

D.outside

12、(12)

A.undermined

B.uncovered

C.disclosed

D.revealed

13、(13)

A.because

B.as

C.while

D.when

14、(14)

A.efficient

B.proficient

C.ample

D.insufficient

15、(15)

A.if

B.unless

C.lest

D.since

16、(16)

5

A.haphazard

B.risk

C.hazard

D.danger

17、(17)

A.invented

B.founded

C.renovated

D.produced

18、(18)

A.established

B.convinced

C.convicted

D.witnessed

19、(19)

A.for

B.from

C.by

D.behind

20、(20)

A.sickness

B.symptoms

目6

C.disorders

D.syndrome

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Whenyoungpeoplewhowanttobejournalistsaskmewhatsubject

theyshouldstudyafterleavingschool,Itellthem:z，Anything

exceptjournalismormediastudies”.Mostveteransofmytrade

wou1dsaythesame.Itispracticaladvice.Forobviousreasons,

newspapereditorsliketoemploypeoplewhocanbringsomething

otherthanaknowledgeofthemediatothepartythatwecall

ourwork.

OnTheDailyTelegraph,forexample,theeditorofLondonSpy

isatheologianbyacademictraining.Theobituarieseditoris

aphilosopher.Theeditorofourstudentmagazine,Juice,

studiedphysics.Asformyself,Ireadhistory,ancientand

modern,atthetaxpayer,sexpense.

IamnotsurewhatCharlesClarke,theEducationSecretary,

wouldmakeofallthis.IfIunderstandhimcorrectly,hewould

thinkthatthepublicmoneyspentonteachingthishugerange

ofdisciplinestothestaffofTheDailyTelegraphwaspretty

muchwasted.Theonlyacademiccourseofwhichhewould

wholeheartedlyapproveinthelistabovewouldbephysics,but

thenagain,hewouldprobablythinkitaterriblewastethat

SimonHoggchosetoeditJuiceinsteadofdesigningaeroplanes

orbuildingnuclearreactors.Bythat,heseemstomeanthat

everythingtaughtatthepublicexpenseshouldhaveadirect,

practicalapplicationthatwillbenefitsocietyandtheeconomy.

ItisextremelyalarmingthatthemaninchargeofBritain's

educationsystemshouldthinkinthisnarrow-minded,

half-wittedway.Thetruth,ofcourse,isthatallacademic

disciplinesbenefitsocietyandtheeconomy,whetherina

directandobviouswayornot.Theyteachstudentstothink一to

processinformationandtodistinguishbetweenwhatis

importantandunimportant,trueanduntrue.Aboveall,a

countryinwhichacademicresearchandintelligentideasare

allowedtoflourishisclearlyamuchmoreinteresting,

stimulatingandenjoyableplacethanonewithout“ornaments”,

inwhichmoneyandusefulnessareallthatcount.

Mr.Clarkecertainlyhasapointwhenhesaysthatmuchofwhat

istaughtinBritain，suniversitiesisuseless.Butitis

uselessforafarmoreseriousreasonthanthatitlacksany

obviouseconomicutility.Astheextraordinarilyhighdrop-out

ratetestifies,itisuselessbecauseitfailsthefirsttest

ofuniversityteaching一thatitshouldstimulatetheinterest

ofthosebeingtaught.Whenstudentsthemselvesthinkthat

theircoursesareawasteoftimeandmoney,thenawastethey

are.

Theanswerisnottocutoffstatefundingforthehumanities.

Itistooffershort,nononsensevocationalcoursestothose

whowanttolearnatrade,andreserveuniversityplacesfor

thosewhowanttopursueanacademicdiscipline.Bythismeans,

agreatdealofwastedmoneycouldbesavedandallstudents

theacademicandtheno,so-academic一wouldbenefit.WhatMr.

ClarkeSeemstobeproposinginsteadisanactofcultural

vandalismthatwouldrobBritainofallclaimtobecalleda

civilisedcountry.

Thesecondparagraphismeanttodemonstratethat.

A.studentsofotherdisciplinesthanjournalismare

preferredemployeesofnewspapers

B.youngpeopleshouldlearnothersubjectsthanjournalism

afterleavingschool

C.veteransoftheauthor'stradewouldgivethesameadvice

topuzzledyoungsters

D.youngpeopleshoulddiversifytheirlearningsubjectsto

bebetteremployed

2、

CharlesClarkeasdescribedinthepassagewouldprobably

agreethat.

A.philosophyasanacademicdisciplineincollegeshouldbe

canceled

B.physicsshouldbethetopmostchoiceofdisciplinesfor

prospectivejournalists

C.theDailyTelegraphispoorlystaffedandneeds

rearrangement

D.thereisnoreasonforthestatetopayforsubjectsof

highereducation

3、

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?

A.Theroleofstate-fundeduniversitiesistotrainstudents

forajob.

B.Everyacademicsubjectwilldogoodtosocietyandthe

economysomehow.

C.Academicresearchandintelligentideasaremoreimportant

than"ornaments”.

D.Moneyandusefulnessarethecriteriatojudgetheworth

ofadiscipline.

4、

ThatmanysubjectstaughtatBritishcollegesareuselessis

mainlyowingto.

A.theirfallingshortofthedemandsofeconomy

B.theirvalidityasadisciplinebeinguntestified

C.theirfailuretomeetthestandardsofuniversity

instruction

D.theirinabilitytoarousetheinterestofstudents

5、

Theauthor,sprimarypurposeinwritingthispassageisto

A.proposeanacademicdisciplineforyoungpeoplewishingto

bejournalists

B.debatebothsidesoftheproperpatternofBritain，shigher

education

C.condemnCharlesClarkeforhisimproperstatementsabout

highereducation

D.contrastCharlesClarke，sclaimabouthighereducationto

thatofhisown

6、StandardPoor,smaintainsacautiousstanceoncable-TV

operatorsinthewakeofVerizon,s(VZ)announcementinearly

Mayofaggressivepricecutsforitsdigitalsubscriberline

(DSL)Internet-accessservice.OuroveralloutlookfortheS

PCableBroadcastingindex,whichalsoincludessharesof

over-the-airTVandradiobroadcasters,isneutraltomodestly

positive.Cableoperatorshavesofarruledoutanovertprice

waronbroadbandservices.However,expecttoseenear-term

responseslikeincreasedbundlingofservices,extendedfree

months,moreaggressivemarketingandpromotions,evenmodest

pricecutsfromcableoutfitsthatoffermultipleservicessuch

asbroadbandastheydefendtheirhigh-growthInternet-access

Business.

Continuedrapidgrowthindigitalcableandhigh-speeddata

serviceshelpedsupporttheindustry'songoingrevenuegrowth.

WeatSParewaryofpricepressuresonthelong-termand

short-termeconomicsofcable'sbroadbandbusiness.That's

especiallytrueasanotherBabyBell,SBCCommunications(SBC),

isalsoundercuttingcable-serviceprovidersinmanycore

markets.

Intheirtraditionalbusinesssegment,U.S.cableoperators

continuetobenefitfromamodestreboundinadvertising

spending,followingasignificantdownturnduringtheeconomic

slumpthatstartedin2022.Theindustryhasactuallyincreased

itsshareoftotalU.S.adspending.Thecablesectorposted

uninterruptedrevenuegrowthduringtherecentdownturn,asits

greaterrelianceonsubscriberrevenuesgivesitamore

defensiveposturethanbroadcasters.Subscriptionsremainthe

industry'sprimaryrevenuesource,accountingforroughly65%

ofthetotal,withadvertisingmakesuptherest.

Ournear-termoutlookforcableremainstemperedbyheightened

levelsofgeopoliticalanxieties,thoughtheIraqwar'sendhas

alleviatedtheirimpactonadvertisingdemand.Meanwhile,core

subscriptiongrowthcontinuestobedrivenbyrobustratesof

high-speeddatasign-upsandbyimprovedprospectsfor

digital-videoancillaryofferingslikevideo-on-demandand

high-definitionTV.

Webelievethatsuccessfulmediaoperatorswillcontinueto

anticipate,ratherthanreactto,theeverchangingdynamics

ofanincreasinglycompetitivemediaenvironment.Evenwith

increasedregulatorysurveillance,verticallyand

horizontallyintegratedmediaoperatorsshouldbegintowield

increasingcompetitiveadvantagesastheyleverageoperating

efficienciesandrealizesynergiesacrossmultipledelivery

platforms.

Fromthefirstparagraph,wecanseethatVerizon，s

announcementofpricecuts.

A.hasproducedapositiveeffectonSPCableandBroadcasting

index

B.willintensifythecompetitionamongCable-TVoperatorsin

thenearfuture

C.renderaggressivepricecutsfromothercableoutfits

absolutelyimpossible

D.willmakeothercableoperatorsoffermultipleservices

likebroadband

7、

TheauthormentionstheexampleofSBCtodemonstratethat

A.peopleatSParewatchingoutforpressuresofpricecuts

B.therevenueofcableindustryhasbeengrowingsteadily

C.SBC'sundercuttingaffectscablebroadbandproviders

differently

D.pricepressuresovershadowthegrowthofcablebroadband

business

8、

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheeconomicslump

A.dealtagreaterblowtobroadcastersfortheirdependence

onadspending

B.broughtaboutaconsiderabledownturnofU.S.advertising

不______Q

q14

spending

C.slowedtherevenuegrowthofcableoperatorsduringthe

recentdownturn

D.keptthesubscriptionsforbroadcastersatalowerlevel

thancables

9、

Whichofthefollowingwillhelpcreateabrightoutlookfor

cable?

A.higherlevelsofgeopoliticalanxieties

B.prospectsofintensivecompetition

C.war'simpactonadvertisingdemand

D.vigorousratesofhigh-speeddatasign-ups

10、

Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.

A.mediaoperatorsshouldbehighlysensitivetointensifying

competition

B.transactionbetweenNWSandHugheswon'tposeathreatto

mediaindustry

C.integratedmediaoperatorshaveadvantagesinthe

competitivemediaworld

D.regulatorysurveillancehelpsoperatorsleveragetheir

operatingefficiencies

11>Thislineofinquirydidnotbeginuntilearlierthis

month一morethanthreemonthsaftertheaccident一because

therewere''toomanyemotions,toomanyegos”,saidretiredAdm.

HaroldGehman,chairmanoftheColumbiaAccidentInvestigation

Board.

TestifyingbeforetheSenateCommerceCommittee,Gehmansaid

thispartofhisinquirywasinitsearlieststages,starting

just10daysago.ButGehmansaidhealreadyhasconcludedit

is"inconceivable"thatNASAwouldhavebeenunableor

unwillingtoattemptarescueforastronaut,sinorbitif

seniorshuttlemanagersandadministratorshadknowntherewas

fataldamagetoColumbia'sleftwing.

Gehmantoldreportersafterthehearingthatanswerstothese

importantquestionscouldhaveenormousimpact,sincethey

couldplaceinadifferentcontextNASA'sdecisionsagainst

moreaggressivelycheckingpossiblewingdamageinthedays

beforeColumbia'sfatalreturn.

Investigatorsbelievebreakawayinsulatingfoamdamagedpart

ofColumbia，swingShortlyafterliftoff,allowingsuperheated

airtopenetratethewingduringitsfieryre-entryonFeb.1

andmeltitfromtheinside.

AmongthosedecisionswasthechoicebyNASA'sseniorshuttle

managersandadministratorstorejectoffersofsatellite

imagesofpossibledamagetoColumbia，sleftwingbeforethe

accident.ThesubjectdominatedtheearlypartofWednesday's

hearing.Gehmancomplainedthatmanagersandadministrators

“missedsignals"whentheyrejectedthoseoffersforimages,

apointedlyharshassessmentofthespaceagency'sinaction

duringthe16dayshuttlemission.

“Wewillattempttopinthisissuedowninourreport,butthere

wereanumberofbureaucraticandadministrativemissedsignals

here”,Gehmantoldsenators."We'renotquitesohappywiththe

process”.

TheinvestigativeboardalreadyhadrecommendedthatNASApush

forbettercoordinationbetweenthespaceagencyandmilitary-

officesinchargeofsatellitesandtelescopes.TheU.S.

NationalImageryandMappingAgencyinMarchagreedto

regularlycapturedetailedsatelliteimagesofspaceshuttles

inorbit.

Still,Gehmansaiditwasunclearwhetherevenimagesfrom

America(smostsophisticatedspysatellitesmighthave

detectedonColumbia'swinganydamage,whichGehmansaidcould

havebeenassmallastwoinchessquare.Theprecise

capabilitiesofsuchsatelliteswasasensitivetopicduring

theSenatehearing.

Gehmanbelievedthathaditsadministratorsknownthedamage

toColumbia,NASAwould.

A.havemanagedtherescueoftheastronautsorbitingthe

earth

B.stillhavebeenunabletoconceiveofanywaytosavethe

astronauts

C.haveattemptedtohelptheastronautsoutofdanger

unwillingly

D.havesucceededinrepairingthedamagedleftwingofthe

shuttle

12、

Whatdoestheword"they"(Para.3,Line2)referto?

A.questions(Para.3,Line1)

B.answers(Para.3,Line1)

C.reporters(Para.3,Line1)

D.investigators(Para.4,Line1)

13、

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.SuperheatedairdamagedtheColumbia'sleftwingshortly

afterliftoff.

B.NASA'srejectionofsatelliteimageswasoneofthefocuses

ofWednesday'shearing.

C.Gehmancomplainedalotabouttheharshassessmentofspace

agency'sinaction.

D.TheInvestigativeBoardismonitoringthecoordination

betweenNASAandNIMA.

14、

WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeGehman，sattitude

towardssatelliteimagesasmentionedinthepassage?

A.Indifferent.

B.Approving.

C.Unclear.

D.Cautious.

15、

Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe.

A.Gehman，sCommentonColumbiaAccident

B.NASA,sProblemsExposed

C.AnInquiryintoColumbiaAccident

D.AReflectiononShuttle'sSafety

16、Although,recentyearshaveseensubstantialreductions

innoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehicles,the

numberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.

Consequently,morethan100citiesintheU.S.stillhavelevels

ofcarbonmonoxide,particulatematter,andozonethatexceed

legallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthat

theonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductioninvehicle

emissions一shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivate

automobile一istoreplaceconventionaldieselfueland

gasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelsuchascompressednatural

gas,liquefiedpetroleumgas,ethanol,ormethanol.

Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhose

moleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.These

moleculesburnmorecleanlythangasoline,inpartbecausethey

havefewer,ifany,carbon-carbonbonds,andthehydrocarbons

theydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustion

oflargermolecules,whichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbonds,

involvesamorecomplexseriesofreactions.Thesereactions

increasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremore

likelytoreleaseuncombustedandphotochemicallyactive

hydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhand,

alternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgas

wou1drequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfueltanks一a

seriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuel

efficiency一andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamental

1imitsonsupply.

Ethanolandmethanol,ontheotherhand,haveimportant

advantagesoverothercarbonbasedalternativefuels,theyhave

ahigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimal

changesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.

Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplement,butitis

currentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanol,thelowprice

ofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.MethanoTsmost

attractivefeature,however,isthatitcanreducebyabout90

percentthevehicleemissionsthatform,ozone,themost

seriousurbanairpollutant.

Likeanyalternativefuel,methanolhasitscritics.Yetmuch

ofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof“gasolinealone”

vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesign

improvementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.

Itistrue,forexample,thatagivenvolumeofmethanol

providesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineand

dieselfueldo,otherthingsbeingequal,thefueltankwould

havetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.However,since

methanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmore

efficientthan"gasolinealone"vehiclesfueledwithmethanol,

theywouldneedcomparativelylessfuel.Vehicles

incorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthat

methanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediate

lesseningofurbanairpollution.

Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith.

A.counteringaflawedargumentthatdismissesapossible

solutiontoaproblem

B.reconcilingcontradictorypointsofviewaboutthenature

ofaproblem

C.identifyingthestrengthsofpossiblesolutionstoa

problem

D.discussingaproblemandarguinginfavorofonesolution

toit

17、

Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutair

pollution?

A.Furtherattemptstoreduceemissionfromgasoline-fueled

vehicleswillnothelplowerurbanair-pollutionlevel.

B.Attemptstoreducethepollutantsthatanindividual

gasoline-fueledvehicleemitshavebeenlargelyunsuccessful.

C.Fewseriousattemptshavebeenmadetoreducetheamount

ofpollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehicles.

D.Pollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehiclesarenotthe

mostcriticalsourceofurbanairpollution.

18、

Accordingtothepassage,incompletecombustionismorelikely

tooccurwithgasolinebecause.

A.thecombustionofgasolinereleasesphotochemicallyactive

hydrocarbons

B.thecombustionofgasolineinvolvesanintricateseriesof

reactions

C.gasolinemoleculeshavefewercarbon-carbonbonds

D.gasolineisacarbon-basedfuelwithsmallermolecules

19、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatavehiclespecifically

designedtousemethanolforfuelwould.

A.besomewhatlighterintotalbodyweightthana

conventionalvehiclefueledwithgasoline

B.havealargerandmorepowerfulenginethanaconventional

vehiclefueledwithgasoline

C.averagemoremilespergallonthana“gasolinealone”

vehiclefueledwithmethanol

D.havealargerandheavierfueltankthana“gasolinealone”

vehiclefueledwithmethanol

20、

Theauthorwouldmostprobablyregardthe.criticismof

methanolas.

A.inaccuratebecauseitignoresconsumer'sconcerns

B.misguidedbecauseofitsexclusivelytechnologicalfocus

C.flawedbecauseoftheassumptiononwhichitisbased

D.invalidbecauseitreflectsthepersonalbiasofthe

critics

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D>E>F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwere

probablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscovery

offire,althoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuse

ofthelatter.

(41).Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignals,but

eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronounce

words,evenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.

Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthe

masteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligent,

wemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcries

fordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscovered

thatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewho

thinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededoral

language.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscave

toshowinwhichdirectionhehadgone,orwhatpreyhehoped

tocatch.(42).

Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwritten

history.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecond

wasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincrease

inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcould

besuccessfullypracticed.(43).

(44).

Theseinventionsanddiscoveries一fire,speech,weapons

domesticanimals,agriculture,andwritingmadetheexistence

ofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.until

thebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwo

hundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparableto

these.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomed

tohistechnique,andtodevelopthebeliefsandpolitical

organizationsappropriatetoit.Therewas,ofcourse,an

immenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.Atfirstit

hadbeenconfinedtotheNile,theEuphrates,theTigris,and

theIndus,butattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcovered

muchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmean

tosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.

(45).

Notes:

ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates幼

发拉底河

theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的(在

名词后作后置定语)

A.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedside

byside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemost

importantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.

B.Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswriting,which,

likespokenlanguage,developedoutofpictures,butassoon

asithadreachedacertainstage,itwaspossibletokeep

recordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresent

whentheinformationwasgiven.

C.Withthedevelopmentofcivilization,primitivepeoplewho

livedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguage,whichwould

helpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother.

D.Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbegan

verygradually.

E.Infact,therewasprogress—therewereeventwoinventions

ofverygreatimportance,namely,gunpowderandthemariner's

compass—butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheir

revolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingand

agriculture.

F.Thesewere,atfirst,onlythoseinwhichnaturefertilized

thes