暨南大学外国语学院808外国语言文学综合考试历年考研真题及详解

目录

2011年暨南大学808外国语言文学综合考试考研真题及详解

2012年暨南大学808外国语言文学综合考试考研真题及详解

2013年暨南大学808外国语言文学综合考试考研真题及详解

2014年暨南大学808外国语言文学综合考试考研真题及详解

2015年暨南大学808外国语言文学综合考试考研真题及详解

2016年暨南大学808外国语言文学综合考试考研真题及详解

2017年暨南大学808外国语言文学综合考试考研真题及详解

2018年暨南大学808外国语言文学综合考试考研真题及详解

2011年暨南大学808外国语言文学

综合考试考研真题及详解

SECTIONA

Ⅰ.Filltheblankswithproperanswers(10%)

1.TheEnglishsonnet,alsoknownas_____sonnet,usuallyhasa

regularrhymeschemea-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g.

【答案】Shakespearean

【解析】莎士比亚的诗作，改变了彼得拉克的格式，由三段四行和

一副对句组成，即按四、四、四、二编排，其押韵格式为“ABAB，

CDCD，EFEF，GG”。每行诗句有十个抑扬格音节。

2.Itwasin1798,withthepublicationofWilliamWordsworth’s_____,

incollaborationwithS.T.Coleridge,thatromanticismbegantobloomand

foundafirmplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.

【答案】LyricalBallads

【解析】1798年，华兹华斯与柯勒律治将各自的诗歌合为一册，定

名为《抒情歌谣集》。

3.ThetypicalfeatureofRobertBrowning’spoetryisthe_____.

【答案】dramaticmonologue

【解析】勃朗宁对英国诗歌的最大贡献，是发展和完善了戏剧独白

诗这样一种独特的诗歌形式，并且用它鲜明而生动地塑造了各种不同类

型的人物性格，深刻而复杂地展示了人的内在心理。

4.TheGraveyardPoetswereanumberofpre-RomanticEnglishpoets

ofthe18thcenturycharacterizedbytheirgloomymeditationsonmortalityin

thecontextofthegraveyard.Acontemplativeandmellowmoodisachieved

inthecelebratedopeningverseofGray’s_____.

【答案】ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard

【解析】这首诗充满感伤情调，成为18世纪后期感伤主义诗歌的典

范之作。

5.Asoneofthegreatinnovatorsofthemodernnovel,VirginiaWoolf

developedthetechniqueof_____inherwriting,whichfocusesonthe

complexlivesofcharacters’innermindsinsteadofoutwardactions.

【答案】streamofconsciousness

【解析】弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙（1882年1月25日—1941年3月28日）。英

国女作家、文学批评家和文学理论家，意识流文学代表人物，被誉

为“二十世纪现代主义与女性主义的先锋”。

6.Itwas_____,astheprimaryauthorwhowrote“theDeclarationof

Independence”,togetherwithotherfourmenincludingBenjaminFranklin.

【答案】ThomasJefferson

【解析】《独立宣言》是一份于1776年7月4日由托马斯·杰斐逊起

草，并由其它13个殖民地代表签署的最初声明美国从英国独立的文件。

7._____’s“TheRaven”isadarkreflectiononlostlove,death,andloss

ofhope.

【答案】EdgarAllenPoe

【解析】《乌鸦》是埃德加·爱伦·坡于1844年创作的诗集，诗歌主题

除了爱情就是死亡、幻灭和伤悼。

8.NathanielHawthorne’sScarletLetterisastoryaboutawomannamed

_____livinginseventeenth-centuryBoston,thenapuritansettlement.

【答案】HesterPrynne

【解析】《红字》讲述了发生在北美殖民时期的恋爱悲剧。女主人

公是海丝特·白兰。

9.Earlyinthe1920sthemostprominentofthenewAmerican

playwrights,_____,establishedaninternationalreputationwithsuchplaysas

TheEmperorJonesandTheHairyApe.

【答案】EugeneO’Neill

【解析】尤金·奥尼尔（1888年10月16日—1953年11月27日）美国剧

作家，表现主义文学的代表作家，美国民族戏剧的奠基人。主要作品有

《琼斯皇》《毛猿》《天边外》《悲悼》等。

10.Hemingway’sstatureasawriterwasconfirmedwiththepublication

ofhisnovel_____in1929,whichportrayedafarewellbothtowarandto

love.

【答案】AFarewelltoArms

【解析】《永别了，武器》是美国小说家欧内斯特·海明威创作的长

篇小说，是其早期代表作，首次出版于1929年9月27日。通过描述二人

的爱情，作品揭示了战争的荒唐和残酷的本质，反映了战争中人与人之

间的相互残杀以及战争对人的精神和情感的毁灭。

Ⅱ.Definethetermslistedbelowaccordingtoyourknowledgeof

EnglishandAmericanliteratureandcriticism.(20%)

1.Gothicnovel

【答案】GothicNovel,asaliterarygenre,combineselementsofboth

horrorandromance.Thesenovels,inrebellingagainsttheincreasing

commercialismandrationalism,showthedark,irrationalsideofhuman

nature.Theyaremysteries,ofteninvolvingthesupernaturalandheavily

tingedwithhorror,andtheyareusuallyagainstdarkbackgroundsof

medievalruinsandhauntedcastles.TheoriginatorofEnglishGothicnovelis

HoraceWalpole,andhisCastleofOtranto:AGothicStoryisthefirstwork

ofthekind.

2.Byronichero

【答案】TheByronicheroisanidealizedbutflawedcharacter

exemplifiedinthelifeandwritingsofLordBryon,likeChildHaroldand

DonJuan.Theyarehandsome,chivalrous,energetic,pathetic,lonelyand

remorsefuloverasin,gloomyandmisanthropic,sexuallyfree,andcapableof

generousactsandmagnanimity.Thereisapossibledownsideoftheir

personalitywithindividualisticspirit,aloofness,arroganceandoccasional

contemptforthecommonpeople.

3.CriticalRealism

【答案】Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthe1840s

andinthebeginningofthe1850s.Therealistsfirstandforemostset

themselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromadramaticviewpoint

anddelineatedthecryingconditionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnot

findawaytoeradicatesocialevils.CharlesDickensisthemostimportant

criticalrealist.

4.Transcendentalism

【答案】Itisaliterary,philosophicalandartisticmovementthat

flourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.Itoriginatedamonga

smallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxyof

CalvinismandtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch,developinginstead

theirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.

Transcendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoulasthemost

importantthingintheuniverse,andstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.

Tothem,naturewasthegarmentoftheOversoul.Theirideaswere

eloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature,and

Self-relianceandbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisWalden.

Ⅲ.Identifythefollowingquotationsbygiving(1)thetitleofthework;

(2)thenameofitsauthor,and(3)explainbrieflytheimplicationsofthe

underlinedparts.(20%)

1.Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemen

usethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,

fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawithoutthem,andabovethem,

wonbyobservation.

【答案】

OfStudies;FrancisBacon

Itsimplicationisthatstudiescannotteachuseverythingandwecannot

believeeverythingthatwelearnfrombooks,insteadweneedtolearnfrom

experiencetotesttheknowledgewelearnedbefore.

2.IfIwereadeadleafthoumightestbear;/IfIwereaswiftcloudtofly

withthee;/Awavetopantbeneaththypower,andshare/Theimpulseofthy

strength,onlylessfree/Thanthou,OUncontrollable!

【答案】

OdetotheWestWind;PercyByssheShelley

Itsimplicationisthatthoughthespeakerislikethewindatheart,

untamableandproud—heisnowchainedandbowedwiththeweightofhis

hoursupontheearth.

3.Ohsir,shesmiled,nodoubt,/Whene’erIpassedher;butwhopassed

without/Muchthesamesmile?Thisgrew:Igavecommands:/Thenallsmiles

stoppedaltogether.

【答案】

MyLastDuchess;RobertBrowning

Itsimplicationisthatthespeakercommandshiswifenottosmileto

othersbecausehethinksthatsheistoofrivolousindoingso.Fromthis,

BrowningportraysadominatingandselfishDuke.

4.Hesmiledunderstandingly—muchmorethanunderstandingly…

Preciselyatthatpointitvanished—andIwaslookingatanelegantyoung

roughneck,ayearortwooverthirty,whoseelaborateformalityofspeechjust

missedbeingabsurd.SometimebeforeheintroducedhimselfI’dgotastrong

impressionthathewaspickinghiswordswithcare.

【答案】

TheGreatGatsby;F.ScottFitzgerald

ItsimplicationisthatGatsbyisnotthesameasthespeakerimagines,

andthespeakerthinksthathiswayofspeechorbehaviorsareinconsistent

withhiswealthorpower.

5.Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamber

asfromsociety.IamnotsolitarywhilstIreadandwrite,thoughnobodyis

withme.Butifamanwouldbealone,lethimlookatthestars.Theraysthat

comefromthoseheavenlyworldswillseparatebetweenhimandvulgar

things.

【答案】

Nature;RalphWaldoEmerson

Itsimplicationisthattoexperiencethe“wholeness”withnaturefor

whichwearenaturallysuited,wemustbeseparatefromtheflawsand

distractionsimposedonusbysociety.Emersonbelievedthatsolitudeisthe

singlemechanismthroughwhichwecanbefullyengagedintheworldof

nature.

Ⅳ.Writing:Chooseoneofthefollowingpairandwriteacomparative

essayofnolessthan200words.(25%)

1.CharlesDickensandThomasHardy

【答案】

BothCharlesDickensonandThomasHardyweremastersofcritical

realisminBritaininthenineteenthCentury.Dickensonbegantowritein

1830s,andendedin1850s;Hardy’snovelsweremainlyinthelast10years

ofnineteenthCentury.Becauseoftheirdifferentlifeexperiencesand

historicalbackgrounds,theirwritingstylesarebothidenticalanddifferent.

Dickenson’snovelsaretortuous,lively,andfascinating.Hisnovelsare

interestingandreadable,withtheaimofattractingreaders.Theprotagonists

inDickenson’novelsoftensucceedafterthousandsofhardshipsor

frustrationsintheirlives.Hisnovelsarejustlikeapieceofmusic,which

beginswithamelancholymelodyandendswithcheerfulnotes,oftenmaking

readerslaughwithtears.Thisistheoptimistic“Dickenson-style”novel

ending.Hardy’snovels,likeDickenson’snovels,arereadableandinteresting.

Theplotistortuousandfascinating,whichisthecharacteristicofhisnovels,

sohehasalargenumberofreaders.Theplot’stwistsandturnsofHardy’s

novelsaremainlymanifestedintheupsanddowns,andaseriesof

misfortunesandmisfortunesplungingtheherointodespair.Hisworksare

novelanduniquewithmanyoccasionalhappeningsandcoincidences.His

novelsoftenendwithamournfultone,whichmakesreaderssad.

ThecharactersinDickenson’snovelsaresingleandwillnotchange

withthechangeofexperienceandenvironment.Therefore,thegoodpeople

inDickenson’snovelsareoftenpoor,butgoodandkind.Badpeopleare

villainsandgangsters.However,thecharactersinHardy’sworksnotonly

havedualityandcomplexity,butalsochangebecauseoftheinfluenceof

environmentandexperience.Hedoesnotregardtheprinciplethat“Bad

deeds,aswellasgood,mayrebounduponthedoer.”astheendingofthe

novel,butjustshowsthefateofsomecharacterstothereadersaccordingto

thereality.Hardyhadnoillusionsaboutlife.Hisattitudetowardslifewas

quiteresignedtofate.

2.TheLostGeneration&TheBeatGeneration

【答案】

“TheLostgeneration”and“theBeatGeneration”cameintobeingafter

thetwoWorldWarsin20thCentury.Theyemergedindifferenttimesand

socialsituations.Facedwiththelossoftraditionalvalues,theyexpressed

dissatisfactionandrebelliontosocietyindifferentforms.

AftertheFirstWorldWar,thetraditionalcivilizationofEurope,of

whichtheyouthwasproud,collapsedinstantly,andEuropewasinturmoil.

Afterthewar,theyoungmandidnotbecometheheroesthatpeople

worshiped.Theycannotfindjobsandcannotadjusttotheirtownsand

familiesandbecameincompatiblewiththereality.Moreover,WorldWarI

causedamorelastingtraumatointellectualswhoweredissatisfiedwiththe

pursuitofeconomicinterestsbuttheoverlookofspiritualcontentinsociety.

Allthesechangesresultedinagenerationfeelingconfusedandataloss.

Theylosttheiroldrootsandcouldnotfindnewdirectionsbutjustexpressed

theirprotestagainstsocietywith“lost”appearance.Whileasthesocietyafter

WorldWarⅡhadcompletelysuppressedhumannature,theyoungpeople

whohadbeenhitcouldnolongerendureinsilence.Thenormalresistance

wasineffectiveandtheycannotbehaveasifeverythinghadnothingtodo

withthemlikethe“lostgeneration”beingintoxicatedintheindividualworld.

Therefore,theydecidedtoattracttheattentionofthesocietyandthepublic

bytheirpeculiarandindependentbehaviors,thusexpressingtheirresistance

tothemainstreamauthority.

Thetwoschoolsalldisplayedamentaloutlookthatwasnotcompatible

withthemainstream,buttheyrevoltedindifferentways.“TheLost

Generation”was“graceunderpressure”,“TheBeatGeneration”wasanaked

howl.Althoughtheformerwaspessimisticandignoredtheoutsideworld,

theydidnotretreatpassively.Undertheir“lost”appearance,theylookedfor

something,expressingtheirpursuitofpersonalfreedomfromadeeperlevel.

However,thelatterexpressedthesamespiritofrebellionwithinsanityand

nakedexposure.Theydislikedtheevilbigcityandmovedtothewest,tothe

originalMexico.Intheirtimes,peoplelostthemselvesandgradually

alienatedinthesocietyofincreasingphysicalandrightdesires.Therefore,

theyarousetherebelliousconsciousnessoftheresignedwithcrazybehaviors

torestorepeople’sfreedom.

SECTIONB

Ⅰ.Therearetenmultiple-choicequestionsinthissection.Choosethe

bestanswerloeachquestion.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.

(10%)

1.Whichofthefollowingsoundsdoesnotbelongtotheallomorphsof

theEnglishsimplepastmorpheme?

A.[d]

B.[t]

C.[ɪt]

D.[ɪd]

【答案】C

【解析】英语一般过去式的词素有三种词素变体：[d]、[t]、[ɪd]。

2.When-ionin“television”isremovedtogetaverb“televise”,wecall

thiswayofcreatingwords_____.

A.suffixation

B.back-formation

C.blending

D.acronymy

【答案】B

【解析】逆构词法是将语言中已经存在的某个较长的词去掉想象中

的词缀从而衍生出来的一个较短的词。

3.Inthefollowingconversation:

-BeirutisinPeru,isn’tit?

-AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.

Thesecondpersonviolatesthe_____oftheCooperativePrinciple.

A.QuantityMaxim

B.QualityMaxim

C.RelationMaxim

D.MannerMaxim

【答案】B

【解析】质量准则第一条为“不要说自知是假的话”。

4.Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguage

peopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguistic

behavior,itissaidtobe_____.

A.prescriptive

B.sociolinguistic

C.descriptive

D.psycholinguistic

【答案】C

【解析】现代语言学描述和分析语言事实。

5.ThediscoveryoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththe

workof_____.

A.JacobGrimm

B.BronislawMalinowski

C.LeonardBloomfield

D.SirWilliamJones

【答案】D

【解析】威廉·琼斯最早正式提出印欧语假设。

6.Oneofthepropertiesoflanguageisthatalanguageusercan

understandandproducesentenceshe/shehasneverheardbefore.This

propertyoflanguageiscalled_____.

A.duality

B.productivity

C.displacement

D.arbitrariness

【答案】B

【解析】有了创造性，说话者便能够将基本的语言单位组成无限数

量的句子，而这其中的绝大数句子却是以前从未有过或听说过的。

7.Theconsonant[ð]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthe

followingphoneticfeatures:

A.voiceless,alveolar,stop

B.voiceless,labiodental,lateral

C.voiced,dental,fricative

D.voiceless,labiodental,affricate

【答案】C

【解析】[ð]是浊音，齿音，摩擦音。

8.“Iboughtsomeroses”_____“Iboughtsomeflowers”.

A.entails

B.presupposes

C.isinconsistentwith

D.issynonymouswith

【答案】A

【解析】第二个句子的意义可以由第一个句子衍推出来。

9.Theprocesswhereawordorphraserefersforwardtoanotherwordor

phrasewhichoccurslaterinatextorconversationiscalled_____.

A.antecedent

B.cataphora

C.anaphora

D.reference

【答案】B

【解析】下指是对后文将要出现的内容或词项的替代。

10.Whichpairofwordsinthefollowingisaminimalpair?

A.dick,dug

B.bike,pike

C.cat,pet

D.page,lake

【答案】B

【解析】单词bike和pike只有第一个音素不同，从而导致两个单词意

义不同。

Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithwordsorphrasesstartingwiththefirstletter

givenbelow.(10%)

1.S_____isthesmallestcomponentofmeaning.

【答案】Sememe

【解析】义素是词义的基本单位。

2.Ane_____constructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionally

equivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupof

words,whichservesasadefinablecenterofhead.

【答案】endocentric

【解析】向心结构是一种其分布在功能上等同或趋近于整个结构中

作为中心或核心的成分的结构。

3.Ac_____isacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledaswritten

textsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.

【答案】corpus

【解析】语料是以书面语篇或录音言语描写所收集的语言数据的集

合。

4.As_____isaspecificationofwhattakesplaceintheclassroom,

whichusuallycontainstheaimsandcontentsofteachingandsometimes

containssuggestionsofmethodology.

【答案】syllabus

【解析】教学大纲就是教学计划。它是对课程内容，教学步骤和学

习经历的描述。

5.J.R.F_____wasthefirstprofessorofgenerallinguisticsinGreat

Britainandheturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademic

subjectinBritain.

【答案】Firth

【解析】弗斯是英国语言学界的中心人物。他坚持语言理论研究有

其独立性，不应被视为其他学科或语言教学的附庸。

6.ICanalysisistheshortformfori_____.

【答案】immediateconstituent

【解析】IC是直接成分分析法的简称。

7.Thei_____functionistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicatea

contentthatisunknowntothehearerorreader.

【答案】informative

【解析】信息功能指语言用来传达信息，即告诉他人一些事情，情

况，信息等功能。

8.B_____inlinguisticsholdsthatchildrenlearnlanguagethrougha

chainofstimulus-responsereinforcement.

【答案】Bloomfield

【解析】布龙菲尔德认为儿童的语言学习是通过“刺激—反应加

强”链，而且成人的语言运用同样也是刺激—反应过程。

9.TheP_____Schoolisbestknownandrememberedforits

contributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsand

phonology.ItmostprominentscholarisTrubetzcoy.

【答案】Prague

【解析】布拉格学派最为出名，令人难以忘怀的是其对音位学的贡

献，以及对语音学和音位学的区分。在这当中最有影响力的学者是特鲁

别茨伊柯。

10.Philosophersusec_____tomeanthepropertiesoftheentityaword

denotes.

【答案】connotation

【解析】哲学家们用内涵来表示单词所指实体的属性。

Ⅲ.Definethefollowingterms.(25%)

1.arbitrariness

【答案】Itreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsic

connectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.

Thereisnoreason,forexample,whyEnglishshouldusethesounds/dɒg/to

refertotheanimaldog,orwhyChineseshoulduse“gou”torefertothesame

animal.Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisquite

accidental.

2.antonymy

【答案】

Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning;wordsthatare

oppositeinmeaningareantonyms.Oppositenesscanbefoundondifferent

dimensionsanddifferentkindsofantonymshavebeenfound.

Someantonymsaregradablebecausethereareoftenintermediateforms

betweenthetwomembersofapair.Soitisamatterofdegree.Forexample,

oldandyoungareimmediatelyrecognizedasantonyms,buttheystandfor

twoextremes,betweenwhichthereexistintermediateformsrepresenting

differingdegreesofbeingoldoryoung,suchas“middle-aged,mature,

elderly”.“Good”and“bad”isalsoapairofgradableantonyms.Apairof

complementaryantonymsischaracterizedbythefeaturethatthedenialof

onememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother.Inotherwords,itis

notamatterofdegreebetweentwoextremes,butamatterofeitheroneorthe

other.Forexample,apersoncanbeeither“alive”or“dead”,either“male”or

“female”;thereisnothirdpossibility.Therefore,“alive”and“dead”isapair

ofcomplementaryantonymsandsois“male”and“female”.Pairsofwords

thatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalled

relationalopposites.Forexample,ifAisthehusbandofB,thenBisthewife

ofA.So“husband”and“wife”isapairofrelationalopposites;soare

“teacher”and“student”.

3.conversationalimplicature

【答案】Conversationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,which

isdeducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwith

thecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.

4.broadtranscription

【答案】Phonetictranscriptionmayaimtotranscribethephonologyofa

language,oritmaybeusedtogofurtherandspecifytheprecisephonetic

realization.Inallsystemsoftranscriptionthereisadistinctionbetweenbroad

transcriptionandnarrowtranscription.Broadtranscriptionindicatesonlythe

mostnoticeablephoneticfeaturesofanutterance,whereasnarrow

transcriptionencodesmoreinformationaboutthephoneticvariationsofthe

specificallophonesintheutterance.Thedifferencebetweenbroadand

narrowisacontinuum.Oneparticularformofabroadtranscriptionisa

phonemictranscription,whichdisregardsallallophonicdifference,and,as

thenameimplies,isnotreallyaphonetictranscriptionatall(butattimes

coincideswithit),butarepresentationofphonemicstructure.

5.proposition

【答案】Apropositioniswhatasentencesaysabouttheworld.The

samesentencecanexpressdifferentpropositionsondifferentoccasions.

Conversely,differentsentencescanexpressoneandthesameproposition.

Ⅳ.Giveeachofthefollowingabriefaccount.(30%)

1.Linguisticdeterminism(10%)

【答案】Linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativityaretwopartsof

Sapir-WhorfHypothesis.Linguisticdeterminismsaysthatlinguisticstructure

determinescognitivestructure.Thatis,learningalanguagechangestheway

apersonthinks.

2.Metaphor(10%)

【答案】Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatone

isconstruedintermsoftheother.It’softendescribedintermsofatarget

domainandasourcedomain.Thetargetdomainistheexperiencebeing

describedbythemetaphorandthesourcedomainisthemeansthatweusein

ordertodescribetheexperience.

3.InwhatwayisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlongueandparole

differentfromChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?

(10%)

【答案】

Earlylastcentury,thefamouslinguistF.deSaussuremadeanimportant

distinctionbetweenlanguageandparole.Languereferstotheabstract

linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole

referstoparticularrealizationsoflangue.Langueissocial,conventionalside

oflanguage,whileparoleisindividualizedspeech.Langueisthecode,and

paroleisthemessage.Paroleistheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeither

throughspeechorwriting.Langueistheabstractknowledgenecessaryfor

speaking,listening,writingandreading.Itisrelativelystableandsystematic,

whereasparoleismorevariableandmaychangeaccordingtocontextual

factors.Paroleandlanguetogetherconstitutelanguage.

Acomparabledistinctiontolangueandparoleismadebythewell-

knownAmericanlinguistNoamChomsky.Hedistinguishescompetenceand

performancessoastoidealizelanguagedataandtodefinethescopeof

linguisticstudy.AccordingtoChomsky,competencereferstotheknowledge

thatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractformal

relations,whileperformancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,

theactualuseofthisknowledge.

Chomsky’sdistinctionapparentlycorrespondsinsomedegreetothatof

Saussure.Itrepresentsasimilarclassificationofknowledgeandbehaviorand

asimilardichotomyofthescopeoflinguisticinquiry.However,theirviews

arenotexactlythesame.Chomsky’scompetenceisapsychologicalconstruct

andSaussure’slangueisasetofsocialconventions.Thereareotherminor

differences,butperhapstheunderlyingconsiderationsarethesame.Whether

weadoptapsychologicalvieworasociologicalone,theprincipleisto

abstractrulesfromimmediatelyobservablelanguageuseandtotryto

describethesystemgoverningparticularexamplesofspeakingorwriting.

2012年暨南大学808外国语言文学

综合考试考研真题及详解

Ⅰ.Multiplechoices.Thereare20questionsinthispart.Choosethebest

answertoeachquestion.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Both

literaturecandidatesandlinguisticscandidatesmustdothispart.(20%)

1.ThefirstAmericanPresidenttobeelectedfromtheRepublicanParty

was_____.

A.AbrahamLincoln

B.JamesMonroe

C.JamesMadison

D.ThomasJefferson

【答案】A

【解析】美国历史上的第一位共和党总统是亚伯拉罕·林肯。

2.ThemostimportantandlargestriverintheUnitedStatesofAmerica

is_____.

A.theOhioRiver

B.theColoradoRiver

C.theMissouriRiver

D.theMississippiRiver

【答案】D

【解析】美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河

流。被美国人视为“众河之父”，沿河流域也是美国的主要农作物产区。

3._____hasbeencalledthe“cradleofAmericanliberty”.

A.Philadelphia

B.Boston

C.Plymouth

D.Chicago

【答案】B

【解析】波士顿市民因常集会，讨论独立与自由等大问题。因而获

得“自由的摇篮”的别称。

4.JuniorcollegeinAmericais_____.

A.two-yearcollege

B.four-yearcollege

C.three-yearcollege

D.five-yearcollege

【答案】A

【解析】美国初级学院又称技术学院或两年制学院，多半为地方社

区所举办，公立学校一般称为社区学院（communitycollege）。

5.PresidentNixondecidedtoresignbecausehe_____.

A.refusedtohandovertheWhiteHousetapestocourt

B.wastiredofpoliticalstruggleinWashingtonD.C.

C.cametoseethatmostprobablyhewouldbeimpeached

D.wasdesertedbytheRepublicanParty

【答案】C

【解析】尼克松因水门事件于1974年辞职，成为美国历史上第一位

在任期内辞职的总统。1974年7月8日，最高法院以八票对零票通过了对

尼克松不利的裁决。与此同时，报纸社论发出要他辞职的舆论，国会也

不停地呼吁，要对他进行弹劾。尼克松于8月7日在给霍尔德曼打电话，

告诉他已决定辞职时，他说：“我简直得不到国会的政治支持，而我要

继续担任总统是需要这种支持的。我不能眼看由于6个月或更长时间的

弹劾审判，国家陷于分裂，我们的对外政策遭到破坏。”于是他在第二

天宣布辞去了总统职务。

6.Toitsfullsense,theBritishParliamentconsistsof_____.

A.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons

B.theHouseandtheSenate

C.theQueenandtheHouseofLords

D.theSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons

【答案】D

【解析】英国议会的首领为英国君主；它包括上议院和下议院；是

由早期为君主提出治国建议的政务会发展而来的；其立法机构以英国国

会为原型。

7.WhichofthefollowingistrueunderThatcher’sadministrationinthe

UK?

A.Theproportionofowner-occupationdecreased.

B.Publichousingbecamemoreimportant.

C.ManyPublichousesweresoldtopeople.

D.TheUKbecamemoreEuropean-likeinitshousingarrangement.

【答案】C

【解析】撒切尔信奉货币主义理论，上台后就进行大刀阔斧的改

革。她主要采取四项措施，一是私有化，二是控制货币，三是削减福利

开支，四是打击工会力量。撒切尔夫人执政后，国企私有化成为新政重

点。1979年，英国政府出售英国石油公司（垄断国企）19%的股份，拉

开撒切尔时代私有化的序幕。超过100万的公共住宅以折扣价直接卖给

私人。

8.TheoldestBritishdailynewspaperis_____.

A.DailyExpress

B.TheTimes

C.FinancialTimes

D.TheObserver

【答案】B

【解析】《泰晤士报》诞生于1785年，创始人是约翰·沃尔特。A项

《每日快报》是英国全国性通俗报纸，1900年由比弗布鲁克爵士在伦敦

创刊。C项英国《金融时报》是由JamesSheridan及其兄弟于1888年创办

的世界著名的国际性金融媒体。D项《观察家报》创刊于1791年，是英

国创刊最早的星期日报纸。

9.Inappearance,theQueenofGreatBritainseemsverypowerful,butin

reality,sheisonly_____.

A.theSupremeGovernorofEngland

B.theDukeofEdinburgh

C.afigure-head

D.alloftheabove

【答案】C

【解析】表面上看来，英国女王的权力很大，但事实上，她只是一

个傀儡。

10.BritainjoinedtheEuropeanCommunityin_____.

A.1972

B.1973

C.1974

D.1975

【答案】B

【解析】1973年，丹麦、英国、爱尔兰加入欧洲共同体。

11.InIndustrialRevolution,GeorgeStephensoninvented_____.

A.railwayengine

B.spinningmachine

C.steamengine

D.cottontextile

【答案】C

【解析】斯蒂芬孙在英国建造了世界上首条使用蒸汽机车的铁路，

被称为“铁路之父”。

12.London’sMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontrolof

_____.

A.theLordChancellor

B.theHomeSecretary

C.theAttorney

D.thePrimeMinister

【答案】B

【解析】伦敦警察署直接由内政大臣管辖。

13.Irelandhasabipolarpoliticalsystemwithtwomajorparties.They

are_____.

A.SinnFeinandFiannaFail

B.SinnFeinandFineGael

C.FiannaFailandFineGael

D.IRAandSinnFein

【答案】C