2023年考研外语考前冲刺试卷10

考研外语考前冲刺试卷10

一、UseofEnglish

1Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingis,thelaterand

sloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature(1)

ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties(2)_____before

theageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthen,too,

inthecaseofwoman,itistheonlyreasonofasort—verymean

inits(3).ThatiswhywomenremainchiIdrentheirwhole

lifelong;neverseeing(4)_____butwhatisquiteclosetothem,

(5)fasttothepresentmoment,takingappearancefor

(6),andpreferring(7)tomattersofthefirst

importance.Foritis(8)hisreasoningfacultythatman

doesnotliveinthepresentonly,(9)thebrute,butlooks

abouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisis

theoriginof(10),aswellasthatofcareandanxiety

whichsomanypeople(11)Boththeadvantagesandthe

disadvantages,whichthis(12),are(13)inbythe

womantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerof

reasoning.Shemay,infact,bedescribedasintellectually

shortsighted,(14),whileshehasanimmediate

understandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoher,herfieldof

(15)isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis(16);

sothatthingswhichareabsent,orpast,ortocome,havemuch

lesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhy

womenareinclinedtobe(17)andsometimescarrytheir

desiretoa(18)thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirhearts,

womenthinkitismen'sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirsto

spendit—ifpossibleduringtheirhusband'slife,(19),

atanyrate,afterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusband

handsthem(20)hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeeping

strengthenstheminthisbelief.

A.burden

B.drive

C.stage

D.move

2、(2)

A.barely

B.scarcely

C.rarely

D.hardly

3、⑶

A.dimensions

B.perspectives

C.indices

D.diameters

4、(4)

A.something

B.anything

C.everything

D.nothing

5、(5)

A.fastening

B.sticking

C.taking

D.seeing

6、(6)

A.fancy

B.practice

C.reality

D.illusion

7、(7)

A.fragments

B.trifles

C.remains

目3

D.substances

8、(8)

A.atthemercyof

B.withregardto

C.intheinterestsof

D.byvirtueof

9、(9)

A.above

B.like

C.beside

D.including

10、(10)

A.jealousy

B.generosity

C.identity

D.prudence

11、(11)

A.advocate

B.demonstrate

C.exhibit

D.reveal

12、(12)

A.concerns

B.relates

C.involves

D.retains

13、(13)

A.shared

B.joined

C.bound

D.hurried

14、(14)

A.before

B.because

C.unless

D.until

15、(15)

A.sigh

B.vision

C.reach

D.glance

16、(16)

A.obscure

B.invisible

C.remote

D.primitive

17、(17)

A.extravagant

B.extreme

C.credible

D.wretched

18、(18)

A.end

B.limit

C.span

D.length

19、(19)

A.but

B.for

C.though

D.while

20、(20)

A.down

B.over

C.in

D.up

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

OnaweekdaynightthisJanuary,thousandsofflag-waving

youthspacked01ayaStreet,Riyadh'smainshoppingstrip,to

cheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.

Onecar,rockmusicblaringfromitsstereo,squealedtoastop,

blockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptout,clambered

ontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.

Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecity,theysped

offbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem.

Suchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigid

conformistkingdom,butnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulf

statesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.That

doesnotmakethemrebels:respectforelders,forreligious

dutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvalues,

andpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yet

demographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservative

norms.

Afterall,60%oftheGulf'snativepopulationisundertheage

of25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthaninthe

workforce,theregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketing

demandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenative

workforcewilldoubleby2022.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom

3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbe

dauntingenoughforanysociety,butisparticularlyforbidding

inthisregion,forseveralreasons.

ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlabor

structure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970s,whenballooningoi1

incomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeign

workersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultis

atwo-tierworkforce,withoutsidersworkingmostlyinthe

privatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.

Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthe

government,claimsonestudy,workersareworthonlyaquarter

ofwhattheygetpaid.

Similarly,intheeducationsector,30yearsspentkeepingpace

withsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.

TheSaudischoolsystem,forinstance,todayhastocopewith

5mstudents,eighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulf

countriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatare

nowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrote

learningof"facts“intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligious

values.

Evenworse,thesystemasawholediscouragesintellectual

curiosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestige

degreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120,000

graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and

1999,only10,000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchas

architectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthe

totalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket.

Thewildbehavior,ofyoungpeopledepictedinthefirst

paragraphisintendedto.

A.tospotlighttheirsocialproblems.

B.tointroducethechangeofSaudiyouths.

C.tocriticizetheirconformistimage.

D.toappreciaterebelsagainstsocialvalues.

2、

ThebasicproblemofpeoplepressurefacingtheSaudi

authorityliesin.

A.expandingworkforce.

B.explodingpopulation.

C.practicalintelligence.

D.intellectualcuriosity.

3、

Theword"lopsided”(Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans

A.Detrimental.

B.Unappealing.

C.Harmonious.

D.Unbalanced.

4、

Accordingtotheauthor,theSaudieducationsystemis

characterizedbyitsexcessiveemphasison.

A.technicalcreativity.

B.intellectualcognition.

C.conservativevalues.

D.nonconformistimages.

5、

Whatisthesectionfollowingthistextmostlikelytodeal

with?

A.Thelowerproportionoflocalyouthsintheworkforce.

B.MorerestrictionsplacedontheprivatefirmsinSaudi.

C.Anotherreasonforthedifficultyinmanagingpeople

pressure.

D.Thecommitmenttomotivatingyouthparticipationinthe

task.

6、Canthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoods?

MiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.Thegranddaughter

ofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopened

spectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkand

London.Withitsmagicmirrors,silverdisplaysand

computer-controlledchangingrooms,Prada'stwo-month-old

shopinManhattancostastaggering$40m,sitsjustamilefrom

GroundZero,andsellspracticallynothing.

Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhasty

successionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomy,

anenduringslumpinJapanesespending,andtheSeptember11th

terroristattacks.TheJapanese,whousedtobuyathirdofthe

world'sluxurygoods,cuttheirforeigntravelinhalfafter

theattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.

Atthesametime,wealthyAmericansstoppedflying,whichhas

adramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondon,

ParisandRome.

Athometoo,Americans，attitudestoluxurychanged,atleast

temporarily.''Conspicuousabstention“replacedgreedy

consumerismamongthefast-growing,youngerbreedofnewlyrich.

Thedeclineinjobsecurity,thelowerbonusesinfinancial

services,andthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthe

paperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990s,bredanewfrugality.

Salesofexpensivejewelry,watchesandhandbags—theproducts

thatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goods

groups—droppedsharply.

Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflarge,

quotedluxury-goodscompanies.France'sLouisVuittonMoet

Hennessy(LVMH),theindustryleader,issuedfourprofits

warningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%

declineinoperatingprofitfor2022,afterhavingrepeatedly

promiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly'sGucci

Group,thethirdlargest,announcedthisweekthatsecond-half

profitsdroppedby33%.Meanwhile,privatelyheldPradahadto

postponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosella

recentlyacquiredstakeinFendi,aprestigiousItalianbag

maker,inordertoreduceitsdebts.

Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextended

indefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommon,itisdevalued,as

PierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabels

oneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equally,abrandnamecan

beunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistently,orifit

isdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosen,a

luxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morgan,arguesthat,“Luxury

companiesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailing,themost

importantthingisexecution,andexecutionisallabout

management.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproduct,butifyou

don'tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttime,you

willfail”.

By“MiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails”(Paragraph

1),theauthormeans.

A.Pradaisinadesperatesituation.

B.Pradahadhershopwell-furnished.

C.Pradaisalwaysinherbadhabit.

D.Pradaspentmuchonhernewshop.

7、

Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheconsumptionof

luxurygoodsinthepresentsituation?

A.Outrage.

B.Lavishness.

C.Restraint.

D.Indulgence.

8、

Itcaninferredfromthetextthat.

A.ExcessiveadvertisementresultedinthefailureofPrada's

investment.

B.Luxurycompaniesmustgivethoughttotheimpactof

terroristattacks.

C.Executionisnothingbutanauxiliarypartofbusiness

management.

D.Outsidersalwaysholdsomemisconceptionsofluxury-goods

business.

9、

Whenmentioning，zdouble-digitgrowth”(Paragraph4),the

authoristalkingabout.

A.estimatedassetsofnewstores.

B.operatingprofitsinluxurybusiness.

C.paperwealthinstockmarket.

D.fundingraisedfromnewacquisitions.

10、

Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

A.Openingnewstores,onthehorizon.

B.Moreventuresbringmorerewards.

C.Tightthebelt,thesingleremedy.

D.Noteverybusinessyieldsbenefits.

11、Atsomepointduringtheireducation,biologystudents

aretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50

yearsago.J.B.S.Haldane,aBritishgeneticist,wasasked

whetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoing

aquickcalculationonthebackofanapkin,hesaidhewould

dosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwords,hewould

dietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributionto

thenextgeneration.

Thetheoryofkinselection一theideathatanimalscanpasson

theirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology，s

explanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividual

carryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodie

youngerthanonewith"selfish“genes,andthustohavea

reducedcontributiontothenextgeneration'sgeneticpool.But

ifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectits

relatives,genesforaltruisticbehavior,mightnevertheless

propagate.

Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobe

explainedaway,inwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithin

biology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthat

itisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefits

foritselflateron(aphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism).

Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybe

doingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemales,and

ultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparently

selflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest.

Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists'argumentsthatHomo

sapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus一maximizingsomethingthat

economistscallutility,andbiologistsfitness.Butthereis

aresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:

peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomeless,returnlost

wallets,dovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantsto

whichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismand

naturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomacts

ofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spiteful

behavior,whensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamage

thatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.

Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscience,anamealways

helps.InapaperinHumanNature,Dr.Fehrandhiscolleagues

argueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strong

reciprocity”.Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfrom

reciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDr.Fehr,apersonisastrong

reciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekind

tothosewhoarebeingkind,andtopunishthosewhoarebeing

unkind.Significantly,strongreciprocatorswillbehavethis

wayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewards

inthefuture.

ThestoryofJ.B.S.Haldaneismentionedinthetext.

A.tohonorhisunusualaltruisticacts.

B.toshowhowhecontributedtohisoffspring.

C.tointroducethetopicofhumanaltruism.

D.togiveanepisodeofhiscalculationabilities.

12、

Accordingthetheoryofkinselection,humanstendtoact

altruistically.

A.forthesakeofdesiredreproduction.

B.outofself-interest.

C.ontherequestofnaturalselection.

D.becauseofkindnature.

13、

Aspointedoutinthetext,''reciprocalaltruismtheory”and

“strongreciprocitytheory"are.

A.complementary.

B.contradictory.

C.superficial.

D.over-simplified.

14、

Thewritementionedthecaseof“thehunterwhoshareshis

spoilswithothers”(Para.3)todemonstrate.

A.innatehumanhostility.

0---------£

上17

B.hisprivilegedstatus.

C.apparentaltruism.

D.hissacrificeresources.

15、

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph4that.

A.Humanbehavior,isconfinedtotheexclusiveconcernof

psychologists.

B.Economists，utilityisonlytheexplanationsforrandom

actsofkindness.

C.Altruismisdevelopedduringthelongprocessofhuman

evolution.

D.Biologistscanhelpeconomistsexplainsomehumanbehavior,

deviations.

16、Inascience-fictionmoviecalled，，Species，/,amysterious

signalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofan

unknownorganism.Whentheinevitablemadscientist

synthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructions,thecreature

hebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridge,an

athleticactress.Unfortunately,thealienharborswithinher

delicateform,thedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivision,and

itallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory.

GlenEvans,chiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiego,

California,acknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghis

expertopinion一inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththe

posterofthestrikingMr.Henstridgethathangsonhisoffice

wall一theproducersof“Species“didnothewverycloselyto

hissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscript,ideas.

Still,theyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthat

hisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreate,ifnotanaliensuccubus,

atleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteins

thatcouldmimicthebehavior,ofalivingcell.

Makingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesize

longstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNA

canmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacids,

butthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.

Egea'stechnology,bycontrast,wouldallowbiologiststo

manufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm'sscientistscanmake

geneslongenoughtoencode6,000aminoacids.Theyaimto

synthesizeagenefor30,000aminoacidswithintwoyears.

Usingalibraryoftheroughly1,500possible“motifs“orfolds

thataproteincanadopt,Egea'sscientistsemploycomputers

todesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapes

andproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodesthese

proteins,Egeausesamachineithasdubbedthe”

AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesize,Dr.Evans

1ikensthisdevicetoawordprocessorforDNA,onwhichyou

cantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAand

getthatmoleculeout.

AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesize,Dr.Evans

envisagesencodingnotjustproteins,butentirebiochemical

pathways,whichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolic

processes.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivably

functionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebody

andattackdisease,justasthebody，sowndefensivecellsdo.

PerhapsDr.Evansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwith

theirfriendsinHollywood.

Thispassageismainly

A.aboutanewapplicationofcomputers.

B.areviewofascience-fictionmovie.

C.aboutthesynthesizinginterestingDNA.

D.asurveyofscientificbreakthroughs.

17、

Theexpression"hewverycloselyto"canbebestreplacedby

A.shedlighton.

B.adherestrictlyto.

C.stayawayfrom.

D.giveplayto.

18、

TheDNAdesignedbyEvan'stechnologydiffersstrikinglyfrom

thatsynthesizedbyexistingtechnologyinthattheformeris

characterizedbyits.

A.morequalitiesdesired.

B.imitationofalivingcell.

C.delicatebutdestructivepower.

D.resistancetoepidemics.

19、

ElenEvans，technologyofnewproteindesignmayproveuseful

A.inathletictrainingprograms.

B.infilmmakingspectacles.

C.inmedicaltreatments.

D.insoftwareprogramming.

20、

Thepassageisprimarilyinthedevelopmentofthe

thesis.

A.persuasive.

B.descriptive.

C.narrative.

D.expository.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabout

naturalselection.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthe

listforeachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstandlastparagraphs

ofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhich

youdonotneedtouse.

A.Theimpotenceofcreationism.

B.Naturalselectionactsbycompetition.

C.Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld

D.Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem.

E.Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases.

F.Noleapsinnaturalevolution.

Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproduction

toincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodified

descendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyas

muchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructure,

soastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplaces

innaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspring

ofanyonespecies.Hence,duringalong-continuedcourseof

modification,theslightdifferencescharacteristicof

varietiesofthesamespecies,tendtobeaugmentedintothe

greaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesame

genus.

(41).

Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroy

theolder,lessimproved,andintermediatevarieties;andthus

speciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinct

objects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithin

eachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothat

eachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllarger,andatthesame

timemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthus

goonincreasinginsize,fortheworldwou1dnotholdthem,

themoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant.

(42).

Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsize

anddivergingincharacter,togetherwiththeinevitabilityof

muchextinction,explainsthearrangementofalltheformsof

lifeingroupssubordinatetogroups,allwithinafewgreat

classes,whichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.Thisgrand

factofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalled

theNaturalSystem,isutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryof

creation.

Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslight,

successive,favorablevariations,itcanproducenogreator

suddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.

Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgained

byanalmostinfinitediversityofmeans,foreverypeculiarity

whenonceacquiredinlonginherited,andstructuresalready

modifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesame

generalpurpose.Wecan,inshort,seewhynatureisextravagant

invariety,thoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythis

shouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependently

creatednomancanexplain.

(44).

Manyotherfactsare,asitseemstome,explicableonthis

theory.Howstrangeitisthatabird,undertheform,ofa

woodpecker,shouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatupland

geesewhichrarelyorneverswim,shouldpossesswebbedfeet,

andsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspecies

constantlytryingtoincreaseinnumber,withnaturalselection

alwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeach

toanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnature,thesefacts

ceasetobestrange,ormightevenhavebeenanticipated.

Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereis

somuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargely

attributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeauty,according

tooursenseofit,isnotuniversal,mustbeadmittedbyevery

onewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistorted

resemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselect

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

WhentheVikingsinvadedGreatBritain,theydidmorethan

slaughterthepopulation,ransackthecitiesandscorchthe

earth.Theyalsoleftsubstantialinfl