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考研外语考前冲刺试卷10
一、UseofEnglish
1Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingis,thelaterand
sloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature(1)
ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties(2)_____before
theageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthen,too,
inthecaseofwoman,itistheonlyreasonofasort—verymean
inits(3).ThatiswhywomenremainchiIdrentheirwhole
lifelong;neverseeing(4)_____butwhatisquiteclosetothem,
(5)fasttothepresentmoment,takingappearancefor
(6),andpreferring(7)tomattersofthefirst
importance.Foritis(8)hisreasoningfacultythatman
doesnotliveinthepresentonly,(9)thebrute,butlooks
abouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisis
theoriginof(10),aswellasthatofcareandanxiety
whichsomanypeople(11)Boththeadvantagesandthe
disadvantages,whichthis(12),are(13)inbythe
womantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerof
reasoning.Shemay,infact,bedescribedasintellectually
shortsighted,(14),whileshehasanimmediate
understandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoher,herfieldof
(15)isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis(16);
sothatthingswhichareabsent,orpast,ortocome,havemuch
lesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhy
womenareinclinedtobe(17)andsometimescarrytheir
desiretoa(18)thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirhearts,
womenthinkitismen'sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirsto
spendit—ifpossibleduringtheirhusband'slife,(19),
atanyrate,afterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusband
handsthem(20)hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeeping
strengthenstheminthisbelief.
A.burden
B.drive
C.stage
D.move
2、(2)
A.barely
B.scarcely
C.rarely
D.hardly
3、⑶
A.dimensions
B.perspectives
C.indices
D.diameters
4、(4)
A.something
B.anything
C.everything
D.nothing
5、(5)
A.fastening
B.sticking
C.taking
D.seeing
6、(6)
A.fancy
B.practice
C.reality
D.illusion
7、(7)
A.fragments
B.trifles
C.remains
目3
D.substances
8、(8)
A.atthemercyof
B.withregardto
C.intheinterestsof
D.byvirtueof
9、(9)
A.above
B.like
C.beside
D.including
10、(10)
A.jealousy
B.generosity
C.identity
D.prudence
11、(11)
A.advocate
B.demonstrate
C.exhibit
D.reveal
12、(12)
A.concerns
B.relates
C.involves
D.retains
13、(13)
A.shared
B.joined
C.bound
D.hurried
14、(14)
A.before
B.because
C.unless
D.until
15、(15)
A.sigh
B.vision
C.reach
D.glance
16、(16)
A.obscure
B.invisible
C.remote
D.primitive
17、(17)
A.extravagant
B.extreme
C.credible
D.wretched
18、(18)
A.end
B.limit
C.span
D.length
19、(19)
A.but
B.for
C.though
D.while
20、(20)
A.down
B.over
C.in
D.up
二、ReadingComprehension
1、PartA
Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions
beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuary,thousandsofflag-waving
youthspacked01ayaStreet,Riyadh'smainshoppingstrip,to
cheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.
Onecar,rockmusicblaringfromitsstereo,squealedtoastop,
blockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptout,clambered
ontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.
Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecity,theysped
offbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem.
Suchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigid
conformistkingdom,butnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulf
statesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.That
doesnotmakethemrebels:respectforelders,forreligious
dutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvalues,
andpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yet
demographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservative
norms.
Afterall,60%oftheGulf'snativepopulationisundertheage
of25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthaninthe
workforce,theregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketing
demandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenative
workforcewilldoubleby2022.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom
3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbe
dauntingenoughforanysociety,butisparticularlyforbidding
inthisregion,forseveralreasons.
ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlabor
structure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970s,whenballooningoi1
incomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeign
workersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultis
atwo-tierworkforce,withoutsidersworkingmostlyinthe
privatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.
Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthe
government,claimsonestudy,workersareworthonlyaquarter
ofwhattheygetpaid.
Similarly,intheeducationsector,30yearsspentkeepingpace
withsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.
TheSaudischoolsystem,forinstance,todayhastocopewith
5mstudents,eighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulf
countriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatare
nowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrote
learningof"facts“intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligious
values.
Evenworse,thesystemasawholediscouragesintellectual
curiosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestige
degreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120,000
graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and
1999,only10,000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchas
architectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthe
totalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket.
Thewildbehavior,ofyoungpeopledepictedinthefirst
paragraphisintendedto.
A.tospotlighttheirsocialproblems.
B.tointroducethechangeofSaudiyouths.
C.tocriticizetheirconformistimage.
D.toappreciaterebelsagainstsocialvalues.
2、
ThebasicproblemofpeoplepressurefacingtheSaudi
authorityliesin.
A.expandingworkforce.
B.explodingpopulation.
C.practicalintelligence.
D.intellectualcuriosity.
3、
Theword"lopsided”(Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans
A.Detrimental.
B.Unappealing.
C.Harmonious.
D.Unbalanced.
4、
Accordingtotheauthor,theSaudieducationsystemis
characterizedbyitsexcessiveemphasison.
A.technicalcreativity.
B.intellectualcognition.
C.conservativevalues.
D.nonconformistimages.
5、
Whatisthesectionfollowingthistextmostlikelytodeal
with?
A.Thelowerproportionoflocalyouthsintheworkforce.
B.MorerestrictionsplacedontheprivatefirmsinSaudi.
C.Anotherreasonforthedifficultyinmanagingpeople
pressure.
D.Thecommitmenttomotivatingyouthparticipationinthe
task.
6、Canthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoods?
MiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.Thegranddaughter
ofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopened
spectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkand
London.Withitsmagicmirrors,silverdisplaysand
computer-controlledchangingrooms,Prada'stwo-month-old
shopinManhattancostastaggering$40m,sitsjustamilefrom
GroundZero,andsellspracticallynothing.
Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhasty
successionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomy,
anenduringslumpinJapanesespending,andtheSeptember11th
terroristattacks.TheJapanese,whousedtobuyathirdofthe
world'sluxurygoods,cuttheirforeigntravelinhalfafter
theattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.
Atthesametime,wealthyAmericansstoppedflying,whichhas
adramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondon,
ParisandRome.
Athometoo,Americans,attitudestoluxurychanged,atleast
temporarily.''Conspicuousabstention“replacedgreedy
consumerismamongthefast-growing,youngerbreedofnewlyrich.
Thedeclineinjobsecurity,thelowerbonusesinfinancial
services,andthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthe
paperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990s,bredanewfrugality.
Salesofexpensivejewelry,watchesandhandbags—theproducts
thatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goods
groups—droppedsharply.
Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflarge,
quotedluxury-goodscompanies.France'sLouisVuittonMoet
Hennessy(LVMH),theindustryleader,issuedfourprofits
warningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%
declineinoperatingprofitfor2022,afterhavingrepeatedly
promiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly'sGucci
Group,thethirdlargest,announcedthisweekthatsecond-half
profitsdroppedby33%.Meanwhile,privatelyheldPradahadto
postponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosella
recentlyacquiredstakeinFendi,aprestigiousItalianbag
maker,inordertoreduceitsdebts.
Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextended
indefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommon,itisdevalued,as
PierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabels
oneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equally,abrandnamecan
beunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistently,orifit
isdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosen,a
luxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morgan,arguesthat,“Luxury
companiesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailing,themost
importantthingisexecution,andexecutionisallabout
management.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproduct,butifyou
don'tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttime,you
willfail”.
By“MiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails”(Paragraph
1),theauthormeans.
A.Pradaisinadesperatesituation.
B.Pradahadhershopwell-furnished.
C.Pradaisalwaysinherbadhabit.
D.Pradaspentmuchonhernewshop.
7、
Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheconsumptionof
luxurygoodsinthepresentsituation?
A.Outrage.
B.Lavishness.
C.Restraint.
D.Indulgence.
8、
Itcaninferredfromthetextthat.
A.ExcessiveadvertisementresultedinthefailureofPrada's
investment.
B.Luxurycompaniesmustgivethoughttotheimpactof
terroristattacks.
C.Executionisnothingbutanauxiliarypartofbusiness
management.
D.Outsidersalwaysholdsomemisconceptionsofluxury-goods
business.
9、
Whenmentioning,zdouble-digitgrowth”(Paragraph4),the
authoristalkingabout.
A.estimatedassetsofnewstores.
B.operatingprofitsinluxurybusiness.
C.paperwealthinstockmarket.
D.fundingraisedfromnewacquisitions.
10、
Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?
A.Openingnewstores,onthehorizon.
B.Moreventuresbringmorerewards.
C.Tightthebelt,thesingleremedy.
D.Noteverybusinessyieldsbenefits.
11、Atsomepointduringtheireducation,biologystudents
aretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50
yearsago.J.B.S.Haldane,aBritishgeneticist,wasasked
whetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoing
aquickcalculationonthebackofanapkin,hesaidhewould
dosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwords,hewould
dietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributionto
thenextgeneration.
Thetheoryofkinselection一theideathatanimalscanpasson
theirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology,s
explanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividual
carryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodie
youngerthanonewith"selfish“genes,andthustohavea
reducedcontributiontothenextgeneration'sgeneticpool.But
ifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectits
relatives,genesforaltruisticbehavior,mightnevertheless
propagate.
Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobe
explainedaway,inwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithin
biology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthat
itisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefits
foritselflateron(aphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism).
Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybe
doingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemales,and
ultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparently
selflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest.
Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists'argumentsthatHomo
sapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus一maximizingsomethingthat
economistscallutility,andbiologistsfitness.Butthereis
aresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:
peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomeless,returnlost
wallets,dovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantsto
whichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismand
naturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomacts
ofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spiteful
behavior,whensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamage
thatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.
Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscience,anamealways
helps.InapaperinHumanNature,Dr.Fehrandhiscolleagues
argueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strong
reciprocity”.Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfrom
reciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDr.Fehr,apersonisastrong
reciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekind
tothosewhoarebeingkind,andtopunishthosewhoarebeing
unkind.Significantly,strongreciprocatorswillbehavethis
wayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewards
inthefuture.
ThestoryofJ.B.S.Haldaneismentionedinthetext.
A.tohonorhisunusualaltruisticacts.
B.toshowhowhecontributedtohisoffspring.
C.tointroducethetopicofhumanaltruism.
D.togiveanepisodeofhiscalculationabilities.
12、
Accordingthetheoryofkinselection,humanstendtoact
altruistically.
A.forthesakeofdesiredreproduction.
B.outofself-interest.
C.ontherequestofnaturalselection.
D.becauseofkindnature.
13、
Aspointedoutinthetext,''reciprocalaltruismtheory”and
“strongreciprocitytheory"are.
A.complementary.
B.contradictory.
C.superficial.
D.over-simplified.
14、
Thewritementionedthecaseof“thehunterwhoshareshis
spoilswithothers”(Para.3)todemonstrate.
A.innatehumanhostility.
0---------£
上17
B.hisprivilegedstatus.
C.apparentaltruism.
D.hissacrificeresources.
15、
ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph4that.
A.Humanbehavior,isconfinedtotheexclusiveconcernof
psychologists.
B.Economists,utilityisonlytheexplanationsforrandom
actsofkindness.
C.Altruismisdevelopedduringthelongprocessofhuman
evolution.
D.Biologistscanhelpeconomistsexplainsomehumanbehavior,
deviations.
16、Inascience-fictionmoviecalled,,Species,/,amysterious
signalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofan
unknownorganism.Whentheinevitablemadscientist
synthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructions,thecreature
hebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridge,an
athleticactress.Unfortunately,thealienharborswithinher
delicateform,thedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivision,and
itallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory.
GlenEvans,chiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiego,
California,acknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghis
expertopinion一inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththe
posterofthestrikingMr.Henstridgethathangsonhisoffice
wall一theproducersof“Species“didnothewverycloselyto
hissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscript,ideas.
Still,theyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthat
hisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreate,ifnotanaliensuccubus,
atleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteins
thatcouldmimicthebehavior,ofalivingcell.
Makingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesize
longstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNA
canmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacids,
butthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.
Egea'stechnology,bycontrast,wouldallowbiologiststo
manufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm'sscientistscanmake
geneslongenoughtoencode6,000aminoacids.Theyaimto
synthesizeagenefor30,000aminoacidswithintwoyears.
Usingalibraryoftheroughly1,500possible“motifs“orfolds
thataproteincanadopt,Egea'sscientistsemploycomputers
todesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapes
andproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodesthese
proteins,Egeausesamachineithasdubbedthe”
AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesize,Dr.Evans
1ikensthisdevicetoawordprocessorforDNA,onwhichyou
cantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAand
getthatmoleculeout.
AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesize,Dr.Evans
envisagesencodingnotjustproteins,butentirebiochemical
pathways,whichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolic
processes.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivably
functionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebody
andattackdisease,justasthebody,sowndefensivecellsdo.
PerhapsDr.Evansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwith
theirfriendsinHollywood.
Thispassageismainly
A.aboutanewapplicationofcomputers.
B.areviewofascience-fictionmovie.
C.aboutthesynthesizinginterestingDNA.
D.asurveyofscientificbreakthroughs.
17、
Theexpression"hewverycloselyto"canbebestreplacedby
A.shedlighton.
B.adherestrictlyto.
C.stayawayfrom.
D.giveplayto.
18、
TheDNAdesignedbyEvan'stechnologydiffersstrikinglyfrom
thatsynthesizedbyexistingtechnologyinthattheformeris
characterizedbyits.
A.morequalitiesdesired.
B.imitationofalivingcell.
C.delicatebutdestructivepower.
D.resistancetoepidemics.
19、
ElenEvans,technologyofnewproteindesignmayproveuseful
A.inathletictrainingprograms.
B.infilmmakingspectacles.
C.inmedicaltreatments.
D.insoftwareprogramming.
20、
Thepassageisprimarilyinthedevelopmentofthe
thesis.
A.persuasive.
B.descriptive.
C.narrative.
D.expository.
21、PartB(10points)
Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabout
naturalselection.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthe
listforeachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstandlastparagraphs
ofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhich
youdonotneedtouse.
A.Theimpotenceofcreationism.
B.Naturalselectionactsbycompetition.
C.Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld
D.Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem.
E.Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases.
F.Noleapsinnaturalevolution.
Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproduction
toincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodified
descendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyas
muchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructure,
soastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplaces
innaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspring
ofanyonespecies.Hence,duringalong-continuedcourseof
modification,theslightdifferencescharacteristicof
varietiesofthesamespecies,tendtobeaugmentedintothe
greaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesame
genus.
(41).
Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroy
theolder,lessimproved,andintermediatevarieties;andthus
speciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinct
objects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithin
eachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothat
eachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllarger,andatthesame
timemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthus
goonincreasinginsize,fortheworldwou1dnotholdthem,
themoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant.
(42).
Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsize
anddivergingincharacter,togetherwiththeinevitabilityof
muchextinction,explainsthearrangementofalltheformsof
lifeingroupssubordinatetogroups,allwithinafewgreat
classes,whichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.Thisgrand
factofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalled
theNaturalSystem,isutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryof
creation.
Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslight,
successive,favorablevariations,itcanproducenogreator
suddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.
Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgained
byanalmostinfinitediversityofmeans,foreverypeculiarity
whenonceacquiredinlonginherited,andstructuresalready
modifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesame
generalpurpose.Wecan,inshort,seewhynatureisextravagant
invariety,thoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythis
shouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependently
creatednomancanexplain.
(44).
Manyotherfactsare,asitseemstome,explicableonthis
theory.Howstrangeitisthatabird,undertheform,ofa
woodpecker,shouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatupland
geesewhichrarelyorneverswim,shouldpossesswebbedfeet,
andsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspecies
constantlytryingtoincreaseinnumber,withnaturalselection
alwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeach
toanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnature,thesefacts
ceasetobestrange,ormightevenhavebeenanticipated.
Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereis
somuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargely
attributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeauty,according
tooursenseofit,isnotuniversal,mustbeadmittedbyevery
onewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistorted
resemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselect
22、(42)
23、(43)
24、(44)
25、(45)
26、PartC
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen
translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)
WhentheVikingsinvadedGreatBritain,theydidmorethan
slaughterthepopulation,ransackthecitiesandscorchthe
earth.Theyalsoleftsubstantialinfl
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