美国文学整编到现实主义时期

**NathanielHawthorne:Romanticnovelist,short-storywriter.CombinedtheAmericanromanticismwith精品文档放心下载puritanmoralism;acentralfigureintheAmericanRenaissance感谢阅读“MossesfromanOldManse(1846)感谢阅读(“YoungGoodmanBrown”and“Rappaccini’sdaughter”)谢谢阅读TheScarletLetter(1850)TheHouseoftheSevenGables(1851)谢谢阅读TheBlithedaleRomance(1852)感谢阅读TheMarbleFaun,(1860)Interrogatingtheinnocence感谢阅读Strongsenseofsinandevilinlife.精品文档放心下载Sinwillgetpunished,andevileducates.感谢阅读Sourceofsin:originalsin,conflictbetweenbodyandsoul.感谢阅读Sourceofevil:overweeningintellect,apartofhumannature谢谢阅读TheSevenCommandmentsOfTheChildrenOfNoah感谢阅读Idolatry-Monotheism. Adultery. Murder. Blasphemy,nottocurseGod. Not谢谢阅读toeatthelivemeat nottosteal Maintaincourtstoenforcetheselaws.感谢阅读SevenheavenlyvirtuesFaith Hope Charity Fortitude Justice Temperance Prudence谢谢阅读Hawthorne’saestheticsFavoron“romance”,insteadof“novel”精品文档放心下载Contents:sensationalmaterial,suchaspoisoning,murder,adultery,crime.感谢阅读**Themes:explorethehumannature,dealwithmoralproblems,studytheeffectsof感谢阅读sinonman.Purpose:toshowtheinnerworldofmanisthesourceofevilinsociety—thetragic精品文档放心下载risebornofthefortunatefall,精品文档放心下载fall→rise innocence→maturity谢谢阅读TheScarletLetterTime:inthemid-1600sSetting:PuritantownofBostonCharacters:感谢阅读RogerChillingworth

Pearl• Thevictimoftheadulterysociallaws谢谢阅读

Asymbol:thesymboloftheviolationofthe谢谢阅读• Amercilessavengerpassion

ToHester:thefruitofhumanloveand谢谢阅读• Theworstsinner

ToDimmesdale:thereminderofhissin谢谢阅读• Symbolofdevilrevenge

ToChillingworth:themotivationtotakehis谢谢阅读PuritanisminTheScarletLetter感谢阅读Puritanemphasisontheindividualconscience.感谢阅读Hawthorn’sattitudetowardsPuritanism–scoldedtheharshnessofPuritans,yet感谢阅读**tookthePuritanismashislivingcriteria.谢谢阅读PurposeofTheScarletLetter谢谢阅读Explorethesourceofevils:unreasonableandinhumansocialsystem谢谢阅读men’sinnerworld,defectsinmen’snature:strongdesire,dishonesty,cowardice,revenge.感谢阅读Exploretheeffectofsinondifferentcharacters:谢谢阅读TobraveHester:gainmoralrebirthbyredeeminghersin,winrespect/loveagain.精品文档放心下载TocowardDimmesdale:tormentofconscience,sufferinhellfire.精品文档放心下载ToviciousandvengefulChillingworth:reducedtodemon,deteriorated,malicious谢谢阅读sinnerExplorewaysofredeemingsin:bravetoconfessandfaceit谢谢阅读correctitthroughlove,devotion,generosityandforgiveness.感谢阅读Hawthorne’sStylerichimagination;well-wovenstructure;psychologicalanalysis;effectivesymbolism精品文档放心下载withdelicateimageries,ambiguityandmystery谢谢阅读SymbolisminthenovelChillingworthiscoldandinhumanandthusbringsa“chill”toHester’sand谢谢阅读Dimmesdale’slives.“Prynne”rhymeswith“sin”精品文档放心下载“Dimmesdale”suggests“dimness”—weakness,indeterminacy,lackofinsight,感谢阅读**andlackofwill,allofwhichcharacterizetheyoungminister.谢谢阅读“Pearl”evokesabiblicalallegoricaldevice—the“pearlofgreatprice”thatis精品文档放心下载salvation.atokenofshame“Adultery”atfirst精品文档放心下载AAsymbolofbeingaloneandalienation感谢阅读“Angel”,“Able” ,”Admiration”感谢阅读Hesteroffersthegenuinesympathyandhelptoherfellowvillagers谢谢阅读HermanMelvilleamasterofallegoryandsymbolism感谢阅读1)earlyworksTypee(1846):the“manwholivedamongcannibals”.谢谢阅读Omoo(1847)Mardi(1849):ThefirstthreedrewfromhisadventuresamongthepeopleoftheSouthPacificislands;感谢阅读Redburn(1849)isasemi-autobiographicalnovel,basedBedburnonhisfirstvoyagetoEngland谢谢阅读WhiteJacket(1850)relateshislifeonaUnitedStatesman-of-war.谢谢阅读MobyDick(1851)Laterworks:Pierre(1852) TheConfidenceMan(1857)BillyBudd（1924）精品文档放心下载Moby-Dickisregardedas:*anencyclopediaofeverything *thefirstAmericanproseepic感谢阅读**Thewhitewhale Pequod----aworldinminiature感谢阅读Melville'sbleakview--------"EverlastingNay”精品文档放心下载Oneofthemajorthemes---------alienation,精品文档放心下载AhabmayhavebeenMelville'sportraitofanEmersonianself-reliantindividual-----solipsism.精品文档放心下载HenryWadsworthLongfellow谢谢阅读"School-roomPoets"or"NewEnglandPoets"or"FiresidePoets"谢谢阅读Longfellow,Holmes,LowellandWhittier谢谢阅读firstAmericantotranslateDanteAlighieri'sTheDivineComedy谢谢阅读poetandeducator;"PaulRevere'sRide“;TheSongofHiawatha;Evangeline.精品文档放心下载LongfellowholdsthedistinctionofbeingthefirstAmericanpoet?????精品文档放心下载Poetry:VoicesoftheNight(1839) Evangeline(1847) TheSongofHiawatha感谢阅读(1855)APsalmofLife MyLostYouththeSlave’sDreamHiawatha’sFasting精品文档放心下载Hiswritingsbelongtothemilderaspectsoftheromanticmovement,andhewasstronglyinfluencedbytheGermanromanticlyrists.感谢阅读HewroteaboutAmericansubjects,butalwaysinEuropeanstyles.精品文档放心下载Hisworksarehighlyspiritual.Heemphasizedthemysteriesofbirth,death,andlove.Mostofhisworksaresimpleandeasilyreadsothatevenchildrencanunderstandthem.精品文档放心下载Ifhisworstfaultisthat-hemadepoetryseemsoeasytowritethatanyone谢谢阅读**coulddoit,hisgreatestvirtueisthathemadepoetryseemworthreadingand谢谢阅读worthwriting.HewasthefirstAmericanpoettobehonoredbyhavinghisbustplacedinthePoets'ComerofWestminsterAbbey.ThisindicatesthathispoetryhasbeenhighlyappreciatedinBritain.精品文档放心下载（APsalmofLife赏析见另材料）P4theliteratureofrealism谢谢阅读1. HowtodefinetheRealisticPeriodinAmericanLiteraryhistory?谢谢阅读Theperiodrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealismin谢谢阅读theliteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendency谢谢阅读thatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especiallyAmericanfiction,from感谢阅读the1850sonwards.Whatisthehistoricalandsocio-culturalbackgroundoftheRealisticPeriodin精品文档放心下载America?TheAmericansocietyaftertheCivilWarprovidedrichsoilfortheriseand感谢阅读developmentofRealism.Thisperiodischaracterizedwithchanges,inrelationto感谢阅读everyaspectofAmericanlife,politically,economically,culturally,andreligiously.谢谢阅读Firstofall,politically,theCivilWaraffectedboththesocialandthevalue感谢阅读systemofthecountry.Americahadtransformeditselfintoanindustrializedand谢谢阅读commercializedsociety.Wildernessgavewaytocivilization.Theburgeoning精品文档放心下载economyandindustrysteppedupurbanization.However,economically,the感谢阅读changeswerenotallforthebetter.Theindustrializationandtheurbanizationwere感谢阅读**accompaniedbytheincalculablesufferingsofthelaboringpeople.谢谢阅读Therefore,polarizationofthewellbeingbetweenthepoorandtherichstarted精品文档放心下载toshowup.Thirdly,asfarastheideologywasconcerned,peoplebecamedubious精品文档放心下载aboutthehumannatureandthebenevolenceofGod,whichtheTranscendentalists精品文档放心下载caredmost.WhatMarkTwainreferredtoas“theGildedAge”replacedthe谢谢阅读frontierandthespiritofthefrontiersman,whichisthespiritoffreedomandhuman谢谢阅读connection.Fourthly,theliterarysceneaftertheCivilWarprovedtobequitedifferenta精品文档放心下载picture.Theharshrealitiesoflifeaswellasthedisillusionofheroismresultingfrom谢谢阅读thedarkmemoriesoftheCivilWarhadsetthenationagainsttheromance.The感谢阅读AmericansbegantobetiredofthesentimentalfeelingsofRomanticism.Thus,精品文档放心下载startedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingsknownastheAgeofRealism,感谢阅读characterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife谢谢阅读RealismhadoriginatedinFranceasrealisme,aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor精品文档放心下载“realityandtruth”inthedepictionofordinarylife.谢谢阅读ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,感谢阅读andHenryJames.Englishrealismanewliterarytrendroseinlate18thcenturyandflourishedinthe19thcenturywith精品文档放心下载theimpactoftheIndustrialRevolution.感谢阅读presentingthereality,theexternallifeofcharacters,exposingthedarksideofthe谢谢阅读society**Truthfultolife,littlefancyorfantasy谢谢阅读majorcontribution: perfectionofthenovel谢谢阅读Americanrealisma.Historicalandsocialbackground:theimpactofAmericanCivilWar(1861-1865)谢谢阅读b.LiteraryinfluencefromEurope:Realismasaliterarytrend精品文档放心下载WaltWhitmanoneofAmerica'sbest;andmostinfluentialpoets精品文档放心下载LeavesofCrass;SongofMyselfOCaptainMyCaptain精品文档放心下载LeavesofGrass(response)感谢阅读*sexualityandexoticandvulgarlanguage谢谢阅读"noxiousweeds,“ "poetryofbarbarism,"and"amassofstupidfilth,"精品文档放心下载"Iwassimmering,simmering,simmering,"hesaid,"Emersonbroughtmetoaboil.谢谢阅读"Whitman,alongwithEmerson,seesthepoetastakingoverwhathadusedtobethejobofaminister,aclergyman,theChurch.精品文档放心下载LeavesofGrassapoetwithastrongsenseofmission精品文档放心下载**WhitmanwasoneofthemostoriginalandinspiringAmericanpoets,truetohisart谢谢阅读andtohisroleasapoet.Hedevotedhimselftopoetryeulogizingthenative感谢阅读Americanexperience.AsAmerica'sfirstgenuineepicpoem,LeavesofGrassran精品文档放心下载nineeditionswithmorethan400poemsallwritteninfreeverseform,thatis,谢谢阅读poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.Title: Thetitleimplies感谢阅读rebirth,renewal,orgreenlife.感谢阅读wherethereisearth,wherethereiswater,thereisgrass.谢谢阅读Blendscience,democracyandspiritualityintoone.Towriteontheorganicprinciple感谢阅读（SongofMyself赏析另见资料）EmilyDickinsonAmerica’sbest-knownfemalepoet精品文档放心下载Hermodernityisherarticulationofpsychologicalexperienceandskepticaldesire谢谢阅读forfaith.affectedbytwomen,BenjaminNewtonandCharlesWadsworth.谢谢阅读ThePoemsofEmilyDickinson;Itastealiquorneverbrewed;IfeltaFuneral,inmyBrain;ABirdcamedowntheWalk;IdiedforBeauty—butwasscarce;IheardaFlybuzz—whenIdied;BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath；Thisismylettertotheworld精品文档放心下载EmilyDickinsonwasapessimisticpoet.Shehadatragicmessageandwas精品文档放心下载closertoEdgarAllanPoe,Hawthorne,andMelville.谢谢阅读**Therangeofherpoetrysuggestsnotherlimitedexperiencebutthepowerof谢谢阅读hercreativityandimagination.Hersubjectswerelove,death,nature,religion,感谢阅读immortality,pain,beauty.Thepoemsemployedirregularrhythms,slantrhymes,谢谢阅读paradox,andacarefulbalancingofabstractLatinateandconciseAnglo-Saxon谢谢阅读words.SheisnowrankedasoneofAmerica’sgreatpoets.感谢阅读2Subjects:Death:herpoemsconcerningdeathandimmortality,rangingoverthephysicalas感谢阅读wellasthepsychologicalandemotionalaspectsofdeath.精品文档放心下载Love:Onegroupofherlovepoemstreatsthesufferingandfrustrationlovecan谢谢阅读cause.Theothergroupoflovepoemsfocusesonthephysicalaspectofdesire.感谢阅读Nature: Inherpoemsaboutnature,hergeneralskepticismabouttherelationship感谢阅读betweenmanandnatureiswell-expressed.感谢阅读Religion:Insomeofherpoemsshewroteaboutherdoubtandbeliefabout谢谢阅读religioussubjects.诗歌赏析另见材料ArtisticcharacteristicsHerpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.Inherpoetry,精品文档放心下载thereisaparticularstresspattern,inwhichdashesareusedasamusicaldeviceto感谢阅读createcadenceandcapitallettersasameansofemphasis.Mostofherpoems精品文档放心下载borrowtherepeatedfour-line,rhymedstanzasoftraditionalChristianhymns,with精品文档放心下载twolinesoffour-beatmeteralternatingwithtwolinesofthree-beatmeter.A谢谢阅读**masterofimaginarythatmakesthespiritualmaterializeinsurprisingways,感谢阅读Dickinsonmanagedmanifoldvariationswithinhersimpleform.精品文档放心下载Sheusesimperfectrhythms,subtlebreaksofrhythm,andidiosyncraticsyntaxand谢谢阅读punctuationtocreatefascinatingworldpuzzles,whichhaveproducedgreatly感谢阅读divergentinterpretationsovertheyears.Duetoherdeliberateseclusion,herpoems精品文档放心下载tendtovivifysomeabstractideas.Herpoetry,despiteitsostensibleformal谢谢阅读simplicity,isremarkableforitsvariety,subtletyandrichness.Herlimitedprivate谢谢阅读worldhaveneverconfinedthelimitlesspowerofhercreativityandimagination.感谢阅读LocalColorismTime:late1860sandearly70s谢谢阅读Features: therealisticpresentationofthelocalcharacterswiththeirregional谢谢阅读qualitiessuchasdialectsandcustoms.精品文档放心下载havingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritten精品文档放心下载inanyotherplaceorbyanotheroneelsethananative.精品文档放心下载HamlinGarland:CrumbingIdols谢谢阅读Localcolorists:Stowe,MarkTwain,KateChopin感谢阅读HarrietBeecherStowe“Thelittlewomanwhowrotethebookthatstartedthisgreatwar.” --Abraham精品文档放心下载LincolnUncleTom'sCabin(1851)AKeytoUncleTom'sCabin(1853)精品文档放心下载Dred,ATaleoftheGreatDismalSwamp(1856)谢谢阅读**TheMinister'sWooing(1859)谢谢阅读ThePearlofOrr'sIsland(1862)谢谢阅读LittleFoxes(1866)OldTownFolks(1869)PoganucPeople(1878)SlaveryandtheCivilWarUncleTom'sCabinwasabestsellerintheUnitedStates,England,Europe,Asia,and感谢阅读translatedintoover60languages.谢谢阅读UncleTom'sCabinhumanizedslaverybytellingthestoryofindividualsandfamilies.感谢阅读Harrietportrayedthephysical,sexual,andemotionalabuseenduredbyenslaved谢谢阅读people.TheCivilWargrewoutofamixtureofcausesincludingregionalconflictsbetween谢谢阅读NorthandSouth,economictrends,andhumanitarianconcernsforthewelfareof感谢阅读enslavedpeople.ThestrengthofUncleTom'sCabinisnottheplot,butitsabilitytoillustrateslavery's感谢阅读effectonfamilies.Charactersfreelydebatedthecausesofslavery,the Fugitive精品文档放心下载SlaveLaw,thefutureoffreedslaves,whatanindividualcoulddo,andracism.感谢阅读MarkTwainLocalcolorism:havingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnot感谢阅读havebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanotheroneelsethananative.谢谢阅读---HamlinGarland:CrumbingIdols精品文档放心下载Stowe,MarkTwain,KateChopin谢谢阅读**TheGildedAge(1873)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)谢谢阅读ThePrinceandthePauper(1881)感谢阅读LifeontheMississippi(1883)精品文档放心下载TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)谢谢阅读AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt(1889)谢谢阅读The£1,000,000BankNoteandOtherNewStories（1893）谢谢阅读TheManThatCorruptedHadleybury(1900)感谢阅读StyleofWritingBitingandrealisticsocialsatire,dealtlargelywiththelowerstrataofsociety谢谢阅读Humor,sharpwitandcomicexaggeration;精品文档放心下载Colloquialstyle,asupremecommandofvernacularAmericanEnglish感谢阅读earlierworksarelight,humorous,optimistic;thegloomyviewinlaterlife感谢阅读IronyVerbalirony:whatonesaysisoppositetowhatonemeans.(Itisuniversally谢谢阅读acknowledgedthatamaninbigfortunemustbeinwantofawife.)谢谢阅读Dramaticirony:acontrastbt.whatacharacterbelievesorsaysandwhatthereader谢谢阅读understandstobetrue.(MerchantofVenicePortiadisguisedinalawyer)谢谢阅读Situationalironyorironyoffate:anincongruitywhatisexpectedtohappenand谢谢阅读whatactuallyhappens.)O.HenryWilliamSydneyPorter;embezzlementatOhioPenitentiary谢谢阅读**knownfortheirwit,wordplay,warmcharacterization,surpriseendings感谢阅读"TheGiftoftheMagi“"TheRansomofRedChief""TheCopandtheAnthem""ARetrievedReformation""TheDuplicityofHargraves"精品文档放心下载TheLastLeafHenryJamesthefounderofpsychologicalrealism精品文档放心下载Hisfictionalworldisconcernedmorewiththeinnerlifeofhumanbeingsthanwith谢谢阅读overthumanactions.theforerunnerofthe20th-century"stream-of-consciousness"novels.感谢阅读Hisfather,HenryJames,Sr.谢谢阅读aneminentphilosopher、reformerandtheologicalwriter,精品文档放心下载Hisbrother,WilliamJames,wastobethefamousphilosopherandpsychologist.谢谢阅读* In1862,JamesenteredHarvardLawSchool,wherehemetHowells精品文档放心下载HetouredEngland,FranceandItaly,andmet,amongothers,Flaubert(Madame感谢阅读Bovary),andTurgenevTheliterarycareerofHenryJamesisgenerallydividedintothreedistinctiveperiods:精品文档放心下载early,middleandmature.感谢阅读1)Thefirstperiod(1865-1882) "internationaltheme"谢谢阅读TheAmerican(1877)DaisyMiller.(1878)TheEuropeans(1878)感谢阅读**ThePortraitofALady(1881)感谢阅读Thesecondperiod(1882–1895)精品文档放心下载Thethirdperiod（1895-1900）精品文档放心下载Thirdstage:Inthethirdstage,hereturnedtohisinternationalthemesand谢谢阅读producedthecomplexandprofoundnovelssuchasTheWingsoftheDove《鸽翼》感谢阅读(1902),TheAmbassadors《专使》(1903),andTheGoldenBowl《金碗》(1904).精品文档放心下载Criticsregardthemashismostmatureandhisbest.感谢阅读3.MajorSubjects(P.98)Jamesstressedthreesubjectsthatarenowregardedasinfluentialinmodem精品文档放心下载fiction.Children:Jameswroteaboutchildrenaschildren,notassmalladults.Heexamined感谢阅读theirminds,theirpsychologyandaccepteditasvalid.精品文档放心下载NewWoman:James'sfictionisfilledwithfemalecharacters,notassexualobjects,nevermarried,reticentfromsexualpassion.HetreatedthenewwomaninAmericainthelatterhalfofthe19thcenturyasarepresentativeofcultureandrefinement.Whilemenwereengagedinbusinessinmakingmoneyatthattime,womenmaintainedculture.Theyweretobeinterestedinbeautyandrefinement.AndJames'swomenareinterestedinthosesubjects.Inaway,thewomeninhisfictionareconcernedaboutthesamethingsthathewasconcernedwith—beauty,culture,andrefinement.精品文档放心下载4.TheoryofFiction*HenryJames’sliterarycriticism:谢谢阅读**Tohim"artwithoutlifeisapooraffair,“感谢阅读TheArtofFictionclearlyindicatesthattheaimofthenovelistopresentlife,soitis感谢阅读notsurprisingtofindinhiswritingshumanexperiencesexploredineverypossible感谢阅读form:illusion,despair,reward,torment,inspiration,delight,etc.感谢阅读*“pointofview“叙事视角theauthorshouldavoidartificialomniscienceasmuchaspossible,makinghis精品文档放心下载charactersrevealthemselveswithminimalinterventionoftheauthor.感谢阅读JackLondon1905Boughtaranch“theValleyoftheMoon”.精品文档放心下载TheCalloftheWild;TheSonoftheWolf(1900);TheWaroftheClasses(1905)ThePeopleoftheAbyss(1903),TheSeaWolf(1904),WhiteFang(1906),TheIronHeel(1908),MartinEden(1909),TheSeaWolf;MartinEden;Revolution(1910)谢谢阅读TheCalloftheWild,London'sbest-knownwork,istheclassictaleofthedog感谢阅读Buck'skidnapping,rejectionofciviliza