第十二章动词不定式(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳

第十二章动词不定式思维导图知识梳理一、不定式概述动词不定式的基本形式是:“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to.不带to的不定式与动词原形同形,但它不是原形,而是一种语法形式.除基本助动词do和情态动词外,英语动词都有不定式形式.动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分－主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语.动词不定式和它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语.不定式有时态、语态变化(以do为例):主动语态被动语态一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing-完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing-动词不定式的句法作用(一)作主语用作主语的动词不定式通常表示一种具体的、特定的行为,其谓语动词用第三人称单数形式.Toobeythelawsiseveryone'sduty.服从法律是每个人的职责.Howtousethecomputerisaquestion.怎么使用计算机是一个问题.Howtogetthereisnotdecidedyet.怎样去那里还没决定下来.点拨(1)在很多情况下,常用it作形式主语,而把真实主语不定式放在谓语之后.Itwasdifficulttosellmycar.我的车很难卖掉.It'snotknownwheretostayforthenight.在哪里过夜还不知道.(2)如果要表示不定式的动作是谁做的,一般在不定式前加一个for短语.Itwillbearegretforusnottohelphim.我们没有帮助他是个遗憾.(3)在某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前常可加一个以of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况.Itwouldberudeofustorefusetheirinvitation.(我们)拒绝他们的邀请,会显得无礼.(二)作表语作表语,一般紧跟在系动词,如:be,seem,get等后面,用以说明主语.Thequestioniswhentostart.问题是什么时候启程.Youseemtohavelostweight.你好像减肥了.Whatwehavetodofirstistofindasolution.我们得做的第一件事是找出一个解决办法.点拨当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时,这个不定式只作单纯的表语,而不具有未来的含义.(三)作宾语能以不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:agree,begin,decide,expect,forget,hope,learn,like,manage,pretend,start,try,want,wish等.Doyouwishtoseethemanager?你想见经理吗?TheydecidedtolearnEnglishhard.他们决定好好学英语.Don'tforgettomeetmeat6:00.别忘了六点钟和我见面.有些动词,如:tell,advise,show,teach,know,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,decide,discuss等后面,常用带疑问词的不定式作宾语.Wedon'tknowwho(whom)toask.我们不知道问谁.Weaskedhowtogettothestation.我们问怎么到达车站.Haveyoudecidedwheretogoforyourholidays?你们决定到哪儿度假了吗?Idon'tknowwhethertoapplyforthejobornot?那份工作我不知道申请还是不申请?(四)作定语Ihavenotimetowaste.我没有时间可浪费.Letmefindaplacetopark.我来找个停车的地方.Heisalwaysthefirsttocometoworkandthelasttoleave.他总是第一个来上班,最后一个走.点拨不定式修饰something,anything,nothing时,放在它们的后面.如果something,anything,nothing有形容词来修饰,词序是something(nothing...)+形容词＋不定式.Myfatherhadsomethingtodo.我父亲有事要办.Haveyougotanythingimportanttobuy?你有什么重要的东西要买吗?(五)作状语不定式常可用作状语,修饰动词,表示行为的目的、结果、原因等.一般放在被修饰词之后,但在表示目的时,为了强调也可放在句首.1.作目的状语为加强语气在否定式前还可加上inorder或soas组成词组(即:inorderto...,soasto...),作状语表示目的.Tolivealongandhealthylife,wemustlearntohaveabalanceddiet.为了能过长寿而健康的生活,我们必须懂得吃均衡的食品.Istayedtheresoastoseewhatwouldhappen.我留在那儿,为的是想看看会发生什么事.Inordertohelphim,wewoulddoeverythingwecan.为了帮助他,我们愿意尽一切力量.2.作结果状语表结果,其逻辑主语通常亦是全句的主语.在“so...asto...”“such...asto..“enoughto...”“onlyto...”以及“too...to...”等结构中的不定式皆表示结果.Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.她已到了可以上学的年龄了.Hewastoodrunktodrivehome.他酩酊大醉,没法开车回家.3.作原因状语Shetrembledtothinkoftheterribleaccident.想到那可怕的车祸,她就不寒而栗.Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.听到这消息,我们都高兴地跳了起来.(六)宾语补足语1、有很多动词的后面都可以有不定式作宾语补足语常见的这类动词有:advise,ask,tell,help,wish,want,expect,forbid,persuade,press,request,teach,warn等.Sheaskedhergrandfathertoplaygamewithher.她请爷爷跟她一起做游戏.Mothertoldmetocookthemeal.妈妈叫我做饭.2.有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类:一类是感觉动词,另一类是使役动词感觉动词:如feel,see,hear,watch,notice等.使役动词:如make,let,have等.Letmedoitforyou.让我来替你做.Don'tlethergoout.别让她出去.Imadehimworkhard.我迫使他加劲干.(1)动词help之后,复合宾语中的不定式可带to,亦可不带to.在上述动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式必须带to.Hewasseentoenterthetheatre.有人看见他走进了剧院.Iwasmadetodomyhomeworkthewholenight.我被迫整晚做作业.Canyouhelpme(to)movethistable?你能帮我移动一下这张桌子吗?(2)感官动词的宾语补足语有两种形式:不带to的不定式和动词-ing形式.IheardMeimeisinginginherroomwhenIwentpast.我路过的时候听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(路过的瞬间正在唱,所以用singing)WeoftenhearMeimeisinginherroom.我们经常听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(经常听见,用不定式)Isawhimcomein.Isawhimcomingin.两句话的意思都一样:我看见他进来.用不定式着重于动作的全过程,用动词-ing形式则是强调当时动作的进行情况.3.当谓语动词为think,make,find,consider,feel,regard等词,作宾语的不定式后面有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在补足语的后面IfinditeasytolearnEnglishwell.我发现要把英语学好很容易.三、不定式的主要句型及注意事项(一)不定式的否定式不定式的否定式:not+不定式,经常和ask(tell)sb.todosth.句型连用.Sheaskedmenottodrivehimtothestation.她要我不要开车送他到车站.Trynottobelate.争取不要迟到.MaryaskedmenottogivemypentoJimmy.玛丽让我别把笔给吉米.Shedecidednottocomehereagain.她决定不再到这儿来.点拨不定式的否定式和否定句的区别:Iaskedhimnottoopenthedoor.我让他别把门打开.Ididn'taskhimtoopenthedoor.我没让他把门打开.(二)不定式的进行时态进行式:表示在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态发生时正在进行.It'snicetobesittingherewithyou.在这儿陪你坐着是非常愉快的.Itisunwiseforhimtobetalkingthattopicallthetime.他老是谈论这件事,很不明智.(三)不定式的完成时态完成式表示在谓语动词的动作或状态发生时已经完成.Shesaidshewassorrytohavemissedyou.她说她没见到你很遗憾.Heseemedtohavevisitedourfactory.他好像参观过我们的工厂.Theyappearedtohavemetbefore.他们看来以前见过面.(四)动词不定式的被动语态表示被动意义Ididn'twanttobetoldaboutit.我不想被告知这件事.Nothingseemstohavebeenforgotten.似乎什么也没有被遗忘.Thebuildingissaidtohavebeendestroyedinafiretwoyearsago.据说这幢大楼两年前已毁于一场大火.在以某些形容词,如kind,good,silly,honest,bad,stupid,bold,clever,cruel,courteous,nice,rude,sensible,tactful,wise,wrong等作表语时,后面需用以“of+名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”结构,以说明不定式所表示的动作的执行者是谁(即of短语是不定式的逻辑主语).It'sverygoodofyoutocome.谢谢你的光临.Howsillyofyou(itis)tomakesuchamistake!你出了这样的差错,多傻啊！It'sverykindofyoutosayso.多谢你这么说.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldrather...than,wouldsooner,wouldsooner...than,cannotbut,donothingbut等结构后面的不定式要省略“to”.YouhadbetterwriteitinEnglish.你最好用英文写.Iwouldratherstayathome.我宁愿待在家里.好题精练一、用-ing形式或不定式的适当形式完成句子1.Doyouenjoy_________football?(play)2.Freddidn'thaveanymoney,sohedecided_________ajob.(take)3.We'regoingoutfordinner,Wouldyoulike_________us?(join)4.Theteacherremindedthestudents_________theirtestpaperontime.(finish)5.WhenIwastired,Ienjoyed_________TV.(watch)6.Itwasaniceday,sotheoldmanagreed_________forawalk.(go)7.I'mnotinahurry,Idon'tmind_________.(wait)答案:1.playing2.totake3.tojoin4.tofinish5.watching6.togo7.waiting二、选择括号内所给词组完成句子,注意括号内“go+v.-ing形式”构成固定搭配的用法(goboating;gofishing;godancing;gorunning;goskating;gohunting;gosinging)1.She'sagooddancer.Shealways_________onSaturday.2.I'vegotagun.I'll_________withthatstronghunternextweekend.3.“WhereisTim?”“Hehas._________Healwaysrunsinthemorning.”4.Wehaveenoughfishtoeat.Ourfather_________everyday.答案:1.goesdancing2.gohunting3.gonerunning4.goesfishing三、仿照示例改写下列句子示例:Itisveryinterestingtoplaybaseball.→Toplaybaseballisveryinteresting.1.ltwasnotpolitetospeakthatwaybeforeMr.Lee.____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Itcanbequiteeasytotravelbyair.____________________________________________________________________________________________3.ltwillbenoproblemtoarrivetherebeforenoon.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Tomakethosestrangersbelieveuswassodifficult.____________________________________________________________________________________________5.TohelpTomspeakChinesewellisnotatalleasy.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.TospeakthatwaybeforeMr.Leewasnotpolite.2.Totravelbyaircanbequiteeasy.3.Toarrivetherebeforenoonwillbenoproblem.4.Itwassodifficulttomakethosestrangersbelieveus.5.ItisnotatalleasytohelpTom(to)speakChinesewell.四、选择填空1._________thebookstore,hestopped_________afewbooks.A.Passing;buyingB.Passing;tobuyC.Topass;buyingD.Havingpassed;tobuy2.Bruce,lookatyourdirtyshoes,You'dbetter_________themrightnow.A.washedB.washingC.washD.towash3._________theroom,Ifoundthecomputer_________.A.Entering;stealingB.Entering;stolenC.Toenter;stealD.Toenter;stealing4.We'veworkedhardfornearlyonehour.Let'sstop_________arestnow.A.haveB.tohaveC.havingD.havehad5.Mymotheralwaystellsmenot_________tothenetbars(网吧)．A.goB.togoC.goesD.going6.Theteacheraskedus_________Englishforhalfanhourinthemorning.A.readsBreadingC.toreadD.read7.Youwillhavetogetupearlytomorrow.Stop_________TV,Peter.A.watchesB.watchC.towatchD.watching8.Ifindithard_________Englishwell.A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns9.TheteacheraskedJohn_________ashorttalkinourclassmeeting.A.giveB.togiveC.gaveD.giving10.Thegirlwastoopoor_________ahouseA.tobuy;toliveinB.tobuy;toliveC.buy;toliveD.buying;livingin11.Itwasverylateatnight,butMr.Brownstillwenton_________.A.worksB.workedC.workingD.work12.Remember_________himaboutitbeforehegoesaway.A.tellB.totellC.tellingD.totelling13.LinTaoisstrongenough_________thebigbox.A.carryB.tocarryC.carryingD.carries14.Hermothertoldher_________inbed.A.notreadB.nottoreadC.don'treadD.tonotread15.Whenclassbegan,westopped_________totheteachercarefully.A.listeningB.listenC.listensD.tolisten16.You'dbetter_________thecinemabybus.A.don'tgoB.togoC.togotoD.goto17.Whatdidthemanager_________youto_________atthemeeting?A.tell;sayB.ask;speakC.tell;speakD.ask;talk18.Tomwaslet_________inthegatehouse.A.waitB.towaitC.waitingD.tohavewaited19.Mr.Huhasenoughtime_________thejobintwodays.A.finishB.tofinishC.finishingD.finished20.Look,thebuilding_________isourlibrary.A.isrepairedB.beingrepairedC.repairingD.toberepairing21._________nomoney,Icouldnotbuythiscoat.A.HaveB.HavingC.TohaveD.Havehad22.Theteacherhassomethingimportant_________us.A.totellB.tellsC.tellingD.told23.LiMingdidn'tknow_________next.A.todowhatB.whattodoC.howtodoD.whatdo24.I'dlove_________toyourbirthdayparty.A.comeB.cameC.tocomeD.comes25.Ittookmetwohours_________bybus.A.togetthereB.togettothereC.getthereD.gettothere答案:1-5BCBBB6-10CDCBA11-15CBBBD16-20DABBB21-25BABCA五、改正下列句子的错误1.Heseemstonothearfromher.____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Ihopeseeyousoon.____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Imadethemtogivethemoneyback.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.ThescientistgaveussomeadviceonhowlearningEnglish.____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Noonenoticedhimtoleavetheroom.____________________________________________________________________________________________6.Haveyougivenuptosmoke?____________________________________________________________________________________________7.Wefoundhimwaitedattheschoolgate.____________________________________________________________________________________________8.Whynottoturnoffthelight?____________________________________________________________________________________________9.Shedidn't