外研版高中英语语法

简单句的五种根本结构英语句子的根本结构可以归纳成五种根本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种根本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的根底。英语五种根本句型结构如下：vi.vi.vt.link.v.宾语宾语〔间〕宾语〔直〕宾语宾语补足语表语①⑤②④③主语谓语用符号表示为：①ＳＶ〔主＋谓〕②ＳＶＯ〔主＋谓＋宾〕③ＳＶｏＯ〔主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾〕④ＳＶＯＣ〔主＋谓＋宾＋宾补〕⑤ＳＶＰ〔主＋系＋表〕

主语〔subject〕谓语〔predicate〕宾语〔object〕定语〔attribute〕状语(adverbial)补语〔complement〕

表语〔predicative〕根本句型一：ＳＶ〔主＋谓〕这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有：act,come,go,work,last,fall,cry,disappear,appear,smile,rise,ring,live,look,listen,laugh,hurry,talk,sleep,graduate,die,care,agree,jump,fail,wait,succeed,stay,sit,lie,shine,happen,takeplace,rain,snow,ect.如:Itisrainingnow.(ＳＶ)We'veworkedfor5hours.(ＳＶ)Themeetinglastedhalfanhour.(ＳＶ)Timeflies.(ＳＶ)分析以下句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种根本句型中的哪一种Darkcloudshungoverhead.()Graduallyasmileappearedonherface.()Heissmilingalloverhisface.()IdidwellinEnglish.()Hetalkedloudlyintheclassroomyesterday.()根本句型二：ＳＶＰ〔主＋系＋表〕系动词主要是be.但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。如何区分系动词有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来区分呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。如：Shelooksbeautiful.(looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词)。

Lookatthepicture.(look不能换为be,look为实义动词。)Hefeltthebookwithhisrighthand.(feel是“摸〞的意思，不能换为was,是实义动词)。

Thesilkfeelssoft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。)区分以下粗体动词是系动词还是实义动词Thedoorstaysopenatnight.Hetastedthefood,andthefoodtasteddelicious.Thebookstillliesopenonthedesk.Whathesaidprovedtrue..Hecan’tprovedhistheory(理论).常见的系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.他是一名教师。持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Hekeptsilentatthemeeting.他开会时保持沉默。Thismatterremainsamystery.此事仍是一个谜。Thefoodstaysfreshinthefridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。Thehousestoodemptyforyears.房子空了数年。Heliesawakeinbed.他躺在床上，醒着。表“像〞系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Somethingseemswrong.好似出差了。Heappearsyoung.他看起来很年轻。感官系动词感官系动词主要有look看起来，feel摸起来,smell闻起来,sound听起来,taste尝起来：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.这种布手感很软。Thisflowersmellsverysweet.这朵花闻起来很香。变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后，他疯了。Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.她没多长时间就富了。Hefellillyesterday.他昨天病了。Eggsgobadeasilyinspring.鸡蛋夏天容易变坏。Hisfacewentred.他的脸变红了。Whathehaddreamtofcametrue.他的梦想实现了。Stillwatersrundeep.静水流深。终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的方案终于成功了。〔turnout表终止性结果〕Whathepredictedturnedout(tobe)wrong.他预言的结果是错的。用下划线划出以下句中的系动词。Hisadviceprovedright.Theshopstaysopentill8o’clock.Themachinewentwrong.Alltheseeffortsseeminvain.Thesewordssoundreasonable.Theroomsoonbecamecrowded.Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.Hefellillyesterday.Treesturngreeninspring.Whatyousaidsoundsgreat.系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语Heisastudent.(ＳＶＰ)Yourideasoundsgreat.(ＳＶＰ)在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词。要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独做谓语，要和系动词一起做谓语。改错：①Ourschoolverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.②Yourbookonthedesk.不要忘了使用系动词那食物很可口，我吃了很多。〔thefood,delicious〕

那个电影好极了。〔themovie,fantastic〕

不过呢，一些人反对这个方案。〔however,against,theplan〕

他们的意见如下。〔theiropinion,asfollows〕

就我而言，我赞成这个主意。〔asfarasI’mconcerned,infavorof〕

他让我们看了一张世界地图。〔show〕

请把熊猫的照片寄给我一张。〔send,aphotoofthepanda〕

根本句型三：ＳＶＯ〔主＋谓＋宾〕此结构是由“主语+及物动词〔词组〕+宾语〞构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the+形容词、分词以及从句等。如，ShelikesEnglish.Weplantedalotoftreesonthefarmyesterday.用下划线划出以下句中的宾语。PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Jimcannotdresshimself.AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.Hedidnotknowwhattosay.Hejustwantedtostayathome.HepracticesspeakingEnglisheveryday.根本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ〔主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾〕有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如：Hegavemeacupoftea.(ＳＶｏＯ)强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如：ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.假设直接宾语为人称代词：动词+代词直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如：Bringittome,please.(不能说Bringmeit,please。)常跟双宾语的及物动词有：〔需借助to的〕allow,bring,deny,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,permit,promise,read,refuse,sell,send,show,teach,tell，wish,write等〔需借助for的〕buy,choose,fetch,get,make,order,paint,play(演奏)，save,sing,spare等『一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get,buy,make』HesentmeanEnglish-ChineseDictionary.=HesentanEnglish-ChineseDictionarytome.SheboughtJohnabook．=SheboughtabookforJohn.分析以下句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.4.Hedenieshernothing.5.Ishowedhimmypictures.6.Igavemycarawash.7.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.8.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.用活双宾语句式〔P错误！未找到引用源。〕IlikeEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.×IlikeEnglishandmyEnglishisverygood.√〔并列句〕AsIlikeEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.√〔含有原因状语从句的复合句〕IlikeEnglish;myEnglishisgood.√〔用分号〕IlikingEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.√(把一个分句改为独立主格结构)Ihaveahouse,itswindowsareverybig.×Ihaveahouseanditswindowsareverybig.√〔并列句〕Ihaveahouse,whosewindowsareverybig.√〔含有定语从句的复合句〕Ihaveahouse;itswindowsarebig.√〔用分号〕Ihaveahouse,itswindowsverybig.√(后面为独立主格结构)利用英语句子结构规律做以下各题：Fivepeoplewonthe"China'sgreenfigure〞award,atitle__toordinarypeoplefortheircontributionstoenvironmentalprotection.

A.isgivenB.wasgivenC.beinggivenD.givenAllthepreparationsforthetask_____,andwe'rereadytostart.

A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted【2006辽宁】Iwastoldthattherewereabout50foreignstudents_____Chineseintheschool,most

_____werefromGermany.

A.study;ofwhom

B.study;ofthem

C.studying;ofthem

D.studying;of

whom

Everywhereyoucanseepeopleintheirholidaydress,____withsmiles.

A.theirfacesareshiningB.whosefacesshiningC.theirfacesshiningManystudents_____around,Iexplainedthestoryintodetails.

A.stoodB.standingC.tostandD.werestandingIhavefivefriends,someof____arebusinessmen.

A.thatB.whomC.theyD.themIhavefivefriends,butnoneof___arebusinessmen.

A.thatB.whomC.theyD.them第二局部专题过关测试改正以下句子的改错。Doexerciseeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.Thatwhathesaidisn’ttrue.Hecamelatemadehisteacherangry.Onthedeskistwobooks.Gotoakeycollegeismydream.用划出以下句中的后置定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的Thereisnothingtodotoday.Thesmilingboyneedsthepenboughtbyhismother.Therearefiveboysleft.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Theshopclosesttomyhouseisaboutonekilometeraway.Heisnotamaneasytodealwith.Atyphoonsweptacrosstheareawithheavyrainsandwindsasstrongas113milesperhour.Studentsbraveenoughtotakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.Thereisonlyoneprogramworthwatchingtoday.用双横线分别划出下句中的间接宾语和直接宾语。IwillbringyouthebookwhenIcomenexttime.Heaskedtherulerwhyonlythefourrichmenblewtrumpets.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.Sheshowedusmanyofherpictures.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistor