2022年考研外语考试真题及答案71

2022年考研外语考试真题及答案

一、UseofEnglish

1、Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuvenile

delinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitheron

theindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributing

influence.TheoriestBlJontheindividualsuggestthatchildren

engageincriminalbehavior[B2]theywerenotsufficiently

penalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearned

criminalbehavior,through[B3]withothers.Theoriesfocusing

ontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin

[B4]totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus

[B5]asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.

Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildren

fromdisadvantagedfamilies,[B6]thefactthatchildrenfrom

wealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes

[B7]lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,

aretentativeandare[B8]tocriticism.

Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly[B9]juvenile

crimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat[BIO]

tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment

[Bl1]makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.

Theresultingdiscontentmayin[B12]leadmoreyouthsinto

criminalbehavior.

Familieshavealso[B13]changestheseyears.Morefamilies

consistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;[B14],

childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome[B15]

wascommoninthetraditionalfamily[B16].Thislaofparental

supervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrime

rates.Other[B17]causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustration

orfailureinschool,theincreased[B18]ofdrugsandalcohol,

andthegrowing[B19]ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Allthese

conditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachild

committingacriminalact,[B20]adirectcausalrelationship

hasnotyetbeenestablished.

[Bl]

A.acting

B.relying

C.centering

D.cemmenting

2、

[B2]

A.before

B.unless

C.until

D.because

3、

[B3]

A.interactions

B.assimilation

C.cooperation

D.consultation

4、

[B4]

A.return

B.reply

C.reference

D.response

5、

[B5]

A.or

B.butrather

C.but

D.orelse

6、

[B6]

A.considering

B.ignoring

C.highlighting

D.discarding

7、

[B7]

A.on

B.in

C.for

D.with

8、

[B8]

A.immune

B.resistant

C.sensitive

D.subject

9、

[B9]

A.affect

B.reduce

C.check

D.reflect

10、

[BIO]

A.point

B.lead

C.come

D.amount

11、

[Bill

A.ingeneral

B.onaverage

C.bycontrast

D.atlength

12、

[B12]

A.case

B.short

C.turn

D.essence

13、

[B13]

A.survived

B.noticed

C.undertaken

D.experienced

14、

[B14]

A.contrarily

B.consequently

C.similarly

D.simultaneously

15、

[B15]

A.than

B.that

C.which

D.as

16、

[B16]

A.system

B.structure

C.concept

D.heritage

17、

[B17]

A.assessable

B.identifiable

C.negligible

D.incredible

18、

[B18]

A.expense

B.restriction

C.allocation

D.availability

19、

[B19]

A.incidence

B.awareness

C.exposure

D.popularity

20、

[B20]

A.provided

B.since

C.although

D.supposing

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerCantRedmonstumbled

acrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.He

searcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite's

''personalsearchagent”.It'saninteractivefeaturethatlets

visitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,

thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthe

database.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectual

property,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothis

firstnotificationofanopening."Istruckgold”,saysRedmon,

whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionas

in-housecounselforacompany.

Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,finding

promisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.

Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothe

databases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,

careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,for

example,mayworkagainstyou:"Everytimeyouansweraquestion

youeliminateapossibility”,saysoneexpert.

Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept一what

youthinkyouwanttodo一thenbroadenit."Noneofthese

programsdothat”,saysanotherexpert."There'snocareer

counselingimplicitinallofthis”.Instead,thebeststrategy

istousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreast

ofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consider

itaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain."Iwouldnotrely

onagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabase

thatmightinterestme”,saystheauthorofajob-searching

guide.

Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.

WhenCareerSite，sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohave

signedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythree

potentialjobs—thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremay

bemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisit

thesiteagaintofindthem—andtheydo."Onthedayafterwe

sendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic”,says

SethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.

Eventhosewhoaren'thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagents

worthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemand

fortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensation

toarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Although

happilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuiIder.

“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen”,hesays.Workingwitha

personalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslooking

outforyou.

HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?

A.Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.

B.Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.

C.Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.

D.ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.

2、

Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?

A.Lackofcounseling.

B.Limitednumberofvisits.

C.Lowerefficiency.

D.Lowersuccessfulmatches.

3、

Theexpression“tipservice”(Line3,Paragraph3)most

probablymeans.

A.advisory

B.compensation

C.interaction

D.reminder

4、

WhydoesCareerSite(sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythree

joboptions?

A.Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.

B.Toattractmorereturningvisits.

C.Toreservespaceformoremessages.

D.Toincreasetherateofsuccess.

5、

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

A.Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.

B.SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheir

demands.

C.Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealready

employed.

D.Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncethey

areemployed.

6、Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessand

discriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butone

insidiousform,continuestothrive:alphabetism.This,for

thoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,refersto

discriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletter

inthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshas

abigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthrough

theirphonedirectories.Lesswellknownistheadvantagethat

AdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesare

fairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.Yet

asuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnames

beginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnames

startingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush's

predecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirst

halfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Even

morestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7

richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,

Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld，sthree

topcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areall

closetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreally

usesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen

(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinal1

thesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,is

thattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearin

infantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthe

front,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.So

short-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andis

rarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitive

teachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmay

thinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworse

qualifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,as

wel1aslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,

theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreach

theZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlists

forjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconference

speakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,

andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsand

Zodiaccars?

A.Akindofoverlookedinequality.

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias.

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice.

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination.

7、

Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies，names.

D.Someform,ofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

8、

Thefourthparagraphsuggeststhat.

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefrom

class

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

9、

Whatdoestheauthormeanby"mostpeopleareliterallyhaving

aZZZ”(Line2,Paragraph5)?

A.Theyaregettingimpatient.

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff.

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated.

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.

10、

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoften

ill-treated.

B.VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongway

togo.

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentional

bias.

11、Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn't

bitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn't

cutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,

either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlast

monthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Spero

blamesthesofteningeconomy.Tmagoodeconomicindicator”,

shesays."Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhen

they，reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars”.SoSperois

downscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDiHard,sdepartment

storenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeiman

Marcus."Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,

too”,shesays.

EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan'sadmissionthatAmerica，sred-hot

economyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensigns

oftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,

saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheir

spending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentof

theirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautious

approachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,

holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear(space.Butdon't

soundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,

notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticaboutthe

economy，slong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodest

belt-tightening.

Consumerssaythey'renotindespairbecause,despitethe

dreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.

Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,

“there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10

millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses”,says

brokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestill

risingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to

30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree”,saysJohnTealdi,

aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelpretty

comfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.

Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhome

buyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn't

mindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumers

seemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,which

investorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.

Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan's

hotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Not

anymore.Forthat,GreenspanCo.maystillbeworthtoasting.

By“EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Line1,Para.

1),theauthormeans.

A.Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness

B.Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork

C.Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit

D.Speroisnotinadesperatesituation

12、

Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?

A.Optimistic.

B.Confused.

C.Carefree.

D.Panicked.

13、

Whenmentioning"the$4millionto$10millionrange”(Lines

2-3,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout.

A.goldmarket

B.realestate

C.stockexchange

D.ventureinvestment

14、

Whycanmanypeoplesee"silverlinings"totheeconomic

slowdown?

A.Theywouldbenefitincertainways.

B.Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.

C.Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.

D.Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.

15、

Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

A.Anewboom,onthehorizon.

B.Tightenthebelt,thesingleremedy.

C.Cautionallright,panicnot.

D.Themoreventures,themorechances.

16、Americanstodaydon'tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.

Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,not

scholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrento

getapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesake

ofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualismin

ourschoolsaren，tdifficulttofind.

“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismore

importantthanintellectual”,sayseducationwriterDiane

Ravitch."Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance”.Ravitch,slatest

book,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracesthe

rootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingthey

areanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistastefor

intellectualpursuits.

Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthe

lifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationand

control.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefend

theirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannot

fullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,

sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.

Wewillhavealesscivilsociety”.

''Intellectisresentedasaform,ofpowerorprivilege”,writes

historianandProfessorRichardHofstadterin

Anti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzerPrize

winningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminU.S.

politics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofour

history,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturges

havedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.

Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeen

consideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearn

fromabook.

RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophers

thoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnatural

restraintsonchildren:"Weareshutupinschoolsandcollege

recitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwith

abellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing”.MarkTwain's

HuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.

Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized—goingtoschoolandlearning

toread,sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.

Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnative

intelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthe

critical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.

Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,

whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,

criticizesandimagines.

Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.

Hofstadtersaysourcountry，seducationalsystemisinthe

gripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheir

hostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywith

chiIdrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpremise”.

WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquirein

school?

A.Thehabitofthinkingindependently.

B.Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.

C.Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.

D.Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.

17、

WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof

A.undervaluingintellect

B.favoringintellectualism

C.supportingschoolreform

D.suppressingnativeintelligence

18、

TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare.

A.identical

B.similar

C.complementary

D.opposite

19、

Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably.

A.apioneerofeducationreform

B.anopponentofintellectualism

C.ascholarinfavorofintellect

D.anadvocateofregularschooling

20、

Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?

A.Itissecondtointelligence.

B.Itevolvesfromcommonsense.

C.Itistobepursued.

D.Itunderliespower.

21、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophers

formanycenturies.(Tl)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructure

oflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,

whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhow

diverselanguagescouldbe.

Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyof

languagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Two

anth