分析讲稿详解kxo101 lect03 chapter

ManagementInformationMANAGINGManagementInformationMANAGINGTHEDIGITALFIRM,13THChapterBusinessLectureLearning•Learning•systemsonbusiness&theirrelationshiptoExplainwhyinformationsystemsaresoessentialinbusinesstoday.Defineaninformationsystem&describeitsmanagement,organization,&technology••LearningObjectivesLearningObjectives•Definecomplementaryassets&explaintheyensurethatinformationsystemsprovidegenuinevaluetoanorganization.Describethedifferentacademicdisciplinesusedtostudyinformationsystems&explainhoweachcontributestoourunderstandingofthem.Explainwhatismeantbyasociotechnicalsystemsperspective.••ShorteningLinesatDisneyShorteningLinesatDisneyWorld:TechnologytotheProblem:Longlineslimithowmanyrides,shops,&restaurantscustomercanvisitduringaSolutions:Enhancecustomersatisfaction&spendingbyusinginformationsystemstospotgridlock&improvecrowdputerprograms,&mobileappstomonitorattendance,registers,&spot&preventgridlockDemonstratesIT’sroleinincreasingvalue&revenueinany•••••TheRoleofInformationTheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusiness•HowinformationsystemsareEmergingmobiledigitalGrowingbusinessuseof“bigGrowthincloudGlobalization–InternethasdrasticallyreducedcostsofonglobalIncreasesinforeigntrade,Presentsbothchallenges&––InformationTechnologyInformationTechnologyCapitalInformationtechnologycapitalinvestment,definedashardware,software,&communicationsequipment,grewfrom32%to52%ofallinvestedcapitalbetween1980&2009.FIGURE1-RUNNINGTHEBUSINESSFROMRUNNINGTHEBUSINESSFROMTHEPALMOFYOURWhatkindsofapplicationsaredescribedinthecase?Whatbusinessfunctionsdotheysupport?Howdotheyimproveoperationalefficiency&decisionmaking?•Identifytheproblemsthatbusinessesinthiscasestudysolvedbyusingmobiledigitaldevices.Whatkindsofbusinessesaremostlikelytobenefitfromequippingtheiremployeeswithmobiledevices?Discusstheimplicationsofthisstatement:“TheiPhoneisnotagamechanger,it’sanindustrychanger.”•••TheRoleofInformationSystemsTheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusiness•Intheemerging,fullydigitalSignificantbusinessrelationshipsareenabled&Corebusinessprocessesareaccomplishedthroughdigitalnetworks.Keycorporateassetsaremanaged–––•Digitalfirmsoffergreaterflexibilityorganization&–Timeshifting,spaceTheRoleofTheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusinessGrowinginterdependencebetweenabilitytoinformationtechnology&abilitytoimplementcorporatestrategies&achievecorporategoalsBusinessfirmsinvestheavilyininformationsystemstoachievesixstrategicbusinessobjectives:••OperationalNewproducts,services,&businessmodelsCustomer&supplierintimacyImproveddecisionTheInterdependenceTheInterdependenceBetweenOrganizations&InformationFigureIncontemporarysystemsthereisagrowinginterdependencebetweenafirm’sinformationsystems&itsbusinesscapabilities.Changesinstrategy,rules,&businessprocessesincreasinglyrequirechangesinhardware,software,databases,&telecommunications.Often,whattheorganizationwouldliketododependsonwhatitssystemswillpermitittodo.TheRoleTheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusiness•OperationalImprovementofefficiencytoattainhigherInformationsystems,technologyanimportanttoolinachievinggreaterefficiency&Walmart’sRetailLinksystemlinkssupplierstostoresforsuperiorreplenishmentsystemTheRoleTheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusiness•Newproducts,services,&businessBusinessmodel:describeshowcompanyproduces,delivers,&sellsproductorservicetocreatewealthInformationsystems&technologyamajorenablingtoolfornewproducts,services,businessmodelsExamples:Apple’siPad,Google’sAndroidOS,&TheRoleofTheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusiness•Customer&supplierServingcustomerswellleadstocustomerswhichraisesrevenues&Example:High-endhotelsthatusecomputerstotrackcustomerpreferences&usedtomonitor&customizeIntimacywithsuppliersallowsthemtoprovidevitalinputs,whichlowerscosts.Example:JCPenney’sinformationsystemwhichlinkssalesrecordstocontractmanufacturer––TheRoleofInformationSystemsTheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusiness•Improveddecision–WithoutaccurateManagersmustuseforecasts,bestguesses,–––PoorresponsePooroutcomesraisecosts,loseExample:Verizon’sWeb-baseddigitaldashboardtoprovidemanagerswithreal-timedataoncustomercomplaints,networkperformance,lineoutages,&so–TheRoleofTheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusiness•DeliveringbetterCharginglessforsuperiorRespondingtocustomers&suppliersinrealExamples:Apple,Walmart,TheRoleTheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusiness•InformationtechnologiesasnecessityofIndustry-levelGovernmentalregulationsrequiringrecord-Examples:ToxicSubstancesControlAct,Sarbanes-OxleyActPerspectivesonPerspectivesonInformation•InformationSetofinterrelatedCollect,process,store,&distributeSupportdecisionmaking,coordination,&Informationvs.DataarestreamsofrawInformationisdatashapedintomeaningful•Data&Data&Rawdatafromasupermarketcheckoutcountercanbeprocessed&organizedtoproducemeaningfulinformation,suchasthetotalunitsalesofdishdetergentorthetotalsalesrevenuefromdishdetergentforaspecificstoreorsalesterritory.FigurePerspectivesonInformation•PerspectivesonInformation•ThreeactivitiesofinformationInput:CapturesrawdatafromorganizationexternalProcessing:ConvertsrawdataintomeaningfulOutput:TransfersprocessedinformationtopeopleoractivitiesthatuseitPerspectivesonPerspectivesonInformation–Outputisreturnedtoappropriatemembersoforganizationtohelpevaluateorcorrectinputstage.•Computer/Computerprograminformation–Computers&softwarearetechnicalfoundation&tools,similartothematerial&toolsusedtobuildaFunctionsofFunctionsofanInformationAninformationsystemcontainsinformationaboutanorganization&itssurroundingenvironment.Threebasicactivities:input,processing,&outputproducetheinformationorganizationsneed.Feedbackisoutputreturnedtoappropriatepeopleoractivitiesintheorganizationtoevaluate&refinetheinput.Environmentalactors,suchascustomers,suppliers,competitors,interactwiththeorganization&itsinformationsystems.FigureInformationSystemsInformationSystemsAreMoreThanUsinginformationsystemseffectivelyrequiresanunderstandingofthe&informationtechnologyshapingthesystems.Aninformationsystemcreatesvalueforthefirmasanorganizational&managementsolutiontochallengesposedbytheFigurePerspectivesonPerspectivesonInformation•OrganizationaldimensionofHierarchyofauthority,SeniorMiddleOperationalDataProductionorserviceLevelsinLevelsinaBusinessorganizationsarehierarchiesconsistingofthreeprincipallevels:seniormanagement,middlemanagement,&operationalInformationsystemsserveeachoftheselevels.Scientists&knowledgeworkersoftenworkwithmiddleFigurePerspectivesonInformationPerspectivesonInformation•Organizationaldimensionofsystems–SeparationofbusinessSales&Finance&UniquebusinessprocessesUniquebusinesscultureOrganizational–––PerspectivesonPerspectivesonInformation•ManagementdimensionofManagerssetorganizationalstrategyforrespondingtobusinesschallengesInaddition,managersmustactCreationofnewproducts&Occasionallyre-creatingthePerspectivesonPerspectivesonInformation•TechnologydimensionofinformationComputerhardware&Networking&telecommunicationsNetworks,theInternet,intranets&extranets,WorldWideWeb ITinfrastructure:providesplatformthatsystemisbuiltonUPSCOMPETESGLOBALLYUPSCOMPETESGLOBALLYWITH•Whataretheinputs,processing,&outputsofpackagetrackingWhattechnologiesareusedbyUPS?HowarethesetechnologiesrelatedtoUPS’sbusinessstrategy?WhatbusinessobjectivesdoUPS’sinformationsystemsaddress?Whatwouldhappenifthesesystemswerenot•••PerspectivesonInformationPerspectivesonInformation•DimensionsofUPStracking–inventory&provideinformationMonitorservicelevels&desktopcomputers,&soon––PerspectivesonPerspectivesonInformation•BusinessperspectiveoninformationInformationsystemisinstrumentforcreatingInvestmentsininformationtechnologywillresultinsuperiorreturns:ProductivityPerspectivesonPerspectivesonInformation•BusinessinformationvalueRawdataacquired&transformedthroughstagesthataddvaluetothatinformationValueofinformationsystemdeterminedinpartbyextenttowhichitleadstobetterdecisions,greaterefficiency,&higherprofitsBusinessCallsattentiontoorganizational&managerialnatureofinformationsystems•TheBusinessTheBusinessInformationValueFigure1-Fromabusinessperspective,informationsystemsarepartofaseriesofvalue-addingactivitiesforacquiring,transforming,&distributinginformationthatmanagerscanusetoimprovedecisionmaking,enhanceorganizationalperformance,&,ultimately,increasefirmprofitability.PerspectivesonInformationPerspectivesonInformation•InvestingininformationtechnologydoesguaranteegoodThereisconsiderablevariationinthereturnsfirmsreceivefromsystemsinvestments.•AdoptingtherightbusinessInvestingincomplementaryassets(organizational&managementcapital)VariationinVariationinReturnsonInformationTechnologyAlthough,onaverage,investmentsinproducereturnsfarabovethosereturnedbyotherinvestments,thereisconsiderablevariationacrossfirms.FigurePerspectivesonInformationPerspectivesonInformation•AssetsrequiredtoderivevaluefromaFirmssupportingtechnologyinvestmentswithinvestmentincomplementaryassetsreceivesuperiorreturnsExample:Investintechnology&thepeopletomakeitworkproperlyPerspectivesonInformationPerspectivesonInformation•Complementaryassets–Organizationalassets,forManagerialassets,forSocialassets,for––ContemporaryApproachesContemporaryApproachestoInformationThestudyofinformationsystemsdealswithissues&insightscontributedfromtechnical&FigureContemporaryApproachesContemporaryApproachestoInformation•TechnicalEmphasizesmathematicallybasedComputerscience,managementscience,operationsBehavioralissues(strategicbusinessintegration,implementation,etc.)Psychology,economics,•ContemporaryApproachestoContemporaryApproachestoInformation•ManagementInformation–Combinescomputerscience,managementscience,operationsresearch&practicalorientationwithbehavioralissuesFourmain•––––Suppliersofhardware&BusinessfirmsManagers&employeesFirm’senvironment(legal,social,culturalContemporaryApproachesContemporaryApproachestoInformation•Approachofthisbook:SociotechnicalOptimalorganizationalperformanceachievedbyjointlyoptimizingbothsocial&technicalsystemsusedinproductionHelpsavoidpurelytechnologicalASociotechnicalASociotechnicalPerspectiveonInformationInasociotechnicalperspective,theperformanceofasystemisoptimizedwhenboththetechnology&theorganizationmutuallyadjusttoeachotheruntilasatisfactoryfitisobtained.Figure1-管理信息系统管理数字化企业，第13版KXO101管理信息系统管理数字化企业，第13版KXO101信息系统第1章定义互补资产并解释它们如何确保信息系统为组织T信息系统如何改变业务新兴的移动数字平台“大数据”的业务使用不断增云计算的增了全球范围内的运营成机遇并存信息技术资本投资（定义为硬件、软件和通信设备）从32%增长到52%1980年至2009年间的所有投资1-掌控业类型的应用程序？它们支持哪些业务功能？他们如何提高运营效率和决讨论这句话的含义：“iPhone不是游戏规则改变者，而是行业改变者。”数字化公司在组织和管理方面提供了更大的灵活性时间转变、空间转变使用信息技术的能力与实施企业战略和实现企业目标的能力之间的相互依赖性日益增强商业公司大力投资信息系统以实现六个战略业务目标：新产品、服务和商业模客户和供应商的亲密关商