2021年考研《英语一》真题

2021年考研《英语一》真题(完整版)

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowith

short-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,and

abstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It

(l)inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,and

then(2)startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But(3)agingis

inevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunction

maynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe(4)ofbodyfataround

theabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.This

suggeststhe(5)thatlifestylefactorsmighthelpprevent

or(6)thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat(7)measurementsoflean

muscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-aged

menandwomenand(8)thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluid

intelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-aged

people(9)highermeasuresofabdominalfat(10)worseon

measuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears(11).

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe(12)tochangesin

immunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmune

systemdidnotappeartobe(13)Itishopedthatfuturestudies

could(14)thesedifferencesandperhapsleadto

different(15)formenandwomen.

(16)therearestepsyoucan(17)tohelpreduceabdominal

fatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectboth

yourphysicalandmental(18).Thetwohighlyrecommended

lifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour(19)of

aerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style(20)thatishigh

infiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.

1.【题干】1.

【选项】

A.pauses

B.return

C.peaks

D.fades

2.［题干］2.

【选项】

A.alternatively

B.formally

C.accidentally

D.generally

3.【题-干】3.

【选项】

A.while

B.since

C.once

D.until

4.【题干】4.

【选项】

A.detection

B.accumulation

C.consumption

D.separation

5.【题干】5.

【选项】

A.possibility

B.decision

C.goal

D.requirement

6.【题干】6.

【选项】

A.delay

B.ensure

C.seek

D.utilize

7.【题干】7.

【选项】

A.modify

B.supported

C.included

D.predicted

8.【题干】8.

【选项】

A.devoted

B.compared

C.converted

D.applied

9.【题干】9.

【选项】

A.with

B.above

C.by

D.against

10.【题干】10.

【选项】

A.above

B.managed

C.scored

D.played

11.【题干】11.

【选项】

A.ranout

B.setoff

C.drewin

D.wentby

12.【题干】12.

【选项】

A.superior

B.attributable

C.parallel

D.resistant

13.【题干】13.

【选项】

A.restored

B.isolated

C.involved

D.controlled

14.【题干】14.

【选项】

A.alter

B.spread

C.remove

D.explain

15.【题干】15.

【选项】

A.compensations

B.symptoms

C.demands

D.treatments

16.【题干】16.

【选项】

A.Likewise

B.Meanwhile

C.Therefore

D.Instead

17.【题干】17.

【选项】

A.change

B.watch

C.count

D.take

18.【题干】18.

【选项】

A.well-being

B.process

C.formation

D.coordination

19.【题干】19.

【选项】

A.level

B.love

C.knowledge

D.space

20.【题干】20.

【选项】

A.design

B.routine

C.diet

D.prescription

SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswersonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreaseto

railpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:every

Januarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextra

burdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogetto

workorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybea

fractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficial

ConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthe

groundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshould

bebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,the

argumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehaveto

subsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equallythere

isasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhom

willfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattention

comparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureof

theMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealso

experiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrain

operatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,

butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthe

substantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthe

latestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcase

thatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshould

receivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroducea

minimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,services

cancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageof

measurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,

moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopay

moreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,

punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplanned

maintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmay

havebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthe

justifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

21.【题干】Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrail

passengersfares.

【选项】

A.willeasetrainoperation's'burden.

B.haskeptpacewithinflation.

C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.

D.remainsanunreasonablemeasure.

22.【题：F】Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor.

【选项】

A.cardrivers

B.railtravellers

C.localinvestors

D.ordinarytaxpayers

23.【题干】Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperators.

【选项】

A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.

B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.

C.havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.

D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.

24.【题干】Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhave

toface.

【选项】

A.thelossofinvestment.

B.thecollapseofoperations.

C.areductionofrevenue

D.achangeofownership.

25.［题干］Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthe

text?

【选项】

A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork

C.CanNationalizationBringHope?

D.Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesia'sbleak

rateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaround

maybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginprogramthatgivesmoneyto

itspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopleto

keepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.Calledconditionalcash

transfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedto

reduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'realreadyusedin

dozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovided

enoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowth

problemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsonthe

environment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionare

oftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistat

JohnsHopkinsUniversity.

That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwith

environmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentis

sometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelations

don'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,

basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthe

traditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmay

havemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,

though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogram

wasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaof

tropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008

to2012-includingduringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipoverty

program-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultiple

islands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestloss

fromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwere

alsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,"weseethattheprogramisassociated

witha30percentreductionindeforestation,"Ferrarosays.

That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshift

insurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,if

rainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplement

theirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneyto

supplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.

Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.And

regardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeople

mayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustfor

carbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.

26.【题干】Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaim

to.

【选项】

A.facilitatehealthcarereform.

B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.

C.improvelocaleducationsystems.

D.lowerdeforestationrates.

27.［题：F)ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshow

that.

【选项】

A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.

B.CCTprogramshavehehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.

C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.

D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.

28.【题干】InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofind

out.

【选项】

A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.

B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.

C.therelationofcctstoitsforestloss.

D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.

29.【题干】AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiais

mostvaluableinthat.

【选项】

A.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.

B.itwillreduceregionalinequality.

C.itcanprotecttheenvironment.

D.itcanboostgrainproduction.

30.【题干】Whatisthetextcenteredon?

【选项】

A.Theeffectsofaprogram.

B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.

C.Theprocessofastudy.

D.Thetransferabilityofastudy.

Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethat

makesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingfor

photographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterway

toshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I'vefoundquiteafew,

and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter-theyhavebeencausingquite

stir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfun

andcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenly

seemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateus

fadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'Smiling

Victorians'makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueof

photographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityof

whichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpainted

backdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdowe

explainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,

exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographic

method(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtake

severalminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshifted

positionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthe

cameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andso

anon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andthe

introductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,

thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmost

instantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe

1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictorians

stillhesitatedtosmile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthrougha

cheesygrin."Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,“ranonepopular

Victorianmaxim,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproper

dentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingset

ofhealthyandclean,regularpearlywhites'raresightinVictoriansociety,

thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnot

guaranteed).

Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)

lackedclass:drunks,tramps,prostitutesandbuffoonishmusichall

performersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll's

gum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperly

bredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,said

thatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe"nothingmore

damningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever".

31.【题：F】AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter.

【选项】

A.changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians.

B.highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudies.

C.re-evaluatedtheVictorians'notionofpublicimage.

D.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.

32.【题干】WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehas

collected?

【选项】

A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

33.【题干】WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingfor

picturesinthe1890s?

【选项】

A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.

B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

34.［题干］MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalof

smilesinpictureswas.

【选项】

A.adeep-rootbelief.

B.amisguidedattitude.

C.acontroversialview.

D.athought-provokingidea.

35.【题:F】Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetext

answer?

【选项】

A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?

B.WhydidtheVictoriansstartviewphotographs?

C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?

D.Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersand

web-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniesselling

broadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliated

websitesovertheirrivals.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrong

demandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompicking

winnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthat

havebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.

Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill-inpartbecauseof

pushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesand

thecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinstead

ofprovidingbadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.Atissue

beforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwas

thelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnet

neutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-penned

ordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChad

adoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthe

commission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchof

anything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernments

couldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.

Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainst

anti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomerate

likeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseof

NetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsof

broadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals'streaming

servicesbutnottheirown.

OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017order

deregulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom

2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatricia

Millettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat“theresultisunhinged

fromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice,"andsaidCongressorthe

SupremeCourtcouldinterveneto"avoidtrappingInternetregulationin

technologicalanachronism."

Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockall

staterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission'spowerto

preemptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.Thatmeansmore

battlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentand

California,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeofthe

FCC'sabdication.

Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forattheFCCcryoutfor

Congresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonce

andforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficon

theirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovation

online.

36.［题干］Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovides

would.

【选项】

A.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.

B.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork.

C.showpartialityintreatingclients.

D.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.

37.［题干）Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,the

Fee.

【选项】

A.Stickstoanout-of-dateorder.

B.Takesananti-regulatorystance.

C.Hasissuedaspecialresolution.

D.Hasallowedthestatestointervene.

38.【题：F】WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?

【选项】

A.Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.

B.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.

C.ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.

D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.

39.【题：F】JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt's

decision.

【选项】

A.focusesontrivialities.

B.conveysanambiguousmessage.

C.isatoddswithitsearlierrulings.

D.isoutoftouchwithreality.

40.【题干】Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?

【选项】

A.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.

B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.

C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.

D.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.

SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartB

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions

41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherent

articlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumbered

boxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligenceistypically

depictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.Whenit

comestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomation

andtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchanging

companiesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-mass

unemploymentpredictions?

ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTata

ConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAlmoreoften

incomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.

Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,

ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,actuallymakesthosepersonnelmore

valuabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.

HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacing

employees:

Betterhiringpractices

Companiesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeofthe

unconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions."Thereareexperimentsthatshow

that,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhat

AIdoes,"saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:How

theQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorld

andacomputerscience(41)Onecompanythat'sdoingthisiscalled

Blendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthe

hiringprocess.

Moreeffectivemarketing

SomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubject

linestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claims

theirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomes

toemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.

(42)Thereare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacement

forpeople/5saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligence

andcomputerscienceatMIT.

Savingcustomersmoney

EnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheir

electricitybillssavingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.

Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthe

costofelectricity.Insurancecompaniesmeanwhile,canbasetheir

premiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk."Before,they

mightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoo

much,"saysDomingos,(43)

Improvedaccuracy

Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,

whichmakesdatamorevaluable,"saysWinston.It"helpspeoplemake

smarterdecisions."(44)

Protectingandmaintaininginfrastructure

Anumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,

useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandprevent

equipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen."Iftheyfailfirstandthen

youfixthem,it'sveryexpensive,"saysDomingos.(45)

[A]Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,

youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthat

otherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.

[B]Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreview

contractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewing

thecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.

[C]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzes

advertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingand

socialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhere

advertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.

[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpoint

towhereit'susefulforemployeestogoto.

[E]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighrisk

orchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenit

wouldcost[thecompany]money.

[F]We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspicking

upthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.

[G]AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbe

ableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.

41.【题干】41.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

42.【题干】42.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

43.【题干】43.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

c.c

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

44.【题干】44.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

45.【题干】45.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

SectionIIITranslation

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Worldwarwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodern

Westernsocieties(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsof

enrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantage

groupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocial

andpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascism

createdagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesfor

increasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschool

education.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentryto

highereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnot

thoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresulted

inaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginningin

the1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe

1970sand1980s.

Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequite

differentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsof

problems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountiesof

WesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubled

withinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,

eightor10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Secondgrowthobviously

affectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.And

thirdgrowthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantage

groupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.

Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiar

problemsinitswake/Forexample,ahigh