译林版英语选修八新素养学案Unit3TheworldofcoloursandlightSectionⅣGrammarWritingWord版含答案

SectionⅣGrammar&Writing倒装句一、倒装句的类型倒装句有完全倒装和部分倒装两种，完全倒装是将整个谓语放在主语前，部分倒装是将谓语的一部分放在主语前。二、倒装句的用法eq\a\vs4\al(1.)全部倒装的用法用法例句特别提示主系表结构的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句Isshethefamouspopstar？她是那个著名的流行歌手吗？Whatisyourfavouritesubject?你最喜欢的科目是什么？特殊疑问句中，如果疑问代词作主语或修饰主语时，无须倒装表示地点的介词短语置于句首或强调地点概念时Betweenthetwobuildingsstandsatalltree.在两座大楼之间有棵大树。Outofthejunglecameanoldman.从树林里走出来一个老人。主句动词常为be，sit，live，lie，stand，rise，go，e等副词here，there，then，now，in，out，up，down，away，off，over，next，such，back等作状语置于句首时Theregoesthebellandclassisover.铃响了，下课了。Here’stheremotecontrol.遥控器在这里。Nowesyourturn.现在轮到你了。Upjumpedthecatandcaughtthemouse.猫跳上去抓住了老鼠。(1)若主语为人称代词，则用陈述语序(2)therebe句型也属于完全倒装直接引语的全部或一部分置于句首时Help!Shoutedtheboy.救命！那男孩大声喊道。“Exactly，”saidmyfather,shakingtheoldman’shand.“一点也不错，”爸爸握着老人的手说。若引述动词后还有间接宾语或状语时则不用倒装为强调表语，把表语置于句首时，或为保持句子平衡时Gonearethedayswhenwomenwerelookeddownupon.妇女受歧视的年代一去不复返了。PresentatthemeetingwasMr.Liu，whotaughtusEnglish.出席会议的是教我们英语的刘老师。主语通常是名词表示祝愿的句子LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!中华人民共和国万岁！may表祝愿时常用部分倒装eq\a\vs4\al(2.)部分倒装的用法用法例句主谓宾结构的疑问句Haveyoutriedwesternfood？你尝试过西餐吗？Whichlanguagesdidyoustudyatschool？你上学时学的都是哪些语言？HowsoonwillthetouristsbebacktoChina?游客多久返回中国？表示否定意义或半否定意义的副词、介词短语、连词等置于句首时，常见词语有never，little，seldom，hardly，scarcely，rarely，atnotime，innoway等NotasinglebookdidIreadthisweek.本周我一本书也没读。Littledidheknowthatthepolicewerearound.他一点儿也不知道警察就在旁边。BarelyhadLaureneseenMckaymovedsofast.劳伦娜很少看到麦凯走得这么快。由only强调的或notuntil引导的状语置于句首时Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceed.只有努力工作，我们才能成功。NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.直到开始工作，我才意识到自己浪费了多少时间。在so/such...that(结果状语从句)结构中，so或such引导的部分置于句首时Soshallowistheriverthatnobodycanswiminit.河这么浅，因此没有人能在里面游泳。Suchagoodboyishethatwealllovehim.他是那么好的一个孩子，我们都喜欢他。so/neither/nor置于句首，表示前者情况也适用于后者，其句型为：so/neither/nor＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语(...)Neithercouldwegetridofthesmelloffish.我们也没能除掉鱼腥味。Ilovedthismovieandsodidallmyfriends.我喜欢这部电影，我所有的朋友也喜欢。省略if的虚拟条件句将had/were/should置于句首时引起的倒装Wereshemyfriend，Iwouldaskherforhelp.如果她是我的朋友，我就会请她帮忙。may表示祝愿时Mayyoubeingoodhealth！祝你身体健康！MayyouhaveapleasantjourneytoEurope!祝你欧洲旅行愉快！neither...nor...连接并列的句子，前后都倒装NeitherdoIknowit，nordoIcareaboutit.我不知道那件事，也不关心。nosooner...than，hardly...when，notonly...butalso等句型中nosooner，hardly，notonly等置于句首时，前句用倒装，后句不用Nosoonerhadhereturnedhomethanhebegantopreparesupper.他一到家就开始准备晚饭。Hardlyhadwebegunwhenweweretoldtostop.我们刚开始就被叫停。NotonlyamIinterestedinphotography，butItookacourseatuniversity.我不仅对摄影感兴趣，在大学里我还上过摄影课。eq\a\vs4\al()对接高考①Notuntilrecentlydidtheyencouragethedevelopmentoftourist－relatedactivitiesintheruralareas.直到近期，他们才开始鼓励农村地区与旅游有关的活动的发展。②OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMs.Garzafinallysayyes.经过一年的友好协商，加尔萨女士终于答应了。③(湖南卷)Onlywhenyoucanfindpeaceinyourheartwillyoukeepgoodrelationshipswithothers.只有当你找到内心的平静以后，你才可以和别人保持良好的关系。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)选择括号内的正确表达形式，完成下列句子eq\a\vs4\al(1.)Jimtalkedforabouthalfanhouryesterday.Never________________hetalkedsomuch.(Ihadheard,hadIheard)答案：hadIheardeq\a\vs4\al(2.)So________________thatitisdangerousforpeopletoswiminit.(deeptheriveris,deepistheriver)答案：deepistherivereq\a\vs4\al(3.)____________hadheenteredtheroomthanhefoundsomethingstolen.(Hardly,Nosooner)答案：Nosoonereq\a\vs4\al(4.)Onlyinthisway________________progressinyourstudy.(canyoumake,youcanmake)答案：canyoumakeeq\a\vs4\al(5.)________________hewenthomedidhefindhehadlefthisbookintheclassroom.(Notuntil,Itwasnotuntil)答案：Notuntileq\a\vs4\al(6.)Notasinglesong________________atyesterday’sparty.(didshesing,shedidsing)答案：didshesingeq\a\vs4\al(7.)Whenthebeastswereabouttowininthebattle,________________tojointhem.(downflewthebat,downdidthebatfly)答案：downflewthebateq\a\vs4\al(8.)Mybrotherhadabadcoldlastweek,andso____________I．(did,had)答案：dideq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)语法与写作eq\a\vs4\al(1.)我们只有充分利用每时每刻才能按时完成这项艰巨的任务。(only)________________________________________________答案：Onlybymakingfulluseofeveryminutecanweacplishthedemandingtaskontime.eq\a\vs4\al(2.)他一走进体育馆比赛就开始了。(hardly...when...)________________________________________________答案：Hardlyhadhesteppedintothestadiumwhenthematchbegan.eq\a\vs4\al(3.)在校门两边分别站着一队学生，问候来校上课的老师和学生。(介词短语放到句首)________________________________________________答案：Oneachsideoftheschoolgatestandateamofstudents,greetingtheteachersandstudentswhoetoschool.eq\a\vs4\al(4.)中国从来没有像今天这样强大。(never)________________________________________________答案：NeverbeforehasChinabeenso/aspowerfulasitistoday.eq\a\vs4\al(5.)在世界上没有别的地方能像这个城市那样美丽。(nowhereelse)________________________________________________答案：Nowhereelseintheworldisthereaplaceasbeautifulasthiscity.如何写调查报告eq\a\vs4\al()文体感知一、题型说明调查报告是针对某一现象、某一事件或某一问题进行深入细致的调查。这一类写作题，要求根据调查结果，对某种现象进行分析并谈谈自己的看法，写一份调查报告。二、策略指导1．应该站在读者的角度去思考；2．要写明调查原因、调查过程、调查结果以及你得出的结论；3．用一般现在时态；4．常见的写作方法：①按调查的先后顺序逐点写；②按事物发展的阶段来写；③将两种事物进行对比，以显示其是非、优劣，找出其差异来写；④按调查对象的特点分门别类来写。三、技巧点拨1．注意审题，转换图表。撰写调查报告时，通常需要结合图表，观察、对比调查数据，并把调查结果和数据转换为文字表达，并按写作内容给出的要点按顺序进行写作。2．确定时态，规范全文。引出报告结果或数据时，发表议论和个人观点，通常用一般现在时。若出现具体的时间状语，如lastyear,nextyear,recently等时，应根据具体情况使用适当的时态。3．变换表达，丰富词汇。调查报告中多出现相同内容的描述或分析，为避免重复，建议使用不同语言和句式表达同类信息。eq\a\vs4\al()常用句式1．描写变化及总趋势特征、分析差异、数据说明常用句式：①Thereisagreat/slightincrease/risein...②Thenumber/ratehasnearlydoubled,paredwiththatoflastyear.③Thenumberis...timesasmuchasthatof...2．原因说明常用句式：①Thereasonfor...isthat...②Thechangeresultsfromthefactthat...③Thereareseveralcausesforthissignificantgrowthin...First...Second...3．结尾常用句式：①Inmyopinion/Personally/AsfarasI’mconcerned/Inshort/Inbrief/Inaword/Inconclusion...②It’sclear/evidentfromthechartthat.../Wecandrawtheconclusionthat...③Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthat...④Obviously,ifwewantto...itisnecessary.../Thereisnodoubtthatattentionmustbepaid...eq\a\vs4\al()写作要求下面的图表和漫画反映了世界上野生动物种类的变化情况和原因，请根据你对图表和漫画的理解，用英语写一篇报告。你的报告应包含以下内容：1．描述野生动物种类的变化趋势；2．分析导致野生动物种类变化的原因；3．谈谈你对保护野生动物的看法和建议。注意：1．可参照图表中文字及下面文章开头所给的提示，做必要的发挥想象；2．词数100左右，开头已经写好，不计入总词数；3．作文中不得提及考生所在和本人姓名。Manyanimalsareindangerofdyingout.Asisclearlyshowninthebarchart，thekindsofwildanimalshavedecreasedsharplyinthepastthirtyyears._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________eq\a\vs4\al()审题谋篇项目结论体裁应用文话题野生动物保护时态一般现在时人称第三人称eq\a\vs4\al()词句推敲1．词汇①急剧下降________________②解释，是……的原因________________③试图做……________________④导致________________⑤禁止做某事________________答案：①decreasesharply②accountfor③makeanattempttodo...④resultin⑤forbiddoingsth.2．句式(1)在过去的三十年里野生动物种类急剧下降。①Anumberofwildanimalspecies________________________inthepastthirtyyears.②Thekindsofwildanimals________________________inthepastthirtyyears.(2)为了获取巨额利润，人类经常非法捕猎野生动物。①Humanbeingsoftenhuntwildanimalsillegally_________________________________．②Humanbeings__________________________huntwildanimalsfor_a_big_profit．(3)我们应该尽力给动物们一个良好的生存环境。①Wehumanbeingsshould________________________improvewildanimals’livingenvironment.②Wehumanbeingsshould________________________improvewildanimals’livingenvironment.(4)人类与野生动物要和谐相处。①Humanbeingsandwildanimalsshould________________________eachother.②Humanbeingsshould________________________wildanimals.答案：(1)①havequicklydisappeared②havedecreasedsharply(2)①tosellthemtoearnlargeamountofmoney②aremakingattemptsto(3)①tryourbestto②sparenoeffortto(4)①getalongwellwith②liveinharmonywitheq\a\vs4\al()妙笔成篇________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Many_animals_are_in_danger_of_dying_out.As_is_clearly_shown_in_the_bar_chart，the_kinds_of_wild_animals_have_decreased_sharply_in_the_past_thirty_years.Withabout300,000kindsofanimalsdecreasingonaverageeachyear，asaresult，therewereonly1.5millionlefttill2010.Apartfromthepollutedenvironmentandnaturaldisasters，illegalkillingisanimportantreason.Humanbeingsaremakingattemptstohuntwildanimalsforfashionandabigprofit，whichcanbeseenvividlyfromtherightpicture.Thishasresultedinasharpdecreaseinthenumberofanimals.Inmyopinion，itishightimetotakeactions.Weshouldsparenoefforttoimprovewildanimals’livingenvironment.Inaddition，thegovernmentshouldpasssomefirmlawstoforbidabusekilling.Onlyinthiswaycanweliveinharmonywithwildanimals.A卷eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)单句语法填空1．Seldom____________(do)hegooutfordinner.答案：does2．Nosoonerhadwereachedtheairport____________theplanetookoff.答案：than3．Notuntiltherainstopped____________heleavetheroom.答案：did4．Onlywhenhereturnedhome____________herealizewhathadhappened.答案：did5．____________coldwastheweatherthatwehadtostayathome.答案：So6．____________(be)itnotforyourhelp,Iwouldstillbehomeless.答案：Were7．Onceuponatimethere____________(live)amanknownbythenameofBeef.答案：lived8．Down____________(e)therainandupwenttheumbrellas.答案：came9．Sosuddenwastheattack____________wehadnotimetoescape.答案：that10．Onlyafterherdeath____________Iabletoappreciateher.答案：waseq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)阅读理解TheislandofCubaisnobiggerthanPennsylvania.Yetwhenitestonature,theislandisoneofthemostimportantplacesontheplanet.Thatisthemessageof！Cuba！，anexhibitthatopenedinNovemberattheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory(AMNH),inNewYorkCity.“Thebiodiversity(生物多样性)ofCubaispartofCubanidentity，”AnaLuzPorzecanskisays.SheisthedirectoroftheCenterforBiodiversityandConservationatAMNHandoneofthetwocurators(apersoninchargeofamuseumexhibit)oftheexhibit.DetailedrecreationsoffourhabitatstransporttypicalpartsofCuba’slandscapesandseascapestoNewYork.Theyincludeancientcavesandanetworkofreefs(珊瑚礁).Oneareafeaturesliveanolelizards,aCubantreefrog,andaCubanboa.Cubaboastsmorethan6，500speciesofplants,161kindsofreptiles,65typesofamphibians,42speciesofmammals,and367birdspecies.Oneofthoseisthebeehummingbird.Weighingfarlessthananounce(about28grams),itisthesmallestbirdonEarth.MuchofthewildlifefoundinCubaexistsonlythere.Thatgivesscientistsauniqueopportunitytostudyhowplantsandanimalsdevelopandsurvive.“Cubaisaveryexcitingplaceforustolookatallthesedifferentprocesses，”saysChristopherRaxworthy.Heisinchargeofonedepartmentofthemuseumandacocuratoroftheexhibit.“Butthatalsocreatesgreatchallengesforconservation.”ClimatechangeisthreateningCuba’swildlife.Somespeciesmayevendisappear.Thecountryistakingstepstoprotectitsplantsandanimals.ButAMNHhopes！Cuba!willshowhowimportantthecountry’snaturalworldistoeveryone.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。美国自然历史博物馆举办的展览！Cuba！展示了古巴丰富的生物多样性。1．Whatcanbeknownabout！Cuba！？A．ItshowsCuba’srichbiodiversity.B．Itparestheislandsontheplanet.C．ItfeaturesCuba’ssocialdevelopment.D．ItopensinamuseuminPennsylvania.A解析：细节理解题。由第一段中的“whenitestonature,theislandisoneofthemostimportantplacesontheplanet.Thatisthemessageof！Cuba！”以及第二段中的“Thebiodiversity(生物多样性)ofCubaispartofCubanidentity”可知，！Cuba！是在纽约的美国自然历史博物馆举办的一次展览，主要展示了古巴丰富的生物多样性。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“boasts”inParagraph4probablymean?A．Increases. B．Needs.C．Has. D．Expects.C解析：词义猜测题。由画线词后的内容可知，古巴拥有6500种植物、161种爬行动物、65种两栖动物、42种哺乳动物和367种鸟类，这也照应了上文中提到的古巴丰富的生物多样性。3．WhatdoesChristopherfindchallenging?A．Toorganizetheexhibition.B．Toobserveplantsandanimals.C．TostudytheuniquespeciesofCuba.D．ToprotectthenativewildlifeofCuba.D解析：细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“Butthatalsocreatesgreatchallengesforconservation.”可知，保护古巴的野生动植物是一大挑战。4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．CubaFightsClimateChangeB．TravelfromCubatoAmericaC．WildlifeConservationFacesThreatD．AMNH’sCubaExhibitExploresBiodiversityD解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了在纽约的美国自然历史博物馆举办的展览！Cuba！展示了古巴丰富的生物多样性。D项作标题符合文章主旨。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)完形填空LyseDoucetlivesahappylifeinChicago.Butrecentlythereissomedifficultyforherandherfamily.Sheandherhusbandhaveeachother’sparentsandyoungdaughterandforthattheyare1.Butsheandherhusbandarebothcurrently2．Andtheircarisingreatneedof3．Andthenthereisthematteroftheirsecondchild,whois4soon.SothingsarealittletensefortheDoucetfamilythesedays.WhenLyseandherdaughterwerewalkingthroughastore5lotrecently,Lysepickedupanenvelopefromthegroundthat6$4,000incash.Therewerea7ofdifferentexplanationsthatcouldbeconsidered.Wasthisakindofgood8？Coulditbeanattemptbytheuniversetobalanceeverything?CoulditbesimplyagiftfromGod?Lysedidn’tknow.Theonlythingsheknewwasthatthecashinthatenvelope9tosomeoneelse.Oh,andoneotherthingsheknew:heryoungdaughterwas10．“Mykidwasstandingrightthere11Ifoundit，”LysetoldWLS­TVinChicago.“SobasicallyIwantedtoteachmydaughterhowtobe12．Andformethatwasenough.”Nevermindthebillsthatwere13，orthecarthatneededtobefixed,orthebabythatwouldesoon.Andforgotthatwhenshe14themoneyovertothepoliceshewastoldthattherewasactuallynothingillegalifshe15it.Thepolicewereabletoreturnthemoneytothepersonwho16it—anoldwoman.Andonecanimaginethejoyand17shefeltwhenthepolicehandedthelostenvelopbacktoher.“Shecametomyhouseandshewasalmostintears,18me，”Lysesaid.“Shegavemeahugandanenvelopewithasmall19init.Butwhatwasinitwasn’t20．Whatmatteredwastheopportunitytoteachmydaughterhonesty.”1．A．restricted B．upsetC．grateful D．sensitiveC解析：restricted“有限的”；upset“沮丧的”；grateful“感激的”；sensitive“敏感的”。句意：双方父母都在，还有一个小女儿，他们对这样的生活很感激。故选C。2．A．appreciated B．unemployedC．disappointed D．removedB解析：appreciate“感激，欣赏”；unemploy“解雇，失业”；disappoint“对……失望”；remove“移除”。前文提到对那样的生活感到感激，But在此表转折，由此可知生活出现不好的变化，B选项符合逻辑。句意：但是她和她丈夫现在双双失业了。3．A．cash B．protectionC．sale D．repairD解析：cash“现金”；protection“保护”；sale“出售”；repair“修理”。第一段最后一句“SothingsarealittletensefortheDoucetfamilythesedays.”可知这一家的生活很紧张。故前面由几个and连接的句子都是造成生活紧张的原因，故可知车需要花钱修理。故选D。由倒数第二段的“thecarthatneededtobefixed”也可得知答案。4．A．sick B．dueC．desperate D．dullB解析：sick“生病的”；due“预期的，到期的”；desperate“绝望的”；dull“呆滞的”。第一段提到家庭成员，双方父母加上一个女儿，可知此处的第二个孩子应该尚未出生，故选B。由倒数第二段的“thebabythatwouldesoon”也可得知答案。5．A．gathering B．beggingC．cleaning D．parkingD解析：gather“收集，集聚”；beg“乞求”；clean“清洁，打扫”；park“停车”。parkinglot为固定搭配，意为“停车场”。句意：最近Lyse和女儿经过一家商店的停车场的时候。故选D。6．A．contained B．involvedC．charged D．paidA解析：contain“包含，容纳”；involve“包含，涉及”；charge“收费，投诉”；pay“支付”。句意：Lyse从地上捡起个信封，里面有4000美元现金。此处要注意contain和involve的区别，前者强调有形的物体，后者则表示抽象的东西或人。故选A。7．A．handful B．dealC．number D．floodC解析：ahandfulof“一把，少数”；adealof“大量的，相当多的”，后面接不可数名词；anumberof“大量的”，后接可数名词复数；afloodof“一大批的，如洪水般的(强调涌现出来)”。后面为explanations,且此处没有强调这些理由涌现出来的意味，只是强调数量之多，故选C。8．A．expense B．luckC．hope D．prizeB解析：expense“开支，花费”；luck“运气，幸运”；hope“希望”；prize“奖赏”。句意：这是一种好运气吗？面对捡到的这些钱，Lyse在想是否是运气的眷顾。故选B。9．A．belonged B．reactedC．pointed D．respondedA解析：belong“属于”；react“反应，重演”；point“指出”；respond“回应，答复”。sth.belong(s)tosb.“某物属于某人”。句意：她只知道这个装有现金的信封是别人的。故选A。10．A．urging B．affectingC．laughing D．watchingD解析：urge“催促”；affect“影响”；laugh“大笑”；watch“注视着”。由后文可知，Lyse捡钱的时候，女儿在旁边看着；且后文讲述了她为了给女儿树立好榜样，把钱物归原主，故选D。11．A．before B．whenC．because D．thoughB解析：句意：当我捡钱的时候，女儿就站在旁边。应选when。12．A．ripe B．loyalC．honest D．humorousC解析：ripe“成熟的”；loyal“忠诚的”；honest“诚实的”；humorous“幽默的”。捡到他人的财物，不管自己多么需要，也要物归原主，这是诚信问题。故选C。13．A．passingby B．givingawayC．showingoff D．pilingupD解析：passby“路过”；giveaway“颁发；赠送；泄露”；showoff“卖弄；炫耀”；pileup“堆积，积聚”。句意：不管账单是否堆积如山，车子急需修理，孩子即将出生。故选D。14．A．turned B．watchedC．got D．collectedA解析：turnsth.over“将……移交”。句意：她把捡来的钱移交给警察。故选A。15．A．checked B．madeC．kept D．promotedC解析：check“检查”；make“做”；keep“保留”；promote“提升”。句意：她被告知就算她把钱留着也不算犯法。故选C。16．A．sent B．lostC．disliked D．generatedB解析：send“送，发送”；lose“丢失”；dislike“不喜欢，厌恶”；generate“产生”。句意：警察把钱归还给丢失钱的人，一位老妇人。故选B。17．A．relief B．anxietyC．tension D．respectA解析：relief“宽慰，安心”；anxiety“焦虑”；tension“紧张”；respect“尊重”。空白处与joy是并列关系，故选A。句意：可以想象她是多么的高兴和宽慰。18．A．forting B．congratulatingC．thanking D．offendingC解析：fort“使舒适”；congratulate“祝贺，恭喜”；thank“感谢”；offend“冒犯，得罪”。句意：她来到我家来感谢我，几乎要哭了。失主对归还东西的人自然是存着感激之情，故选C。19．A．option B．presentC．envelope D．amountD解析：option“选择”；present“礼物”；envelope“信封”；amount“数量，数额”。作为回报，失主在信封里装了一点钱。故选D。20．A．important B．seriousC．sufficient D．efficientA解析：important“重要的”；serious“严肃的”；sufficient“充足的”；efficient“有效的”。句意：信封里面装的是什么并不重要，重要的是有机会教导女儿要诚信。故选A。B卷eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)阅读理解A(2019·山西大同月考)Beforeyoumakefriends，youhavetodecidewhoyouwanttobeyourfriends.Mostpeopleliketohavefriendswholiketodothesamethingtheydo.Thequickestwaytomakeafriendistosmile.Whenyousmile，peoplethinkyouarefriendlyandeasytotalkto.Itmaynotbeeasyatfirsttosmile，butremembermostpeoplewillstayawayfromascared(害怕的)orangrylookingface.Oneeasywaytostartaconversationwithsomeoneistosaysomethingniceabouthim.Thinkabouthowgreatyoufeelwhensomeonesayssomethingnicetoyou.Doesn’titmakeyouwanttokeeptalkingtothatperson?Askyournewfriendsquestionsaboutthemselves.Who’stheirfavoritesinger，wheredotheylive，whatdotheydoafterschoolareallgoodquestionstostartaconversation.Makesureyouhavesomethingtoaddtotheconversation，too.Whensomeoneasksyouaquestion，dohaveananswerforthem.There’snothingthatwillstopaconversationquickerthana_shrugforananswer.Kidswhoshowaninterestinotherkidsandwhoarekindandfriendlymakegoodfriends.Remember，everyonewantstobearoundpeoplewholiketodosimilar(相似的)thingsandpeoplewhoarenicetothem.【解题导语】大多数人都想交兴趣相同的朋友，那么到底该如何交朋友呢？本文给出了一些建议。1．Thispassagegivesussomeadviceon________．A．howtomakefriendsB．whatkindofpersonyoucanmakefriendswithC．howtostartaconversationD．theimportanceofsmileA解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知文章主要讲述了如何交朋友，故选A。2．Mostpeopleliketomakefriendswiththose________．A．whoaresadeverydayB．whosharethesameinterestC．whoarefondoftalkingD．whosaybadthingstothemB解析：细节理解题。根据第一段Mostpeopleliketohavefriendswholiketodothesamethingtheydo.和最后一段内容可知兴趣相同的人容易成为朋友，故选B。3．Accordingtothethirdparagraph，mostpeopleenjoytalkingtoone________．A．whoisalwayssmilingB．whoseemstobefriendlyC．whopraisesthemD．whopointsouttheirshortingsC解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句Thinkabouthowgreatyoufeelwhensomeonesayssomethingnicetoyou.可知人们喜欢和表扬自己的人谈话，故选C。4．TheunderlinedpartinPara.4means“________”．A．beingveryproudB．makingnoanswerC．knowingnothingD．nothopingtoanswerB解析：词义猜测题。画线部分与前面的Whensomeoneasksyouaquestion，dohaveananswerforthem.相对应，因此画线部分意思是“不作回答”，故选B。BHousedinMilan,oneofEurope’sdirtiestcities,LeonardodaVinci’smasterpieceTheLastSupperstillfacesathreatfromairpollution,researcherssay,despitepreventativemeasuresthathavesignificantlydecreasedpollutantsinthechurchwherethefamouspaintingisondisplay.In2009,Italianauthoritiesinstalledaheating,ventilation(通风)andairconditioningsystemtoprotectthepaintingfromMilan’spollutedair.Toseewhetherthesystemcouldimproveairquality,ateamofresearchersledbyConstantinosSioutas,aprofessorofcivilandenvironmentalengineeringattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,placedtwoairqualitymonitorsinsidethechurchforayeartocollectsamplesfromaroundpainting.Resultsshowedthelevelsoffineandcoarseparticulateswerereducednearthepaintingby88percentand94percent,respectively,paredwiththecorrespondingoutdoorlevels.“It’saspectacularreduction，”Sioutassaidinastatement.“Itis,frankly,veryimpressive.”AlthoughtheresearchersapplaudedthesuccessfuldecreaseinparticulatesarounddaVinci’spainting,theywarnedthatindoorsourcesofpollutionmaystillposeathreattothepricelesspainting.Fattylipids(油脂)fromtheskinofcustomersinthechurchappearedinsignificantquantitiesaroundthepainting,despitethefactthatvisitorsgettingaccesstotheartworkarestrictlyregulated.Onlyafewvisitorsareallowedinsidethechurchatatime,andtheyenterthebuildingandcanstayforonly15minuteseach.However,fattylipidsfromvisitors’skincanbinewithdustintheairandpollutethepaintingiftheyeincontactwithit,saysstudyresearcherNancyDaheroftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Evenpreviousrestorationsofthepaintingmaypolluteitssurface,Dahersaid.Tinyparticulatesofthewaxappliedduringearlyrepaireffortscanbeemittedfromthepainting,getintotheairandtarnish(使失去光泽)thepaintinginthesamemannerasthefattylipids.Theresearchersnotedthattheirairsampleanalysiscouldbeusedasapointofreferenceforfuturestudiesaimedatprotectingvaluableartworkandartefacts.【解题导语】保存在意大利米兰市一家教堂的达·芬奇名画《最后的晚餐》受到空气污染的威胁。虽采取了措施使教堂空气质量得到提高，但仍存在一些污染隐患。5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“particulates”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Thesmallestpartsofachemicalsubstance.B．Thingsdirtierthanusual.C．Certaintypesofgas.D．Extremelysmallpiecesofdirt,whichcauseseriouspollution.D解析：词义猜测题。综合分析文章及该词所在句子，可推知该词意为“颗粒(污染)物”。6．Accordingtothetext,thefollowingfactorspollutethepaintingEXCEPT________．A．fattylipidsfromtheskinB．tinyparticlesofthewaxC．breathofthevisitorsD．dustintheairC解析：细节理解题。根据文章信息可知，对名画《最后的晚餐》带来污染的因素主要有参观者皮肤上的油脂、修复时产生的蜡颗粒及空气中的灰尘等。7．Accordingtotheresearchers,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheirairsampleanalysis?A．Theairsampleanalysiswasgotbygatheringairinthechurchforayear.B．Theairsampleanalysisshowedthatthepaintingwaspletelyawayfromairpollution.C．Theairsampleanalysiscanbehelpfulforfuturestudiesprotectingvaluableartwork.D．TheairsampleanalysisshowedthattheparticulatesarounddaVinci’spaintingweredecreasedsuccessfully.B解析：细节理解题。从文章第一、二段可知，虽然教堂室内环境大为改善，但这幅伟大的画作仍受到各种污染物的威胁。8．Whatcanbethebesttitleofthetext?A．HowtoDecreaseLevelsofParticulatesEffectivelyB．TheFamousPainting—daVinci’sTheLastSupperC．KeepingAirPollutionfromDamagingdaVinci’sTheLastSupperD．HowtoProtectArtworkinHouseholdsC解析：主旨大意题。综合分析文章可知，本文主要介绍如何保护达·芬奇的名画《最后的晚餐》免受污染物的影响，故C项为标题最佳。CAttheturnofthe20thcentury，MaryAndersonmadehistorybyinventingautomobilewindshieldwipers(挡风玻璃雨刷器)．In1902，whileridingatrolleybusinNewYorkCity，shecouldn’thelpnoticingthatthedriverhadtocontinuallystopinordertowipesnowandicefromthewindshield.Andersonthoughtthattherehadtobeabetterway.In1903，sheinventedaswingingarmwitharubberblade(刮片)thatswungbackandforth，removingrainandsnowfromthewindshieldsurface.Anderson’smodelwasdifferentfromtoday’smodels，though，becauseitwashand­activatedbyalever(控制杆)frominsidethecar.Similardeviceshadbeenattemptedinthepast，butAnderson’swasthefirsttoworkandthefirsttobesuccessfullypatented.Interestingly，shecouldnotselltherightstoherinvention.ACanadianpanytoldherthatdriverswouldfindthemovementofthearmtoodistracting(分散注意力的)．SoeventhoughAnderson’swindshieldwipersbecamestandardincarsafter1915，herinventiondidnotmakehermuchmoney.Andersonwasnottheonlyfemaleinventorofhertime.Infact，womenhavebeenresponsibleformanypracticalinventions.JosephineCochran，forexample，declared“Ifnobodyelseisgoingtoinventadishwashingmachine，Iwill.”AfterreceivingapatentonDecember28，1886，shepresentedherworkingdishwasheratthe1893World’sFair.Atfirstnotahugesuccess，themachinewasusedonlybyhotelsandlargerestaurants.Householddishwashersdidnotbeepopularuntilthe1950s.Historically，womenhaveheldaminorityofpatents.InearlyU．S.history，socialandlegalbarriersoftendiscouragedwomenfrompatentinginventions.InAndersonandCochran’stime，womenlackedthesamelegalrightsasmen，whichforcedmanywomentopatenttheirinventionsundertheirhusbands’orfathers’names.Itisunfortunatethatthegeniusbehindeachoftheseinventionswasnotalwaysrewardedorrecognized，becausethesewomenhelpedtocreatetheefficientworldwetakeforgrantedtoday.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了汽车自动挡风玻璃雨刷器的发明者MaryAnderson以及洗碗机的发明者JosephineCochran。9．What’sthefeatureofAnderson’sinvention?A．Itdependedonelectricity.B．Ithadtobecontrolledbyhand.C．Itwasplacedinsidethecar.D．Itcouldn’tbeusedinthewinter.B解析：细节理解题。由第二段的itwashand­activatedbyalever(控制杆)frominsidethecar和themovementofthearmtoodistracting(分散注意力的)可知，Anderson发明的汽车挡风玻璃雨刷器需要手动操作。10．WhatdoweknowaboutAndersonandCochran?A．Bothpatentedtheirinventionunderothers’names.B．BothsoldtheirinventionstoCanadianpanies.C．Bothbecameverywealthybecauseoftheirinventions.D．Boththeirinventionsreceivedacoldweleatfirst.D解析：推理判断题。由第二段可知，Anderson虽然成功获得其发明的专利权，但却没权利售卖，故她没有因此而变得富有；再由第三段可知，Cochran于1886年获得专利的发明——洗碗机出现在1893年世界博览会上，但起初并不成功，过了半个多世纪后才变得家喻户晓。由此推断，这两位女发明家的发明起初并不被世人接受。11．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsinventorslikeAndersonandCochran?A．Surprisedandhopeful.B．Curiousbutdistrustful.C．Gratefulbutsympathetic.D．Criticalanddisappointed.C解析：观点态度题。由文章末句可知，作者感激诸如Anderson和Cochran一样的女性发明家，因为她们的发明改变了世界，但又为她们没有获奖或得到世人的认可而感到同情。12．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．WomeninHistoryB．StandardsofInventionsC．InventionsThatBreakBarriersD．InventorsWhoCreatedtheWorld C解析：标题归纳题。由最后一段可知，历史上获得专利权的女性少之又少，因为那时诸多障碍阻止了女性获得专利权，她们缺乏和男性一样的权利，但Anderson和Cochran的专利发明却打破了这些障碍。breakbarriers