四大语法整理

NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ动词NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ一、被动语态1、被动语态的构成：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语动词间的关系，英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，在句中be动词要有人称和数的变化。【口诀】被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。注意：只有及物动词才有被动语态。时态被动语态一般现在时am/

is/

are

+过去分词一般过去时was/

were

+过去分词一般将来时will

be

+过去分词或am/

is/

are/

going

to

+

be过去分词现在进行时am/

is

/

are

+

being

+过去分词过去进行时was

/

were

+

being

+过去分词现在完成时have

/

has

+

been

+过去分词过去完成时had

+been

+过去分词过去将来时would

be

+过去分词或was/

were

+

going

to

be

+过去分词情态动词情态动词+

be

+过去分词2、被动语态的用法：【口诀】谁做动作不知道，说出谁做没必要；承受者需被强调，被动语态运用到。用法说明例句不知道动作的执行者Salt

is

produced

in

East

and

South

China.没必要指出动作的执行者Our

school

was

set

up

in

1973.需突出或强调动作的承受者Chinese

is

spoken

by

the

largest

number

of

people.3、主动语态和被动语态的转换：①主动语态变被动语态把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。把谓语变成被动语态结构（be

+过去分词）

把主动语态中的主语放在介词by后作宾语，将主格改为宾语。口诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。如：---He

mended

that

bike

yesterday.

---The

bike

was

mended

by

him

yesterday.

②含有情态动词的被动语态：

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词+be

+过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。口诀：情态动词变被动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。如：---We

have

to

look

after

the

dog.

---The

dog

has

to

be

looked

after

by

us.

③含有宾语补足语的被动语态：

好久不见别来无恙

含有宾语补足语的句子，宾语变为主语后，宾语补足语改为主语补足语，原来的位好久不见别来无恙置一般不变。NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZNIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ如：---We

keep

food

cold

in

the

fridge.

---Food

is

kept

cold

in

the

fridge.

注意：主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to

的不定式，在变成被动句的主语补足语时，to不能省去。如：---She

heard

him

sing

a

song

just

now.

---She

was

heard

to

sing

a

song

just

now.二、过去完成时4、用法：

by，

，

三、情态动词2、分类：①只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might),

②可做情态动词又可做实意动词：need,dare

③可做情态动词又可做助动词：shall(should),will(would)

,oughtto

④具有情态动词特征：have(had,has)

to,used

to

⑤情态动词表猜测3、位置：下雨了你有在想我吗

下雨了你有在想我吗4、用法：NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZNIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ

情态动词+行为动词原形首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作，而情态动词只是表达的一种想法。5、功能：

助动词主要有两类：基本助动词和情态助动词。基本助动词有三个：do,

have和be；情态助动词基本的有十四个：may,

might;

can,

could;

will,

would;

shall,

should;

must，need,

dare,

used

to,

ought

to.had

better，6、can和could的用法：①表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。

②表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）【注意】could可表示请求，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。

can表示能力时，还可用be

able

to代替。我在等一个我在等一个可以陪我走很久的人宾NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ语从句NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1.语序：无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有：who，what，which等。2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见连接词有：whose，what，which，howmany，howmuch等。3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who(m)，what，which，howmany，howmuch，when，why，how，where，if/whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，howmany，howmuch，how等。2.连接词：1)陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略2)一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”①具选择意义,有or或ornot时,直接与ornot连用时,用whether(if…ornot也可使用)②在介词之后用whether③在不定式前用whether④whether置于句首时，不能换用if⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether别告诉他别告诉他我还想他3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ3.时态：1)如主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。4.注意：if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当……时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。故事很长故事很长只有风听我讲NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ定语从句NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ详细的定语从句讲解

：

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及therebe句型。

一、限定性定语从句：1.that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置2.which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3.代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all,anything,much等，这时的that常被省略4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句6.when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导7.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格8.当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时，常用thereis来引导二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2.引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于inwhich,atwhich,forwhich或atwhich3.有时as也可用作关系代词4.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who,whom代表人，用which代表事物三、定语从句结构错误：1.缺关系词2.从句中缺成分外面风大跟我回家在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：

①外面风大跟我回家②非限定性定语从句非限定性定语NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。

四、定语从句的讲解：

定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

1.关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

①who/that在从句中作主语;whom/that在从句中作宾语NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ②Whose用来指人或物(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）③which,that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语2.关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

①when,where,why相当于"介词+which"结构,常和"介词+which"结构交替使用②that代替关系副词

，that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和"介词+which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略故事不够动人故事不够动人讲故事的人却总流泪构NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ词法NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ）：A）“根基”。像相像不像相像互不相像B）C）

“词”的英语是可译为“”等。人类在学3.那么“举出主题并说明他”。这种表达模式我们叫“一句话”，在语言学上称为句子。。。构词法：合成法：两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词的方法称作合成法。派生法：由词缀(分前、后缀)和词根相结合构成单词的方法。大多数词缀都有一定的含义。人啊人啊总是不珍惜专项练习一、动词1.’t

go

out

to

play

until

your

homework

_______.

A.

finishes

B.

has

finished

C.

is

finished

2.My

e-mail

_____

to

you

last

night.

C.

was

sent

A.

will

be

held

D.

would

be

held’D.

cleans

A.

Finishes

B.

will

be

finished

C.

has

finishedD.

is

finished

C.

is

cleaning

8.9.10.Look!Thestudents__________(clean)theclassroom.

11.What_________yourafter_________(do)yesterday?12.Myuncle

toseeus.He'llbeheresoon.A.comes

B.hascome

C.iscoming

D.hadcome13.Thegirlenjoys_______totheradioverymuch.

A.listen

B.tolisten

C.listening

D.listene14.Iwon'tbelieveituntilI

itwithmyowneyes.A.saw

B.haveseen

C.willsee

D.hadseen15.Inthepasttenyears,there

greatchangesinourfamilylife.A.hadbeen

B.are

C.havebeen

D.were16.OnSundayafternoon,Mrs.Greenwenttothemarket,

somebananas,andvisitedhercousin.A.bought

B.buying

C.tobuy

D.buy17.Let’s_______atalkaboutlearningChinese.

A.had

B.having

C.tohave

D.have18.——Wehaven'theardfromJaneforalongtime.——Whatdoyousuppose

toher?A.washappening

B.tohappen

C.hashappened

D.havinghappened19.We

halfanhourforthebus,butithasnotcomeyet.A.havewaited

B.arewaitingC.hadbeenwaiting

D.havebeenwaiting20.HethankedmeforwhatI

.A.hashad

B.haddone

C.did

D.havedone二、宾语从句1.Idon'tknow_________hewillcometomorrow．_________hecomes，I'lltellyou．

A.if；WhetherB.whether；Whether

C.if；ThatD.if；If2.Idon'tknow_________thedayaftertomorrow．

A.whendoeshecomeB.howwillhecome

C.ifhecomesD.whetherhe'llcome3.Couldyoutellme_________thenearesthospitalis？

A.whatB.howC.whetherD.where4.Couldyoutellme_________theradiowithoutanyhelp？

A.howdidhemendB.whatdidhemend

C.howhemendedD.whathemended5.Iwanttoknow_________．

A.whomisshelookingafterB.whomsheislooking

C.whomisshelookingD.whomsheislookingafter6.Doyouknowwhere_________now？

A.helivesB.doesheliveC.helivedD.didhelive7.Doyouknowwhattime_________？

A.thetrainleaveB.doesthetrainleave

C.willthetrainleaveD.hetrainleaves8.Idon'tknow_________．Canyoutellme，please？

A.howthetwoplayersareoldB.howoldarethetwoplayers

C.thetwoplayersarehowoldD.howoldthetwoplayersare9.Thesmallchildrendon'tknow_________．

A.whatistheirstockingsinB.whatisintheirstockings

C.whereistheirstockingsinD.whatintheirstockings10.Ican'tunderstand_________．

A.whatdoesChristmasmeanB.whatChristmasdoesmean

C.whatmeanChristmasdoesD.whatChristmasmeans11.Theteacherdidn'tbeginherclass_______thestudentsstoppedtalking.

A．untilB．becauseC．afterD．when

12.Ifit_______tomorrow,we'llgototheGreatwall.

A．doesn'trainB．won'trainC．notrainsD．isn'train

13.Couldyoutellme_______wegettotheplane?

A．how

B．WhetherC．whereD．what

14.Whentheygottothecinema,thefilm_______forthetenminutes.

A．hadbeenonB．hasbegunC．BeganD．hadbegun

15.Theteachersays_______shewillleaveamessageontheheadmaster'sdesk.

A．if

B．WhoC．thatD．what

16.Lucylooksstronger_______Lily.

A．thanB．asC．ThenD．notas

17.Iknownothingaboutit_______hetoldme.

A．BecauseB．SinceC．UntilD．after

18.Youmustmakeyournewhousecleanandsafe_______youmovein.

A．becauseB．WhenC．beforeD．until

19.Iwas_______tired_______Icouldn'twalkon.

A．so…thatB．too…toC．very…thatD．very…to

20.Ithoughthe_______toseehismotherifhe_______time.

A.willgo…has

B.willgo…willhaveC.wouldgo…wouldhaveD.wouldgo…had三、定语从句1.

Don’t

talk

about

such

things

of

__________

you

are

not

sure.

A.

which

B.

What

C.

As

D.

those

2.

Is

this

the

factory

__________

you

visited

the

other

day?

A.

that

B.

where

C.

in

which

D.

the

one

3.

Is

this

factory

__________

some

foreign

friends

visited

last

Friday?

A.

that

B.

where

C.

which

D.

the

one

4.

Is

this

the

factory

__________

he

worked

ten

years

ago?

A.

that

B.

where

C.

which

D.

the

one

5.

The

wolves

hid

themselves

in

the

places

__________

couldn’t

be

found.

A.

that

B.

where

C.

in

which

D.

in

that

6.

The

freezing

point

is

the

temperature

__________

water

changes

into

ice.

A.

at

which

B.

on

that

C.

in

which

D.

of

what

7.

This

book

will

show

you

__________

can

be

used

in

other

contexts..

A.

how

you

have

observed

B.

what

you

have

observed

C.

that

you

have

observed

D.

how

that

you

have

observed

8.

The

reason

is

__________

he

is

unable

to

operate

the

machine.

A.

because

B.

why

C.

that

D.

whether

9.

I’ll

tell

you

__________

he

told

me

last

week.

A.

all

which

B.

that

C.

all

that

D.

which

10.

That

tree,

__________

branches

are

almost

bare,

is

very

old.

A.

whose

B.

of

which

C.

in

which

D.

on

which

11.

I

have

bought

the

same

dress

__________

she

is

wearing.

A.

as