（完整版）美国文学史-知识点梳理

（完整版）美国文学史-知识点梳理PartITheLiteratureofColonialAmericaI．HistoricalIntroductionThecolonialperiodstretchedroughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcenturythroughtheendofthe18th.ThefirstpermanentsettlementinAmericawasestablishedbyEnglishin1607.(AgroupofpeoplewassentbytheEnglishKingJamesItohuntforgold.TheyarrivedatVirginiain1607.TheynamedtheJamesRiverandbuildtheJamestown.)II．Thepre-revolutionarywritinginthecolonieswasessentiallyoftwokinds:1)Practicalmatter-of-factaccountsoffarming,hunting,travel,etc.designedtoinformpeople"athome"whatlifewaslikeinthenewworld,and,often,toinducetheirimmigration2)Highlytheoretical,generallypolemical,discussionsofreligiousquestions.III．TheFirstAmericanWriterThefirstwritingsthatwecallAmericanwerethenarrativesandjournalsofthesesettlements.Theywroteabouttheirvoyagetothenewland,theirlivesinthenewland,theirdealingswithIndians.CaptainJohnSmithisthefirstAmericanwriter.ATrueRelationofsuchOccurrencesandAccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiaSincetheFirstPlantingofThatColony(1608)AMapofVirginia:ADescriptionoftheCountry(1612)GeneralHistoryofVirginia(1624):theIndianprincessPocahontasCaptainJohnSmithwasoneofthefirstearly17th-centuryBritishsettlersinNorthAmerica.HewasoneofthefoundersofthecolonyofJamestown,Virginia.HiswritingsaboutNorthAmericabecamethesourceofinformationabouttheNewWorldforlatersettlers.OneofthethingshewroteaboutthathasbecomeanAmericanlegendwashiscapturebytheIndiansandhisrescuebythefamousIndianPrincess,Pocahontas.IV．EarlyNewEnglandLiteratureWilliamBradfordandJohnWinthropJohnCottonandRogerWilliamsAnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylorV．PuritanThoughts1.TheoriginofpuritanInthemediaevalEurope,therewaswidespreadreligiousrevolution.Inthe16thCentury,theEnglishKingHenryVIII(Atthattime,theCatholicswerenotallowedtodivorceunlesstheyhavethePope'spermission.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorcehiswifebecauseshecouldn'tbearhimason.ButthePopedidn'tallowhimtodivorce,sohe)brokeawayfromtheRomanCatholicChurch&establishedtheChurchofEngland.ButtherewasnoradicaldifferencebetweenthedoctrinesoftheChurchofEnglandandtheCatholicChurch.AgroupofpeoplethoughttheChurchofEnglandwastooCatholicandwantedtopurifythechurch.ThencamethenamePuritans.2.Puritanism--basedonCalvinism(1)predestination:God'selectPuritansbelievedtheyarepredestinedbeforetheywereborn.Nothingornogoodworkcanchangetheirfate.Theybelievedthesuccessofone'sbusinessisthesigntoshowheistheGod'select.SothePuritansworksveryhard,spendverylittleandinvestmoreforthefuturebusiness.Theylivedaveryfrugallife.Thisistheirethics.(2)OrigianlsinandtotaldepravityManisbornsinful.Thisdeterminessomepuritanspessimisticattitudetowardslife.(3)Limitedatonement(thesalvationofaselectedfew)(4)theocracyTheycombinedstatewithreligion.Theirgovernmentisatleastnotaliberalone.ThePuritansestablishedAmericantradition--intolerantmoralism.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adultery&heretics.Puritanschangedgraduallyduetotheseverityoffrontierenvironment3.InfluenceonAmericanLiterature(1)ItsoptimismAmericanliteraturewasfromtheoutsetconditionedbythePuritanheritage.ItcanbesaidAmericanliteratureisbasedontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.Afterthat,manhaveanillusiontorestoretheparadise.Thepuritans,afterarrivingatAmerica,believingthatGodmusthavesentthemtothisnewlandtorestorethelostparadise,tobuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.Firedwithsuchastrongsenseofmission,theytreatedlifewithatremendousamountofoptimism.TheoptimisticPuritanhasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature.(2)Puritan'smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionchangedgraduallyintoaliterarysymbolism.PartIITheLiteratureofReasonAndRevolutionI．HistoricalIntroductionWiththegrowth,especiallyofindustry,thereappearedtheintensestrainwithEngland.TheBritishgovernmentdidnotwantcolonialindustriescompetingwiththoseinEngland.TheBritishwantedthecoloniestoremainpoliticallyandeconomicallydependentonthemothercountry.Theytookaseriesofmeasurestoinsurethisdependence.TheypreventedcolonialeconomybyrequiringAmericanstoshiprawmaterialsabroadandtoimportfinishedgoodsatpriceshigherthanthecostofmakingtheminthiscountry.Politically,theBritishgovernmentforceddependencebyrulingthecoloniesfromoverseasandbytaxingthecolonieswithoutgivingthemrepresentationinParliament.However,bythemid-eighteenthcentury,freedomwaswonasmuchbythefieryrhetoricofThomasPaine'sCommonSenseandtheeloquenceoftheDeclarationofIndependenceasbytheweaponsofWashington.Intheseventiesofthe18thcentury,theEnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericaroseinarmsagainsttheirmothercountry.TheWarforIndependencelastedfor8years(1776-1783)andendedintheformationofafederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic--theUnitedStatesofAmerica.II．AmericanEnlightenmentItwassupportedbyallprogressiveforcesofthecountrywhichopposedthemselvestotheoldcolonialorderandreligiousobscurantism.Itdealtadecisiveblowuponthepuritantraditionsandbroughttolifeseculareducationandliterature.Thespirituallifeduringthatperiodwastoagreatdegreemouldedbyit.Therepresentativessetthemselvesthetaskofdisseminatingknowledgeamongthepeopleandadvocatingrevolutionaryideas.ThewritersinjectedaninvigoratingveinintotheEnglishlanguageinAmericaastheyaimedatclarityandprecisionoftheirwritings.AttheinitialperiodthespreadoftheideasoftheEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetojournalism.WritingsofEuropewerewidelyreadinAmerica.ThesecularidealsoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwereexemplifiedinthelifeandcareerofBenjaminFranklin.III．BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)TheAutobiographyPoorRichard’sAlmanacLifeBenjaminFranklincamefromaCalvinistbackground.Hewasbornintoapoorcandle-maker’sfamily.Hehadverylittleeducation.Helearnedinschoolonlyfortwoyears,buthewasavoraciousreader.At12,hewasapprenticedtohiselderhalf-brother,aprinter.At16,hebegantopublishessaysunderthepseudonym“SilenceDogood”.At17,heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune.Hesethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher.In1727hefoundedtheJuntoclub.Multipleidentities:aprinteraleadingauthorapoliticianascientistainventoradiplomatacivicactivistFranklin’sContributionstoSocietyHehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospital.HefoundedanacademywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania.AndhehelpedfoundtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.Franklin’sContributionstoScienceHewasalsorememberedforvolunteerfiredepartments,effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.Andforhislightning-rod,hewascalled“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven.”Franklin’sContributionstotheU.S.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:TheDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,TheConstitutionTheAutobiographyTheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklinwasprobablythefirstofitskindinliterature.Itisthesimpleyetimmenselyfascinatingrecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurityintowhichhewasborn,thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan.TheAutobiographyis,firstofall,aPuritandocument.ItisPuritanbecauseitisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.Themeticulouschartof13virtueshesetforhimselftocultivatetocombatthetemptingvices,thestupendousefforthemadetoimprovehisownperson,thebeliefthatGodhelpsthosewhohelpsthemselvesandthateverycallingisaservicetoGod–alltheseindicatethatFranklinwasintenselyPuritan.Then,thebookisalsoaconvincingillustrationofthePuritanethicthat,inordertogetonintheworld,onehastobeindustrious,frugal,andprudent.TheAutobiographyisalsoaneloquentelucidationofthefactthatFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderofeighteenth-centuryenlightenment,andthatherepresentedinAmericaallitsideas,thatmanisbasicallygoodandfreebynature,endowedbyGodwithcertaininalienablerightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness.AlookatthestyleofTheAutobiographywillreadilyrevealthatitisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directnessandconcision.Theplainnessofitsstyle,thehomelinessofimagery,thesimplicityofdiction,syntaxandexpressionaresomeofthesalientfeatureswecannotmistake.Thelucidityofthenarrative,theabsenceofornamentsinwordingandofcomplex,involvedstructuresinsyntax,andthePuritanabhorrenceofparadoxareallgraphicallydemonstratedinthewholeofthebook.Takenasawhole,itissafetosaythatthebookisanexemplaryillustrationoftheAmericanstyleofwriting.IV．ThomasPaine(1737-1809)CommonSenseAmericanCrisisV．ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)TheDeclarationofIndependenceVI．PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”“FatherofAmericanPoetry”“PioneeroftheNewRomanticism”“Agiftedandversatilelyricpoet”Works“TheWildHoneySuckle”“TheIndianBuryingGround”“ToaCaty-Did”FreneauasFatherofAmericanPoetry:Hismajorthemesaredeath,nature,transition,andthehumaninnature.Allofthesethemesbecomeimportantin19thcenturywriting.LifeExperienceHewasborninNewYork.At16,heenteredtheCollegeofNewJersey(nowPrincetonUniversity).Hedecidedtodoapostgraduatestudyintheology.Buttwoyearslaterhegaveitup.Whilestillanundergraduate,hewroteincollaborationwithoneofhisfriends(H.H.Brackenridge)apoementitled“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”.LaterheattendedtheWarofIndependence,andhewascapturedbyBritisharmyin1780.Afterbeingreleased,hepublished“TheBritishPrisonShip”in1781.Inthesameyear,hepublished“TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans”.Afterwar,hesupportedJefferson,andcontributedgreatlytoAmericangovernment.Butafter50yearsold,helivedinpoverty.Andatlasthediedinablizzard.MainWorks“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”(1772)《美洲光辉的兴起》“TheHouseofNight”(1779,1786)《夜之屋》“TheBritishPrisonShip”(1781)《英国囚船》“TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans”(1781)《纪念美国勇士》?“”TheWildHoneySuckle”(1786)《野忍冬花》“TheIndianBuryingGround”(1788)《印第安人墓地》野忍冬花（黄杲炘译）美好的花呀，你长得：这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。大自然把你打扮得一身洁白，她叫你避开庸俗粗鄙的目光，她布置下树荫把你护卫起来，又让潺潺的柔波淌过你身旁；你的夏天就这样静静地消逝，这时候你日见萎蔫终将安息。?那些难免消逝的美使我销魂，想起你未来的结局我就心疼，别的那些花儿也不比你幸运——虽开放在伊甸园中也已凋零，无情的寒霜再加秋风的威力，会叫这花朵消失得一无踪迹。?朝阳和晚露当初曾把你养育，让你这小小的生命来到世上，原来若乌有，就没什么可失去，因为你的死让你同先前一样；这来去之间不过是一个钟点——这就是脆弱的花享有的天年。Thispoemisdividedintofourstanzas.Eachstanzaconsistsofsixlines,rhyming“ababcc”,andsoundsjustlikemusic.Inthefirsttwostanzas,Freneaudevotedmoreattentiontotheenvironmentoftheflowerinwhichhefounditthantotheappearanceoftheflower.Heconmentedonthesecludednatureoftheplacewherethehoneysucklegrew,drawingaconclusionthatitwasduetonature'sprotectivenessthattheflowerwasabletoleadapeacefullifefreefrommen’sdisturbanceanddestruction.Butthenextstanzaimmediatelychangedthetonefromsilentadmirationandappreciationtooutrightlamentationoverthe“future’sdoom”oftheflower–evennaturewasunabletosavetheflowerfromitsdeath.Andthen,Freneausaid,“ifnothingonce,younothinglose.”Itistrueinpeople’sexistence.Thereisfateforthelifeanddeath.Afterone’sdeath,theonlythinghecantakeawayiswhathebroughtwhenhegavebirthtothisworld.PartIIITheLiteratureofRomanticismI．HistoricalIntroductionfromearly19thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar1.nativefactorsItisaperiodfollowingAmericanIndependence.Inthisperiod,democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.Americawasinaneconomicboom.Thereisatremendoussenseofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople.Thespiritofthetimeis,insomemeasure,responsiblefortheoutburstofromanticfeeling.2.foreigninfluenceRomanticismemergedinEnglandfrom1798to1832.ItaddedimpetustothegrowthofRomanticisminAmerica.InEnglandthegeneralfeaturesoftheworksoftheromanticsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety.BritishRomanticisminspiredtheAmericanimagination.ThusAmericanRomanticismwasinawayderivative.II．AmericanRomanticism:AmericanRenaissanceRomanticism(appearedinEnglandinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyandspreadtocontinentalEuropeandthen)cametoAmericaearlyinthe19thcentury.Itwaspluralistic;itsmanifestationswereasvaried,asindividualistic,andasconflictingastheculturesandtheintellectsfromwhichitsprang.Yetromanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman'ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.Itexaltedtheindividual,whichsuitedthenation'srevolutionaryheritageanditsfrontieregalitarianism.Itrevoltedagainsttraditionalartforms,whichgratifiedthosecrampedbythestrictlimitsofneoclassicliterature,painting,andarchitecture.Itrejectedrationalism,whichgladdenedthosewhowereopposedtocool,intellectualreligiouswrappedwiththeremnantsofCalvinism.Romanticwritersplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionanddisplayincreasingattentiontothespiritualstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.Thenovelofterrorbecametheprofitableliterarystaplethatitremainstoday.Writersofgothicnovelssoughttoarouseintheirreadersaturbulentsenseoftheremote,thesupernatural,andtheterrifyingbydescribingcastlesandlandscapesilluminatedbymoonlightandhauntedbyghosts.ApreoccupationwiththedemonicandthemysteryofevilmarkedbytheworksofPoe,Hawthorne,Melville,andahostoflesserwriters.EarlyAmericanromanticismwasbestrepresentedbyNewEnglandpoetsWilliamCullenBryant(1794-1878)andHenryWadsworthLongfellow(1807-1882)inpoetry,andJamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)andWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)infiction.Thelater/peakperiodisrepresentedbyRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)andHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862).III．WashingtonIrving1.RipVanWinkleThestory,writtenwhileIrvingwasstayingwithhissisterSarahandherhusbandHenryvanWartinBirmingham,England,issetintheyearsbeforeandaftertheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.AvillagerofDutchdescentescapeshisnaggingwifebywanderingupKaaterskillClovenearhishometownofPalenville,NewYorkintheCatskillMountains.Aftervariousadventures(inoneversionofthetale,heencountersthespiritsofHenryHudsonandhiscrewplayingninepinsatthetopofKaaterskillFalls),hesettlesdownunderashadytreeandfallsasleep.Hewakesup20yearslaterandreturnstohisvillage.Hefindsoutthathiswifeisdeadandhisclosefriendshavediedinawarorgonesomewhereelse.HeimmediatelygetsintotroublewhenhehailshimselfaloyalsubjectofGeorgeIII,notknowingthatinthemeantimetheAmericanRevolutionhastakenplaceandheisnotsupposedtobealoyalsubjectofanyHanoveriananylonger.Thestoryhasbecomeapartofculturalmythology:evenforthosewhohaveneverreadtheoriginalstory,"RipVanWinkle"meanseitherapersonwhosleepsforalongperiodoftime,oronewhoisinexplicably(perhapsevenblissfully)unawareofcurrentevents.RipVanWinklehasbeenseenasasymbolofseveralaspectsofAmerica.Rip,likeAmerica,isimmature,self-centered,careless,anti-intellectual,imaginative,andjollyastheovergrownchild.ThetownitselfsymbolizesAmerica–foreverandrapidlychanging.WashingtonIrvinghasRipsleepthroughhisowncountry’shistory,throughwhatwemightcallthebirthpangsofAmerica,andreturntothe“busy,bustling,disputatious”self-consciouslyadultUnitedStatesofAmerica.Hisconflictsanddreamsarethoseofthenation–theconflictofinnocenceandexperience,workandleisure,theoldandthenew,theheadandtheheart.2.TheLegendofSleepyHollowThestoryissetcirca1790intheDutchsettlementofTarryTown,inasecludedglencalledSleepyHollow.IttellsthestoryofIchabodCrane,asycophantic,lean,lanky,andextremelysuperstitiousschoolmasterfromConnecticut,whocompeteswithAbraham"BromBones"VanBrunt,thetownrowdy,forthehandof18-year-oldKatrinaVanTassel,thedaughterandsolechildofawealthyfarmer,BaltusVanTassel.AsCraneleavesapartyheattendedattheVanTasselhomeonanautumnnight,heispursuedbytheHeadlessHorseman,whoissupposedlytheghostofaHessiantrooperwhohadhisheadshotoffbyastraycannonballduring"somenamelessbattle"oftheAmericanRevolutionaryWar,andwho"ridesforthtothesceneofbattleinnightlyquestofhishead".Ichabodmysteriouslydisappearsfromtown,leavingKatrinatomarryBromBones,whowas"tolookexceedinglyknowingwheneverthestoryofIchabodwasrelated".AlthoughthenatureoftheHeadlessHorsemanisleftopentointerpretation,thestoryimpliesthattheHorsemanwasreallyBromBonesindisguise.ThecreationofarchetypesisaparticularlysubtlefeatofIrving’sconsummatecraftsmanship.WemayseeinIchabodCraneaprecocious,effectNewEnglander,shrewd,commercial,acity-slicker,whoisratheraninterloper,asomewhatdestructiveforce,andwhocomesalongtoswindlethevillagers.Hisbooklearningturnsonhim,andheisdrivenawayfromwherehedoesnotbelong,sothattheserenevillageremainspermanentlygoodandhappy.BromBones,ontheotherhand,isofaHuckFinn-typeofcountrybumpkin,rough,vigorous,boisterousbutinwardlyverygood,afrontiertypeputouttheretoshiftforhimself.Thus,therivalryinlovebetweenIchabodandBrom,viewedinthisway,suddenlyassumesthedimensionsoftwoethicalgroupslockedinakindofhistoriccontest.Astothestyleofthepiece,itrepresentsIrvingathisbest.Theassociationbetweenacertainlocalandtheinwardmovementofacharacter,theemotionalloadingofalmosteverylineofthestory,theireffectonthefivesenseofthereaderwhoseattentionissofullyengagedandwhofeelssomuchinvolvedinwhatishappening–allthesehaveplacedthisandotherIrvingstoriesamongthebestofAmericanshortstories.3.Irving’sStyle(1)Irvingavoidsmoralizingasmuchaspossible.Hewritessimplytoentertainrathertoenlighten.(2)Heisgoodatsettinghisstoriesinamagicandfantasticatmosphere.Therichnessoftheatmospherecompensatesfortheslimnessofhisplot.(3)Hischaractersarevividandtruetolife.Theytendtolingerinthemindofthereader.(4)Hiswritingisfullofhumorandsatire.(5)twoimportantthemes,i.e.thethemesofchangeandsearchforidentify.ThesethemescapturethespiritofIrving’stimesandreflecthisphilosophicalthinkingoncontemporaryAmericansociallife.IV.JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀(1789--1851)--launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories→theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersagaTheLeatherstockingTales《皮袜子故事集》，regardas“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.”（开创了美国文学的一个重要主题—文明的发展对大自然和它代表的崇高品德的摧残与破坏）Itscentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo(美国文学的一个重要的原型人物—独立不羁、逃避社会、在大自然中需求完美精神世界的班波).Cooper’sWorks(1)Precaution(1820,hisfirstnovel,imitatingAusten’sPrideandPrejudice)(2)TheSpy(hissecondnovelandgreatsuccess)(3)LeatherstockingTales(hismasterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels)TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairieCooper’sStyle(1)highlyimaginative(2)goodatinventingtales(3)goodatlandscapedescription(4)conservative(5)characterizationwoodenandlackinginprobability(6)languageanduseofdialectnotauthenticLiteraryAchievementsHecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAmericannation.IfthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesis,inasense,theprocessoftheAmericansettlersexploringandpushingtheAmericanfrontierforeverwestward,thenCooper’sLeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.V.WilliamCullenBryant威廉卡伦布赖恩特(1794-1878)--thefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.ToaWaterfowl《致水鸟》TheYellowViolet《黄色的堇香花》VI.EdgarAllenPoe(1809-1849)Americanwriter,knownasapoetandcriticbutmostfamousasthefirstmasteroftheshort-storyform,especiallytalesofthemysteriousandmacabre.TheliterarymeritsofPoe'swritingshavebeendebatedsincehisdeath,buthisworkshaveremainedpopularandmanymajorAmericanandEuropeanwritershaveprofessedtheirartisticdebttohim.ForalongtimeafterhisdeathPoeremainedprobablythemostcontroversialandmostmisunderstoodliteraryfigureinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Emersondismissedhiminthreewords,“thejingleman.”MarkTwaindeclaredhisprosetobeunreadable.HenryJamesmadetheruthlessstatementthat“anenthusiasmforPoeisthemarkofadecidedlyprimitivestateofdevelopment.”Whitman,whowastheonlyfamousliteraryfigurepresentatthePoeMemorialCeremonyinBaltimorein1875,hadmixedfeelingsabouthim:hedidadmitPoe’sgenius,butitwas“itsnarrowrangeandunhealthy,luridquality”thatmostimpressedhim.T.S.Eliotproclaimedhimacriticofthefirstrank,butchargedhimwith“slipshodwriting.”Poe’sWorksPoetry:TheRaven《乌鸦》HorrorFiction:TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍大厦的倒塌》Whodunit:MurdersintheRueMorgue《莫格街谋杀案》致海伦海伦，你的美在我的眼里，有如往日尼西亚的三桅船船行在飘香的海上，悠悠地把已倦于漂泊的困乏船员送回他故乡的海岸。早已习惯于在怒海上飘荡，你典雅的脸庞，你的鬈发，你水神般的风姿带我返航，返回那往时的希腊和罗马，返回那往时的壮丽和辉煌。看哪！壁龛似的明亮窗户里，我看见你站着，多像尊雕像，一盏玛瑙的灯你拿在手上！塞姬女神哪，神圣的土地才是你家乡！Inthefirststanza,Helen’sbeautyissoothing.Itprovidessecurityandsafety.PerhapsthereaderisexpectedtoassociateMarlowe’sfamousline:“Wasthisthefacethatlaunchedathousandships”toHelen’sbeauty,forherbeautyisashypnoticforthespeakerasweretheshipsthattransportedanotherwanderer–Ulysses-homefromTroy.Throughoutthepoem,Poeusesallusionstoclassicalnamesandplaces,aswellascertainkindsofimagestocreatetheimpressionofafar-offidealized,unrealwoman,likeaGreekstatue.Wordsthatsupporttheimageofanidealwomanare“hyacinth”and“classic”(line7),“Naiadairs”(line8),and“statue-like”(line12).Helenstands,notlikearealwoman,butlikeasaintina“window-niche”(line11).Shebecomesasymbolbothofbeautyandoffrustration,aromanticallyidealized,yetinaccessibleimageoftheheart’sdesire.乌鸦从前一个阴郁的子夜，我独自沉思，慵懒疲竭，沉思许多古怪而离奇、早已被人遗忘的传闻——当我开始打盹，几乎入睡，突然传来一阵轻擂，仿佛有人在轻轻叩击，轻轻叩击我的房门。“有人来了，”我轻声嘟喃，“正在叩击我的房门——唯此而已，别无他般。”哦，我清楚地记得那是在萧瑟的十二月；每一团奄奄一息的余烬都形成阴影伏在地板。我当时真盼望翌日；——因为我已经枉费心机想用书来消除悲哀——消除因失去丽诺尔的悲叹——因那被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女，她美丽娇艳——在这儿却默默无闻，直至永远。那柔软、暗淡、飒飒飘动的每一块紫色窗布使我心中充满前所未有的恐怖——我毛骨惊然；为平息我心儿停跳．我站起身反复叨念“这是有人想进屋，在叩我的房门——。更深夜半有人想进屋，在叩我的房门；——唯此而已，别无他般。”很快我的心变得坚强；不再犹疑，不再彷徨，“先生，”我说，“或夫人，我求你多多包涵；刚才我正睡意昏昏，而你来敲门又那么轻，你来敲门又那么轻，轻轻叩击我的房门，我差点以为没听见你”——说着我拉开门扇；——唯有黑夜，别无他般。凝视着夜色幽幽，我站在门边惊惧良久，疑惑中似乎梦见从前没人敢梦见的梦幻；可那未被打破的寂静，没显示任何迹象。“丽诺尔？”便是我嗫嚅念叨的唯一字眼，我念叨“丽诺尔！”，回声把这名字轻轻送还，唯此而已，别无他般。我转身回到房中，我的整个心烧灼般疼痛，很快我又听到叩击声，比刚才听起来明显。“肯定，”我说，“肯定有什么在我的窗棂；让我瞧瞧是什么在那里，去把那秘密发现——让我的心先镇静一会儿，去把那秘密发现；——那不过是风，别无他般！”我猛然推开窗户，。心儿扑扑直跳就像打鼓，一只神圣往昔的健壮乌鸦慢慢走进我房间；它既没向我致意问候；也没有片刻的停留；而以绅士淑女的风度，栖在我房门的上面——栖在我房门上方一尊帕拉斯半身雕像上面——栖坐在那儿，仅如此这般。于是这只黑鸟把我悲伤的幻觉哄骗成微笑，以它那老成持重一本正经温文尔雅的容颜，“虽然冠毛被剪除，”我说，“但你肯定不是懦夫，你这幽灵般可怕的古鸦，漂泊夜的彼岸——请告诉我你尊姓大名，在黑沉沉的冥府阴间！”乌鸦答日“永不复述。”听见如此直率的回答，我惊叹这丑陋的乌鸦，虽说它的回答不着边际——与提问几乎无关；因为我们不得不承认，从来没有活着的世人曾如此有幸地看见一只鸟栖在他房门的面——鸟或兽栖在他房间门上方的半身雕像上面，有这种名字“永不复还。”但那只独栖于肃穆的半身雕像上的乌鸦只说了这一句话，仿佛它倾泻灵魂就用那一个字眼。然后它便一声不吭——也不把它的羽毛拍动——直到我几乎是哺哺自语“其他朋友早已消散——明晨它也将离我而去——如同我的希望已消散。”这时那鸟说“永不复还。”惊异于那死寂漠漠被如此恰当的回话打破，“肯定，”我说，“这句话是它唯一的本钱，从它不幸动主人那儿学未。一连串无情飞灾曾接踵而至，直到它主人的歌中有了这字眼——直到他希望的挽歌中有了这个忧伤的字眼‘永不复还，永不复还。’”但那只乌鸦仍然把我悲伤的幻觉哄骗成微笑，我即刻拖了张软椅到门旁雕像下那只鸟跟前；然后坐在天鹅绒椅垫上，我开始冥思苦想，浮想连着浮想，猜度这不祥的古鸟何出此言——这只狰狞丑陋可怕不吉不祥的古鸟何出此言，为何聒噪‘永不复还。”我坐着猜想那意见但没对那鸟说片语只言。此时，它炯炯发光的眼睛已燃烧进我的心坎；我依然坐在那儿猜度，把我的头靠得很舒服，舒舒服服地靠在那被灯光凝视的天鹅绒衬垫，但被灯光爱慕地凝视着的紫色的天鹅绒衬垫，她将显出，啊，永不复还！接着我想，空气变得稠密，被无形香炉熏香，提香炉的撒拉弗的脚步声响在有簇饰的地板。“可怜的人，”我呼叫，“是上帝派天使为你送药，这忘忧药能中止你对失去的丽诺尔的思念；喝吧如吧，忘掉对失去的丽诺尔的思念！”乌鸦说“永不复还。”“先知！”我说“凶兆！——仍是先知，不管是鸟还是魔！是不是魔鬼送你，或是暴风雨抛你来到此岸，孤独但毫不气馁，在这片妖惑鬼崇的荒原——在这恐怖萦绕之家——告诉我真话，求你可怜——基列有香膏吗？——告诉我——告诉我，求你可怜！”乌鸦说“永不复还。”“先知！”我说，“凶兆！——仍是先知、不管是鸟是魔！凭我们头顶的苍天起誓——凭我们都崇拜的上帝起誓——告诉这充满悲伤的灵魂。它能否在遥远的仙境拥抱被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女，她纤尘不染——拥抱被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女，她美丽娇艳。”乌鸦说“永不复还。”“让这话做我们的道别之辞，鸟或魔！”我突然叫道——“回你的暴风雨中去吧，回你黑沉沉的冥府阴间！别留下黑色羽毛作为你的灵魂谎言的象征！留给我完整的孤独！——快从我门上的雕像滚蛋！从我心中带走你的嘴；从我房门带走你的外观！”乌鸦说“永不复还。”那乌鸦并没飞去，它仍然栖息，仍然栖息在房门上方那苍白的帕拉斯半身雕像上面；而它的眼光与正在做梦的魔鬼眼光一模一样，照在它身上的灯光把它的阴影投射在地板；而我的灵魂，会从那团在地板上漂浮的阴暗被擢升么——永不复还！TheRavenisanarrativepoembyAmericanwriterEdgarAllanPoe,firstpublishedinJanuary1845.Itisoftennotedforitsmusicality,stylizedlanguage,andsupernaturalatmosphere.Ittellsofatalkingraven'smysteriousvisittoadistraughtlover,tracingtheman'sslowdescentintomadness.Thelover,oftenidentifiedasbeingastudent,islamentingthelossofhislove,Lenore.Theravenseemstofurtherinstigatehisdistresswithitsconstantrepetitionoftheword"Nevermore".Thepoemmakesuseofanumberoffolkandclassicalreferences.安娜贝尔.李很久很久以前，在一个滨海的国度里，住着一位少女你或许认得，她的芳名叫安娜贝尔.李；这少女活着没有别的愿望，只为和我俩情相许。那会儿我还是个孩子，她也未脱稚气，在这个滨海的国度里；可我们的爱超越一切，无人能及——我和我的安娜贝尔.李；我们爱得那样深，连天上的六翼天使也把我和她妒嫉。这就是那不幸的根源，很久以前在这个滨海的国度里，夜里一阵寒风从白云端吹起，冻僵了我的安娜贝尔.李；于是她那些高贵的亲戚来到凡间把她从我的身边夺去，将她关进一座坟墓在这个滨海的国度里。这些天使们在天上，不及我们一半快活，于是他们把我和她妒嫉——对——就是这个缘故（谁不晓得呢，在这个滨海的国度里）云端刮起了寒风，冻僵并带走了我的安娜贝尔.李。可我们的爱情远远地胜利那些年纪长于我们的人——那些智慧胜于我们的人——无论是天上的天使，还是海底的恶魔，都不能将我们的灵魂分离，我和我美丽的安娜贝尔.李。因为月亮的每一丝清辉都勾起我的回忆梦里那美丽的安娜贝尔.李群星的每一次升空都令我觉得秋波在闪动那是我美丽的安娜贝尔.李就这样，伴着潮水，我整夜躺在她身旁我亲爱的——我亲爱的——我的生命，我的新娘，在海边那座坟茔里，在大海边她的墓穴里。"AnnabelLee"isthelastcompletepoemcomposedbyEdgarAllanPoe.LikemanyofPoe'spoems,itexploresthethemeofthedeathofabeautifulwoman.Thenarrator,whofellinlovewithAnnabelLeewhentheywer