朝鲜语商业牌匾中的英语外来语使用情况调查研究 – 以延边地区为例

题目：ASurveyonEnglishLoanwordsinKoreanCommercialPlaques--TakingYanbianAreasasanExample朝鲜语商业牌匾中的英语外来语使用情况调查研究–以延边地区为例TOC\o"1-3"\uAbstractWiththeeconomicandculturalexchangesbetweendifferentcountries,languageswillinevitablyinteractwitheachother，amongwhichthemostintuitivechangeistheappearanceofloanwords.Duetotheimplementationofthereformandopening-uppolicyandthedevelopmentoftheinternet,Koreanlanguage,asanethniclanguageforKorean-Chinese,isalsodeeplyinfluencedbyforeignlanguagessuchasEnglish,especiallyintermsofitsvocabularyaspects,whichmeansmanyEnglishloanwordsenterintoKoreanlanguage.Thispaper，takingEnglishloanwordsinKoreanbusinessplaquesinYanbianastheresearchsubject,firstsummarizesEnglishloanwordstypestounderstandthebackgroundandcurrentsituationoftheformationofEnglishloanwordsinKoreanlanguage.Second,themeansofborrowingEnglishloanwordsareanalyzedandsomeproblemsoftheloanwordsusinginbusinessplaquesarepointedoutaswell.Finally,itfurtherillustratestheinfluenceofEnglishloanwordsonKoreanlanguage,whichhopestobehelpfulinKorean-ChineseEnglishlearningandKoreanloanworddictionarycompilation.Keywords：Koreancommercialplaques,EnglishLoanwords,Language,culture摘要随着各国经济文化的交流，语言之间必然会相互影响，最直观的影响就是出现了外来语借词。随着改革开放的实施和互联网的发展，朝鲜语作为朝鲜族的民族语言，也受到外来语的影响，主要表现在朝鲜语中出现很多英语借词。本论文以延边地区朝鲜语商业牌匾中的英语外来语为研究对象，首先，对英语外来词的类型进行了总结，了解英语外来语形成的时代背景及现状。其次,分析了英语外来词的介入渠道，并同时指出一些在商业牌匾中英语借词使用存在的问题。最后，本文进一步阐述了英语外来词对朝鲜语的影响，希望对朝鲜族的英语学习和朝鲜语外来词词典的编纂有所帮助。关键词:朝鲜语商业牌匾；英语借词；语言；文化

ContentsAbstract i摘要 iiContents iiiⅠ.Introduction 1Ⅱ.ThedefinitionofloanwordsinKoreanlanguageanditscharacteristicsincommercialplaques 2A. DefinitionofloanwordsinKorean 2B.CharacteristicsofloanwordsinKoreancommercialplaque 31.MainsourceofEnglishloanwords 32.Absorptionandadoptionofloanwords 33.TheemergenceofEnglishwords 3Ⅲ.HistoryandreceivingmethodofKoreanloanwordsinYanbianKoreanlanguage 4A.HistoryofKoreanloanwordsborrowedinYanbianarea 4B.Modernwaysofintroducingloanwords 51.Businessactivity 52.Populationmigration 63.Education 6Ⅳ.TheuseofloanwordsinKoreancommercialplaquesinYanbianarea 71. Thelexicalcharacteristicsofloanwords 72. Morphologicalchanges 83. Pragmaticfunctionofloanwords 8Ⅴ.Problemsandsuggestionsintheuseofborrowedwords 9A. ProblemsofusingEnglishloanwordsoncommercialplaquesandtheireffects 91. Abuseofloanwords 92. Non-standardcoexistenceofMulti-translation 9B. SuggestionsontheusageoftheEnglishloanwordsinKoreancommercialplaques 9Ⅵ.Conclusions 10Bibliography 12Acknowledgment 13ASurveyonEnglishLoanwordsinKoreanCommercialPlaques--TakingYanbianAreasasanExampleⅠ.IntroductionLanguageisamirrorofsociallife.Withthedevelopmentandtransformationofsociety,externalcontactbetweencountriesarebecomingmoreandmorefrequent,andloanwordsfromothercountriesareincreasingdaybyday.Themulti-levelandmulti-channelcommunicationofnationalcultureprovidesavarietyofconditionsfortheborrowingofwords,andloanwordsinlanguagebecomeaverycommonlinguisticphenomenon.Loanwords,ontheonehand,reflectthechangingcharacteristicsofvocabularyinlanguage,andontheotherhand,reflectthecharacteristicsofthelanguagetowhichitbelongsintheformofwordformation.However,duetohistoricalandculturalreasons,theabsorptionanduseofloanwordsinvariouscountriesandregionsisnotthesame,anditsresearchalsopresentsdifferentcharacteristics.TherearethreepartsinYanbianKorean,namelyloanwords,intrinsicwordsandChinesecharacters.Strictlyspeaking,ChinesecharactersalsobelongtotheforeignwordsintheYanbianKoreanlanguage,butbecauseofthelongtime,thenumberissolargethatpeoplehavetodivideitseparately.InYanbianKorean,thestudyofloanwordshasalsoarousedtheattentionofmanyscholars.ScholarshavealreadymadesomeresearchonforeignlanguageinYanbianKorean.TheirresearchinterestsmainlyfocusonIndo-EuropeanforeignlanguageinKorean,onthesustainableprotectionofKoreanlanguage,aswellastheinfluenceofforeignlanguageonKorean,lexicalvariationresearchandsoon.ParkMeyo(2011)investigatestheuseofChinesecharactersandloanwordsinKoreanlanguageandthereasonsforthevariationofKoreanvocabularyfromtheaspectsofdemographiccharacteristics,languageactivitiesandlanguageidentity.Indo-EuropeanForeignLanguageinKoreanofZhangXingquan(2015)isananalysisoftheforeignwordsintroducedfromtheIndo-Europeanregion.However,therearefewstudiesonEnglishloanwords.EspeciallythoseareappearinginYanbianareaKoreancommercialplaques.Intermsofcontent,theresearchdirectionofpreviousresearchersisfocusedonclassificationandmeaning,andfewpeoplefocustheirresearchonafixedpointofview.ThispapercollectsandanalyzestheclassificationoftheuseofEnglishloanwordsintheKoreancommercialplaqueinYanbianarea,itscharacteristicsandreasons,andwhethertheuseofitsvocabularyisappropriate.Asforinvestigationmethod,mostscholarsreferredtodictionariesandrelatedliteratureinthepreviousstudies.Inthispaper,afieldinvestigationmethodisadoptedtocollectvariouscommercialplaquesandanalyzethereasonswhyEnglishloanwordsintroduced.Ⅱ.ThedefinitionofloanwordsinKoreanlanguageanditscharacteristicsincommercialplaquesDefinitionofloanwordsinKoreanWordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanorsimplyborrowings(Zhang,2015,p.13).TheKoreanloanwords,toputitbluntly,arethewordsintroducedtotheKoreanlanguagefromforeignlanguages,whichfollowthephoneticrhyme,word-formation,syllablestructure,linguisticmeaningandsoonofKoreanlanguage;therearealsosomewordsthathavebeeninfluencedbytheKoreanlanguagesystem,andsomechangeshavetakenplace.Thesetwocasesarecollectivelyreferredtoasborrowedwords(Wang&Chen,2017,p.28).TheresultsofthecontactandinteractionbetweenKoreanandvariousotherlanguagesaremainlyreflectedinthelendingrelationshipofwords.Koreanvocabularycanbedividedintointrinsicwords,Chinesecharacterwordsandloanwordsaccordingtoitsorigin.Loanwordsaccountforabout1%offoreignwordsinmodernKoreanvocabulary(Zhang,1985,PP.66-69).Forexample,themodernKoreanDictionary,publishedin2010,containsatotalof136,000entries,ofwhichthereareabout1500pureloanwordsentries.Intheseforeignwords,themajorityofloanwordsderivedfromEnglish.B.CharacteristicsofloanwordsinKoreancommercialplaque1.MainsourceofEnglishloanwordsIntheKoreancommercialplaqueinYanbianarea,Englishloanwordsoccupyanabsolutedominantposition,whileotherloanwordsarerelativelyfew.Thisismainlybecausetoday,Englishhasbecomethemostwidelyusedandcirculatinglanguageintheworld(Cui,2012,p.953).Englishaccountsforhalfofallforeignwordsbecausebroadusingfieldanditsinfluence.2.AbsorptionandadoptionofloanwordsIntheKoreancommercialplaqueinYanbianarea,theuseofloanwords,likeotherlanguages,usestransliteration,paraphraseandtransliteration,andmanyotherways(Ma,2012).ButtheKoreanlanguagebelongstothephoneticcharacterssystem,andundertherestrictionoftheKoreanlanguage'sownwritingsystem,Koreanlanguagerarelychoosesforeignloanwords.SothetransliterationinKoreanisrelativelydifficulttounderstand. 3.TheemergenceofEnglishwordsWiththegreatchangesofsociallife,andtheemergenceofnewwordsinalargenumber,therehavebeensomenewlinguisticphenomena.Someofwhicharesimilartoaffixes,butthereisnotypicalrepresentativeword,somepeoplecallitclassaffix(Jin,2008,P.13).Withregardtoclassaffixes,ithasalwaysbeenverycontroversialinacademia.Howeverit'salsoalinguisticphenomenonthatdeservesourattention.Ingeneral,mostoftheloanwordsinKoreanareborrowedasawhole,andinthenewera,lotsofclassaffixareborrowedandusedtoderivenewwordsintheform.Theuseofthisaffixindicatesthe“alien”identityofthenewword.Theword“술집”is“bar”inEnglish,whichispassedintotheKoreanlanguagebytransliteration.Asaresultofitsimpact,alotof“바”appearedintheKoreancommercialplaque,suchas:“스텝트바”,“뮤직바”andallthat.“Show”means“display”inEnglish.AfterabsorbedbyKoreanlanguage,itisusedinagymplaque,suchas:“보디쇼”andthingslikethat.Tosumup,theloanwordsintheKoreancommercialplaqueinYanbianareahavetakenonvariouscharacteristicsundertheinfluenceofhumanisticcultureandotherfactors.AbsorptionandusearemoreinlinewiththelocalcultureandtheusageofKorean.Ⅲ.HistoryandreceivingmethodofKoreanloanwordsinYanbianKoreanlanguageA.HistoryofKoreanloanwordsborrowedinYanbianareaTheKorean-ChinesefirstcameintocontactwithnativeEnglish-speakersin1855.Especiallysince1882,theKoreanpeoplehavebeenincontactwithmanypeoplefromAnglo-Americancountries.ThenEnglishbooksandperiodicalswerealsotranslatedintoKorean.EnglishloanwordshavegraduallyappearedinKoreansincetheendof19thcentury.Fromthenon,theKoreanhasbeenincontactwithmanynewthings,conceptsandnewphenomenaineconomic,technical,political,scientific,educationalandculturalaspects.ThesewordsdonothavecorrespondingmeansofexpressioninKorean,sotogetherwithnewthings;thesoundandmeaningoftheoriginallanguagewereborrowed.In1990,theRulesfortheProcessingofNewWordsandTheWayofLoanWordsMarkingweredeveloped.Somechangesinsocietywillalsoaffectthebasisoflanguage,leadingtotheemergenceofnewchangesinlanguage,whichisalawoflanguagedevelopment.Ofcourse,Korean-Chineselanguagecannotgetridofsuchlaws.Inthepast70yearssincethefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChinain1949,foreignlanguageinKorean-ChinesehasbeendevelopingundertheinfluenceofSouthKorea.Inthe40yearsfrom1949to1990,ChinaandNorthKoreahadcloseexchanges,whenChinaandSouthKoreahadnotestablisheddiplomaticrelations.Duringthisperiod,Korean-ChinesewasmoreinfluencedbythelanguageofNorthKorea.SincethediplomaticrelationsbetweenChinaandSouthKoreaestablishedin1992,thesituationhaschangeddramatically.Withthedeepeningofexchangesbetweenthetwocountries,communicationbetweentheKorean-ChineseandKoreanpeoplehasbecomeveryfrequent.Korean-ChinesedialectshavegraduallybeeninfluencedbyKorean,andKoreanborrowedalargenumberofEnglish.SonowmostoftheloanwordsinKorean-ChinesedialectsareborroweddirectlyfromSouthKoreanloanwords.B.Modernwaysofintroducingloanwords1.BusinessactivityAsakindofcommunicationactivityinhumansociety,commercialactivitieshavemanyfunctions,amongwhichthedisseminationoflanguageandcultureisoneofthefunctions.Intoday'seconomicglobalization,ChinaandBritain,theUnitedStates,SouthKoreaandothercountrieshavefrequenteconomicandtradeexchanges,throughsuchtradeactivitiestoabsorbalotofforeignwords.Thespreadofforeignwordshasbeengreatlyfacilitatedbytheadditionofnewelementstothedisseminationofculture.Weuseadvertisingandmediaontheinternetasexamplestoillustratethecommunicationfunctionofcommercialactivitiesintoday'sworld.Internetmediaisamedialanguage.Medialanguageisthemanifestationofinformationdisseminationanddominatesthelanguagelifeofsociety.Itenrichespeople'sculturallifewithitsuniqueartisticcharm.Whileintroducingtheknowledgeofgoods,weshouldpopularizeforeigncultureandlanguagetopeople.Variousmediaconstantlyintroduceandcreatenewwords,newconcepts.Itaffectspeople'swayofthinkingandculturalconcepts.Continuousscreeningoftelevisionprogrammes,manyarticlespublishedinthepressandincessantbroadcastofradiosuggestthatnetworkiseverywhere.Inrecentyears,withtheaccelerationofinternationalization,theamountofinformationthatKoreanpeopleareexposedtothroughthemediaisincreasing.Loanwordsinthemedialanguagehaveaprofoundimpactonsociallanguagelife,andofcourseKoreanisnoexception.LoanwordsinChineseminoritymedialanguagehaveawiderangeofsourcesandalargenumber.Overthepastmorethan60years,KoreanlanguagehasintroducedalotofforeignwordsfromBritain,theUnitedStatesandSouthKorea.2.PopulationmigrationThehomeoftheKorean-ChineseistheKoreanpeninsula.Therefore,with1992yearsofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenChinaandSouthKoreaasanopportunity,itiseasierfortheKorean-ChinesetoworkinSouthKorea.SouthKoreahasalsoenactedregulationstoacceptChineseKoreanlaborforce.Soitledtotheoccurrenceofalargenumberofimmigrants.Becauseofthelivingenvironment,foreignwordsenteredthelifeoftheKorean-Chinesecompatriotsandthusformedthelanguagehabitofusingloanwords.Afterthereformandopeningup,alargenumberofforeignenterprisesbegantoinvestanddevelopinChina.Ofcourse,manySouthKoreanenterprisesalsoseekforeigntradechannelsandcheaplabor,sotheycametoChinatoinvestinfactories.ManyKoreancompaniesaremorewillingtohireKorean-Chinesebecauseofsimilarlanguageandtrustintheircompatriots.BecauseEnglishistheworld'scommonlanguage,andenterprisesinothercountrieswillrequiretheEnglishproficiencyofjobseekers,asaresultofwhichtheKorean-ChineseareexposedtoEnglishandstarttolearnitpassively.TheincreasedopportunitiesforinaugurationincitieshavepromptedthemigrationofKoreantoeconomicallydevelopedareascenteredonthecoastalcitiesofthecountry.Asaccesstonewthingsandnewlanguagesincreases,sodoestheopportunitytolearnanduseforeignwords.Becauseoflanguagehabits,theuseofforeignwordsintoanothergroupistobringbackhomeandwidelyused.3.EducationTheKoreannationality,whoattachesimportancetoeducation,hasahightransitionratetohighereducationintheregion.Onthewhole,thehigherthelevelofeducationallevel,theirambitionwillalsobecomehigher.Sotherearemanyyoungpeoplewhostudyabroad.BecauseofKoreaniseasyfortheKorean-Chinese,somostpeoplechoosetostudyinKorea.Foryoungpeople,theopportunitytointroduceandcreatenewwords,conceptsandaccesstonewthingshasbecomeample.Basedonthis,alotofloanwordsarealsousedinourdailycommunication.Ⅳ.TheuseofloanwordsinKoreancommercialplaquesinYanbianareaHigh-frequencyforeignwordswerecollectedfromtheKoreancommercialplaqueonthestreetofYanbianandanalyzedasfollows:커피[coffee],카페[café]호텔[hotel],모텔[motel]슈퍼[super],마트[mart]그룹[group],쎈터[(센터,쎈트)center],클럽[club],살롱[(싸롱)salon],숍[(샵)shop],파브[pub],바[bar]스튜디오[studio]미디어[media]헤어샵[(해어샵)hairshop],네일[nail],매니큐어[manicure]PC[PersonalComputer],게임[game]렌트카[rentcar],카렌터[carrental]레스토랑[restaurant],케익[cake],아이스[ice],치킨[chicken],햄버거[hamburger]플라워[flower]Theseloanwordsshowavarietyofcharacteristicsfromtheaspectsofspeech,lexical,pragmaticandsoon.ThelexicalcharacteristicsofloanwordsTheloanwordssortedoutabovearenouns.Mostofwordsareconsistentwithpartofspeechinthesourcelanguage.SomeloanwordshavebeenincorporatedintotheKoreanlanguageandhavebeentransformedintonewwordsfollowingtherulesofwordformationintheKoreanlanguage.Suchas"대그룹"andsoon.Buttherearealsosmallparts,suchastheword"super"isanadjectiveinthesourceusuallymorereferstospecialorexcellent.Butthesimplificationoftheword"supermarket"hasbecome"super"todenotesupermarkets.MorphologicalchangesKoreanisakindofphonography.ThepronunciationofloanwordsismainlythroughtheKoreanlanguagewordtotransliteration.Thepronunciationaftertransliterationissimilartothepronunciationofthesourcelanguage.Word"PC"inthetableaboveisanalphabeticalwordanditisonewordandonemeaning."PC"isanEnglishalphabeticalword.Inaddition,thereareloanwordsintheKoreanlanguage,suchas"가라ok",whichisacombinationofEnglishalphabetandKoreancharacters,infrontofwhichtheKoreantextrepresentstheJapanesepronunciation“Kara”,and“OK”inthebackisexpresseddirectlyinEnglishletters.PragmaticfunctionofloanwordsEnglishloanwordsbroughtbythemassivemigrationoftheKoreancommunity,therapiddevelopmentofthemoderninternetandcommercialtradeactivitieshavegreatlyenrichedthethesaurusofKoreanlanguage,andalsointroducedalotofnewwordsandnewconcepts.Moreover,theseforeignwordsplaydifferentpragmaticfunctionsinthetext.Alphabeticalwordexpressionismoreconcise.Wordssuchas"PC"areEnglishabbreviationsthatarefamiliartothepublic.ComparedwiththeKoreanword,itismoreconvenienttousealphabeticwordswithfewersyllablesandsimplestructure.LoanwordsthataretransliterationinKoreancharactersaremoresuitableforcommunicatingwithothersinaninternational.Suchasloanwordsthataretransliterationfrom"channel"tointroducenewthingswhilereducingtheburdenonlanguageusers.InKorean,alargenumberofEnglishforeignlanguagesarequotedmainlyafterthediplomaticrelationsbetweenChinaandSouthKoreain1992years.TheuseofEnglishloanwordswasoncerepresentedcivilization,sophisticationandfashion.Ⅴ.ProblemsandsuggestionsintheuseofborrowedwordsProblemsofusingEnglishloanwordsoncommercialplaquesandtheireffectsAbuseofloanwordsInthisinformationage,materialandculturalexchangesallthetimeandlanguagechangeshavebecomemorerapidly.Butsuchchangesarenotnecessarilygood;therearealotofwrongusesofloanwordson.WalkinginthestreetsofYanji,peoplecanseeloanwordsfrommanycommercialplaques.Inrecentyears,itisverypopulartotakeforeignnames,suchas"다프니","젠틀맨","뷰티로드"...Infact,theyarealldomesticgoods;"로즈","애래커","카오스","파쿠스"...Thesearethenamesofclothing,beauty,diet,barbershopandyounameit.Thereasonwhytheseshopsusethisissimplythatusingofforeignwordsmakescustomersfeelmoreculturally.Butthereisagreatchancethatthissituationwillleadtotheconfusionoflanguageusecausedbytheincreaseofspecial-shapedwordsinforeignwords.Non-standardcoexistenceofMulti-translationBecausethereisnocommonnormsofloanwordsuseintheintroductionofsomeloanwords,peoplewithdifferenteducationallevelorindustrybackgroundwillcreatedifferentforms.Sothereisalotofforeignwordsdonotunifythesituation.Inotherwords,itcanleadtotheemergenceofmultipletransliteratedinparallel.Forexample,"center"wastranslatedas"쎈터,쎈트,센터","Hair"wastranslatedas"헤어,해어".Morethanthis"Salon"and"shop"alsohavetwoversionsoftranslation.Thatis"살롱,싸롱"and"숍,샵".SuggestionsontheusageoftheEnglishloanwordsinKoreancommercialplaquesEnglishloanwordsaretheinevitableoutcomeofcommunicationandcontactbetweenBritain,theUnitedStates,Koreaandothercountries.ResistingandnotusingEnglishborrowingwordsisnotinlinewiththedevelopmentoflanguageculture.Butitiswrongtopursueanewwordorintroducetoomanyloanwords.Peopleshouldstartwiththeaimofbetteruseoflanguageandintroduceloanwordswithdifferentculturalcharacteristicsfromotherlanguages(Piao,2011,P.38).Whenintroducingandusingloanwords,theyfanbestandardizedinthefollowingways:Annotation:Koreanisphonography.Whenaborrowingwordfirstappears,itshouldbemarkedatthebackofthewordthatisborrowedandgiventhecorrespondingexplanationinKorean.TrynottouseloanwordsthataresynonymouswithKoreanwords:Averyimportantprincipleintheuseoflanguageiseconomicprinciple.Iftherearemultiplewordsinalanguagetoexpressthesameconceptoraforeignwordtherearemanykindsoftranslations,overtimeitwillcauseconfusionintheuseoflanguage.Therefore,theuseofborrowedwordsthataresynonymouswiththeexistingwordshouldbeusedwithcaution.Itisalsonecessarytounifythetranslationofexistingloanwords.Theuseofborrowedwordsshouldconformtothecognitivepsychologyofthegeneralpublic：Commercialplaquesshouldbeeasilyunderstoodbythepublic.Whetheraborrowingwordcancontinuetobeusedinitsoriginalwayshoulddependonthepublic'sperceptionoftheterm.Wordsaresupposedtoconformtothepublic'saudiovisualhabitsandreadinghabits,andhaveahigherlevelofcognition.Thatistosay,wordsthatcanbeunderstoodandacceptedbythepublicarequalified.Thelesscognitiveword,nomatterhowmuchinformationittakes,cannotberegardedassuccessfulandusefulloanwords.Ⅵ.ConclusionsItcanbeseenclearlythattherehavebeensomeachievementsinthestudyofKoreanlinguisticssincethefoundingofthenation.Scholars’explorationinthisareahasalsoshownapositivestate.WiththeemergenceofmanyloanwordsintheKoreanlanguageofreformandopeningup,thiswillmoreorlesshaveacertainimpactonthelanguageofethnicminorities.TheplaqueineachindustryintheKoreancommercialplaqueinYanbianareainvolvesEnglishloanwords.TheseloanwordsentertheKoreanlexicalsystem,whichisfreelycombinedandwidelyusedasneeded.ThecombinationabilityanduserangeofEnglishloanwordsandKoreanlanguagearemuchstrongerthantheabilityofEnglishloanwordstocombineChinesecharacters.Inloanwords,Koreanbasicallyignoresthegrammaticalfunctionoftheborrowedworditself,butiscompletelyattachedtothelanguagegrammarofKorean.Undertheinfluenceofthisprinciple,theloanwordswillbecompatiblewiththeKoreanlanguagenormsandbecomepartofKorean.Simplyput,whenloanwordsareborrowedfromKorean,thereisaKoreancharacterintermsofform:1.thediversityofwordformationform;2.richnessoflexicalcontent.LoanwordsentertheKoreanlanguagesystembecauseitiseasytoaccept.Asaresultthedegreeofloanwordstransformationislow.Historicalfactsprovethatitisanirreversibletrendfora