2021年考研英语二真题及答案速查

SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)It’snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,1,tounderstandtheirnegativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.2oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.TravelonaLondonbusandyou’ll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare5.Howaboutjumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.7,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere8orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight.The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16others.Everythingcanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa17.Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter20theobjective.1.[A]therefore[B]however[C]again[D]moreover2.[A]Emphasize[B]Identify[C]Access[D]Explain3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly4.[A]claim[B]prove[C]check[D]recall5.[A]ignored[B]threatened[C]mocked[D]blamed6.[A]punctuality[B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation7.[A]Yet[B]So[C]Besides[D]Still8.[A]hired[B]trained[C]rewarded[D]grouped9.[A]only[B]rather[C]once[D]also10.[A]comfort[B]revenue[C]efficiency[D]security11.[A]friendly[B]quiet[C]cautious[D]diligent12.[A]purpose[B]problem[C]prejudice[D]policy13.[A]reported[B]revealed[C]admitted[D]noticed14.[A]break[B]trip[C]department[D]transfer15.[A]moral[B]background[C]style[D]form16.[A]interpret[B]criticize[C]sacrifice[D]tolerate17.[A]task[B]secret[C]protect[D]cost18.[A]leadingto[B]callingfor[C]relatingto[D]accountingfor19.[A]specify[B]predict[C]restore[D]create20.[A]modify[B]review[C]present[D]achieveSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1“Reskilling”issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbyWEFdetailedintheHarvardBusinessReview,findsthatonaverage42percentofthe“coreskills”withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline,sowecanonlyimaginewhatthechangeswillbefurtherinthefuture.Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerindemandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassivereskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy,ultimatelyretraining18,000employers.Prepandemic,othercompaniesincludingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomythough,thefocususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkers,evenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5percentand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworkershortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfiled,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobeadoctorinafewweeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden:whenforcedtofurlough90percentoftheircabinstaff,ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedtostartupashortretrainingprogramthatreskilledthelaid-offworkerstosupporthospitalstaff.TheeffortwasacollectiveoneandinvolvedothercompaniesaswellasaSwedishuniversity.21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests.[A]acontroversyaboutthe“coreskills”[B]anincreaseinfull-timeemployment[C]anurgentdemandfornewjobskills[D]asteadygrowthofjobopportunities22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow.[A]animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport[B]analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy[C]thecharacteristicsofreskillingprograms[D]theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada.[A]haveappearedtobeinsufficient[B]havedrivenuplabourcosts[C]haveprovedtobeinconsistent[D]havemetwithfierceopposition24.WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas.[A]asignofeconomicrecovery[B]acallforpolicyadjustment[C]achangeonhiringpractices[D]alackofmedicalworkers25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto.[A]createjobvacanciesfortheunemployed[B]retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices[C]preparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobs[D]financetheirstaff’scollegeeducationText2Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenation’shealth.Soundsgreat–buthowfeasibleisthisvision?AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry’stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn’tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively–meaningfewergreenfields,andmorefactory-styleproduction.Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn’thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn’thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry’slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg–whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes–wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould.[A]behinderedbyitspopulationgrowth[B]contributetothenation'swell-being[C]becomeapriorityofthegovernment[D]poseachallengetoitsfarmingindustry27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK.[A]farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilized[B]factory-styleproductionneedsreforming[C]mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproduction[D]moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarming28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto.[A]itsfarmingtechnology[B]itsdietarytradition[C]itsnaturalconditions[D]itscommercialinterests29.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople.[A]relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduce[B]enjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumption[C]areseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintake[D]aretryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains30.Theauthor'sattitudetofoodself-sufficiencyintheUKis.[A]defensive[B]doubtful[C]tolerant[D]optimisticText3WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendarSunrisein2015.ItpickeduptwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.Microsoft’sownOfficedominatesthemarketfor“productivity”software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundupforthesmartphoneworld.Bothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbestfeaturesinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemany“acqui-hires”thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirinsatiablehungerfortech-talent.ToMicrosoft’scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpath.“Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,”complainedPaulArnold,apartneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttingpaidtobusinessesthatmightonedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.Likeotherstart-upinvestors.Mr.Arnold’sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:“Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.ButaretheygoodfortheAmericaneconomy?Idon'tknow.”TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesforinformationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5tn,riflingthroughsuchsmalldeals—manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise—mightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivecompanies(Apple,Microsoft,Google,AmazonandFacebook)havespentanaverageofonly$3.4bnayearonsub-$1bnacquisitionsoverthepastfiveyears—adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130bnofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.However,criticssaythatthebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreateningpotentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecasesaspartofa“buyandkill”tactictosimplyclosethemdown.31.WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?[A]Theirengineerswereretained.[B]Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.[C]Theirtechfeaturesimproved.[D]Theirproductswerere-priced.32.Microsoft’scriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto.[A]exaggeratetheirproductquality[B]eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitors[C]treatnewtechtalentunfairly[D]ignorepublicopinions33.PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight.[A]weakenbigtechcompanies[B]worsenmarketcompetition[C]harmthenationaleconomy[D]discouragestart-upinvestors34.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto.[A]limitBigTech’sexpansion[B]encourageresearchcollaboration[C]examinesmallacquisitions[D]supervisestart-ups’operations35.Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave.[A]broughtlittlefinancialpressure[B]raisedfewmanagementchallenges[C]setanexampleforfuturedeals[D]generatedconsiderableprofitsText4We’refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesofexperiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototoafive-minuteinteraction,anddeliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshedubbed“thinslicing,”thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent10-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor’soveralleffectiveness.Theirratingscorrelatedstronglywithstudents’end-of-semesterratings.Anothersetofparticipantshadtocountbackwardfrom1,000byninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejustasaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfortheirjudgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambadysuspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsformaholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.Otherresearchshowswe’rebetteratdetectingdeceptionandsexualorientationfromthinsliceswhenwerelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection.“It’sasifyou’redrivingastickshift,”saysJudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,“andifyoustartthinkingaboutittoomuch,youcan’trememberwhatyou’redoing.Butifyougoonautomaticpilot,you’refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat.”Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents’ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursesalignedbetterwithexperts’opinionswhenthestudentsweren’taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenaskedtofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex—whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.Intuition’sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudy,participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedreflectivethinking(discerningrules,comprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattappedintuitionandcreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyratedthedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition(“gutfeelings,”“hunches,”“myheart”).Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.36.NaliniAmbady’sstudydealswith.[A]thepowerofpeople’smemory[B]thereliabilityoffirstimpressions[C]instructorstudentinteraction[D]people’sabilitytoinfluenceothers37.InAmbady’sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants.[A]focusedonspecificdetails[B]gavetheratinginlimitedtime[C]watchedshortervideoclips[D]discussedwithoneanother38.JudithHallmentionsdrivingtoshowthat.[A]reflectioncanbedistracting[B]memorycanbeselective[C]socialskillsmustbecultivated[D]deceptionisdifficulttodetect39.Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto.[A]collectenoughdata[B]listyourpreferences[C]seekexpertadvice[D]followyourfeelings40.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?[A]Generatingnewproductstakestime.[B]Intuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.[C]Vocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.[D]Objectivethinkingmayboostinventiveness.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.StaycalmB.StayhumbleC.BerealisticabouttherisksD.IdentifyasharedgoalE.DecidewhethertowaitF.AskpermissiontodisagreeG.Don'tmakejudgmentsHowtoDisagreewithSomeoneMorePowerfulthanYouYourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon’twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlinesaprojecttimelineyouthinkisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit’sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?41.Youmaydecideit’sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybe“youhaven’tfinishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,thewholediscussionwasasurprisetoyou,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks,”saysWeeks.“Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagreetoo,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthinking—allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.”It’salsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyou’reinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.42.Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout—itmaybe“thecredibilityoftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime,”saysGrenny.You’remorelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoa“higherpurpose.”Whenyoudospeakup,don’tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You’llwanttostateitovertly,contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou’reseennotasadisagreeableunderlingbutasacolleaguewho’stryingtoadvanceasharedgoal.Thediscussionwillthenbecome“morelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch,”saysWeeks.43.Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,but,accordingtoGrenny,it’sasmartwaytogivethepowerfulperson“psychologicalsafety”andcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,“Iknowweseemtobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthatwon’twork.I’dliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthepersonachoice,“allowingthemtoverballyoptin,”saysGrenny.And,assumingtheysayyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.44.Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucantoremainneutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage,Weekssays.Itsends“amixedmessage,andyourcounterpartgetstochoosewhattoread,”sheexplains.Deepbreathscanhelp,ascanspeakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.“Whenwefeelpanickywetendtotalklouderandfaster.Youdon’twanttobemouseyortalkinawhisper,butsimplyslowingthepaceandtalkinginaneventonehelpscalmtheotherpersondownanddoesthesameforyou,”saysGrenny.Italsomakesyouseemconfident,evenifyouaren’t.45.Emphasizethatyou’reofferingyouropinion,not“gospeltruth,”saysGrenny.“Itmaybeawell-informed,well-researchedopinion,butit’sstillanopinion,sotalktentativelyandslightlyunderstateyourconfidence.”Insteadofsayingsomethinglike,“Ifwesetanend-of-quarterdeadline,we’llnevermakeit,”say,“Thisisjustmyopinion,butIdon’tseehowwewillmakethatdeadline.”Weekssuggestsaddingalotof“guidingphrases”like“I’mthinkingaloudhere.”Thiswillleaveroomfordialogue.Havingassertedyourposition(asaposition,notasafact),“demonstrateequalcuriosityaboutotherviews,”saysGrenny.Remindthepersonthatthisisyourpointofview,andtheninvitecritique.Weekssuggeststryingsomethinglike,“TellmewhereI’mwrongwiththis.”Begenuinelyopentohearingotheropinions.”SectionIIITranslation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Wetendtothinkthatfriendsandfamilymembersareourbiggestsourcesofconnection,laughter,andwarmth.Whilethatmaywellbetrue,researchershavealsorecentlyfoundthatinteractingwithstrangersactuallybringsaboostinmoodandfeelingsofbelongingthatwedidn'texpect.Inoneseriesofstudies,researchersinstructedChicago-areacommutersusingpublictransportationtostrikeupaconversationwithsomeonenearthem.Onaverage,participantswhofollowedthisinstructionfeltbetterthanthosewhohadbeentoldtostandorsitinsilence.Theresearchersalsoarguedthatwhenweshyawayfromcasualinteractionswithstrangers,itisoftenduetoamisplacedanxietythattheymightnotwanttotalktous.Muchofthetime,however,thisbeliefisfalse.Asitturnsout,manypeopleareactuallyperfectlywillingtotalk—andmayevenbeflatteredtoreceiveyourattention.SectionⅣWritingPartA47.Directions：Supposeyouareorganizinganonlinemeeting.WriteanemailtoJack,aninternationalstudent,to1)invitehimtoparticipate,and2)tellhimthedetails.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourownname.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)PartB48.Directions：Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)SectionIUseofEnglish(10points)1.B2.A3.D4.C5.A6.A7.B8.C9.D10.BSectionII