孙远四级作文笔记

孙远作文笔记第一天6.17两篇作文：一、AnalysisofanIssue(perspective观点)分析要evidencereasoning,objective二、二者择其一Takeapositionandsupported立论，确定立场并支持Analysisofanargument=>critiqueyourargument批判、批驳要求：1.articulatelyexpressyourideaclearlyandcomplicatedly2.examineclaimsandcompanyevidence3.supportideawithrelevantexamples4.sustainawellfocuscoherentdiscussions5.controltheelementofstandardofEnglish题库：共249题安排：1-3讲argument4-6讲Issue侧重analyticalthinking,语言次之4分够用，5分有竞争优势[Argument]----策略：1.掌握分析技巧2.掌握开头和结尾的module3.准备每道题的提纲(chancefavorsonlythepreparedminds)4.学用一些闪光句型5.熟读argument题目----审题：论述包括：论点claim(信号词：therefore,so,thus,consequently)支持support----evidence:examples,facts,statistics,authorities-----reasons:assumptions,values,beliefs----验证逻辑critiquelogicsurvey----quantity,quality(random)包括1.分组group分为几个subgroup2.pecentageofeachsub3.selectsample取样procedure有没有sample或人被排除在外howlargewasthesample?Arethestatisticscomplete?Different:Dothestatisticsmakeadifference?数据重要么？闪光句型：1.theassumptionthat…isopentodoubt/unreliable/unfounded/goundless/unwarranted2.thearguercommitsafallacyof…3.thearguerfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenAandB4.theresultofthesurveylackscredibilityandthereforedoesnotlendstrongsupporttothearguer'sassumption.5.thearguerfailstoconvinceusthat…contributeto/leadto/resultin…6.thecomparisonbetweenAandBisincomplete7.itispossible/likelythat…第二天6.19一、写作步骤：1.skimthequestionandwritetheintroduction2.inputthetopicsentence.找出问题所在，一个问题一句话3.developthebodyparagraphsonebyone.逐一展开问题段落，按重要性递减的规律展开4.conclusion(略)5.checking二、开头段的写作：找出原论证的结论或主张，指出原论证的论据和假设，指出原论证的逻辑错误。忠实的保留原始信息。用自己的词保留原始信息。Inthisargument/analysis,thearguerconcludes/claimsthat…..Tosupport/justifytheconclusion,thearguerpointsout/providestheevidencethat…andthat…Inaddition,thearguerreasons(推理)that…..Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalfallacies/flaws.三、SURVEY问题：1.vague=>misleading(majority,percent,basenumber,few,many)2.question:whatquestionswillaskinthesurvey?Loadedquestions有误导性的问题3.Who4.Average平均数不适合于每个成员5.Confusingcausalrelationshipwithcorrelation混淆因果关系与相关性Everycausalrelationshipimpliesacorrelation,butthestatisticalcorrelationdoesnotnecessarilyimpliesacausalrelation.6.Whenwasthesurveyconducted?7.Arerespondents(授调查者)beingforthright(直率，说真话)?Imagemen/essencemen闪光句型:1.theargueroversimplifiestheissueof…2.thearguerunfairlyassumesthat…3.thearguerfailstakesintosaccountotherfactorsthat…4.theprocedureofthesurveymightbeproblematic.第三天6.21正文写作一、段数量：2~4段之间，一段含4~8个句子二、TOPICSENTENCE内参4页三、过渡句，承上启下lfirst…second….Third….lInthefirstplace…inthesecondplace…lastbutnotleast…lThemajorproblemwiththisargumentisthat…Anotherproblemthatweakens/undermines(削弱)thelogicofthisargumentisthat…BeforeIcometomyconclusion,itisnecessarytopointoutanotherflaw(severalotherflaws)thatunderminestheargument.四、攻击的方法：例证法：forexample/instance假设法：if,evenif,giventhat(考虑到)，grantedthat(姑且承认),onlywhen(只有当)，unless,inthis/thatcase,evensoUnlessthearguerprovidessubstantialevidenceregarding/concerning/asto…,theassumptionthat…isunfounded/problematic/unconvincing…推测法：itispossiblethat…,itisequallypossiblethat…,anotherpossibilityisthat…,itisalsolikelythat…possibly,perhaps五、运用闪光句型增加文采：P88六、数据的问题：1.Beggingthequestion把有待证实的关键性假设当作已经成立Circularreasoning循环论证P352,P4437,P53732.FallacyofmissingevidenceHastygeneralization急于概括Neglectarelevantevidence忽略相关证据P5166,P48563.Falseanalogy只看到表层差异，而忽略深层差异P63112,P42294.Falsedilemma/eitherorfallacy非此即彼的错误P5996,P43345.Nonsequitor=>noncausalrelationshipP5062,P5270闪光句型:Intheabsenceofallthisinformation,itisimpossibleforustoevaluate…that…However,thearguerfailstoprovideanyinformationregarding…Itisverylikelythat…第四天6.246.posthoc,ergoprepterhoc=afterthis,thereforebecauseofthisP4647,P55817.concurrenceP365,P50618.incompletecomparisonorselectivecomparisonP54789.compositionanddivisioncomposition:把个体特征不恰当的移植到整体上division:把群体特征简单的移植到个体上P4855最后段的写作：两项任务：1.指出原论者未能有效的支持自己的结论2.指出原论者可以从正文分析的几个方面加强原论证。针对正文几个topicsentence作者应在这几个方面加强Module:p75-p79Issue(是非问题)Strategy:P67选题：构思：brainstorm开头：陈述问题背景，指出自己论点正文：2~3段，分别支持自己立场1.每段要有一个主题2.展开论述3.复杂性，让步，修正4.使用信号词结尾：语言问题：checkP68Brainstorm快速构思1.从大脑里调出尽可能多的相关信息2.充分relax3.快速记忆Issue的典型立场AgreeP1043DisagreeP10847闪光句型:----结论1.tosumup,theconclusionlackscredibilitycausetheevidencecitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tostrengthentheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreevidenceconcerning…2.moreover,itwouldbenecessaryforthearguertoruleoutalltheabove-mentionedpossibilitiesbeforewecanbetterevaluatetheargument.3.Asitstands,theargumentisnotwellreasoned.Tomakeitlogicallyacceptable,thearguerwouldhavetodemonstratethat…4.additionally,thearguermustprovideevidencetoruleoutotherpossiblecauses…5.Toconclude,thisargumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.Beforeweaccepttheconclusion,thearguermustpresentmorefactstodemonstratethat…6.Tosolidifytheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoproducemoreevidenceconcerning…7.Insummary,theconclusionreachedinthisargumentisinvalidandmisleading.Tomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovethat…8.Moreover,Iwouldsuspend(推迟)myjudgmentaboutthecredibilityoftherecommendationuntilthearguercanprovideconcreteevidencethat…第五天6.28一、Issue的典型立场1.AgreeP10432.DisagreeP108473.AgreewithconcessionP105164.DisagreewithconcessionP107345.Refusetotakesides拒绝站在任何一边casebycaseattitudeP11173二、典型结构typicalorganizations1.I.IntroducionP293II.support1III.support2IV.support3V.conclusion句型:Inthefirstplace/tobeginwithInthesecondplace/inadditionLastbutnotleast/Moreover/furthermore/what’smore2.I.support1正P217II.support2正III.concession反句型：Inthefirstplace…inthesecondplace…Admittedly/however,itshouldbeadmitted(confessed)that/however,thereisnodenyingthat…3.I.IntroducionP283II.SideAIII.SideBIV.Conclusion4.反驳式：逐一反驳对方理由Refute1Refute2Refute3ConclusionI.Manypeoplemaysincerelybelievethat…,However,onedoesnothavetogoveryfartoseethat…II.Somepeoplemayalsotakeforgrantedthat(理所当然地认为)…Yetcarefulexaminationwouldreviewthat…III.Anothermisconceptionthatmanypeoplemayholdisthat…Butwhattheyfeelnoticeisthat…三、开头的策略：应能抓住读者的注意力和好奇心注意开头明确提出主张1.描述背景并提出立场P682.首先陈述相冲突的观点，然后提出自己的主张P713.先用问句提出问题，然后提出在这个问题上的典型主张(可提可不提)，最后说自己的观点P724.讲述一段轶文(anecdote)趣事P705.先提出典型反对派立场，然后简要驳斥，最后提自己主张P2606.先提出自己主张，然后简要陈述自己的基本理由P255闪光句型：Accordingtothetitlestatement,…whileIagreethat…Iinsistthat…/itisnaturalthat…Itisnaturalthatpeoplemaydisagreeoversuchacontroversialissueduetotheirdifferentexperiencesandvalues.Onbalance,Ianinclinedtosupport(<->oppose)theideathat..Thereisagrowingpublicconcernovertheissueof…Thespeakerinthetitlestatementadvocatesthat….Inthelastanalysis,Iarguethat…四、howtosupportyourclaim正文论证1.inductivereasoning逻辑推理具体一般1)factsandexamples:P282P219句型：Forexample/instance,Toillustrate,Asanillustration.Thereisevidencethat…2)statistics:P98-1003)authoritiesorquotations:句型：Professor/or…,awell-known/influentialscholarof…Inchinasaid,“…”第六天7.1四、howtosupportyourclaim正文论证4)anecdotes,cases,storiesP256句型：acaseinpointis…ABCservesasatypicalexample.5)PersonalexperienceP1926)Scenarios假设可能发生的事情