正常人体解剖学：第三章 呼吸系统

第三章呼吸系统概述一、呼吸系统的组成ReferencelinesofthoraxAnteriormedianlineMidclavicularlineParasternallineAnterioraxillarylinePostaxillarylineMidaxillarylineScapularlinePosteriormedianlineFunctionalAnatomyoftheRespiratorySystemRespiratoryorgansNose,nasalcavity,andparanasalsinusesPharynx,larynx,andtracheaBronchiandsmallerbranchesLungsandalveoliOrgansoftheRespiratorySystemCompositionRespiratorytractNosePharynxupperrespiratorytractLarynxTrachealowerrespiratorytractBronchiLungs-pairedorgansofrespirationFunction:supplythebodywithoxygenandtogetridofexcesscarbondioxideresultingfromcellmetabolism.呼吸道鼻咽喉肺上呼吸道下呼吸道气管支气管

主支气管肺内支气管一、呼吸系统的组成O2(外界)

CO2↓

↑肺呼吸：肺泡毛细血管

血液循环↓↑细胞呼吸：组织细胞毛细血管

全身各细胞

二、呼吸系统的主要功能呼吸道——运输气体肺——气体交换TheNoseProvidesanairwayforrespirationMoistensandwarmsairFiltersinhaledairResonatingchamberforspeechHousesolfactoryreceptorsTheNoseSizevariationduetodifferencesinnasalcartilagesSkinisthin–containsmanysebaceousglands第一节肺外呼吸道一、鼻

(一)外鼻(二)鼻腔1、鼻前庭2、固有鼻腔(1)内侧壁：即鼻中隔，以骨性鼻中隔和鼻中隔软骨为基础。(2)外侧壁

上鼻甲

上鼻道

中鼻甲

中鼻道

下鼻甲

下鼻道MucousmembraneofnoseOlfactoryregion嗅区:locateduppernasalcavity,abovesuperior，nasalconchae，containsolfactorycellsRespiratoryregion呼吸区:itsfunctionistowarm,moisten,andcleantheinspiredair嗅区——上鼻甲及其相对应的鼻中隔表面。呼吸区——嗅区以外的部分。鼻腔粘膜的分区：(三)鼻旁窦开口于上鼻甲上方的：蝶窦开口于上鼻道的：筛窦后组开口于中鼻道的：额窦、上颌窦、筛窦前组和中组TheParanasalSinusesFrontalsinusEthmoidalsinusesSphenoidsinusMaxillarysinusPharynx咽TheLarynxThreefunctionsVoiceproductionProvidesanopenairwayRoutesairandfoodintotheproperchannelsAnatomyoftheLarynxFigure21.5a,b前角喉结㈡喉的构造

1、喉软骨(1)甲状软骨：最大二、喉㈠喉的位置：颈前部正中皮下，喉咽的前方。（2）环状软骨：位于甲状软骨下方，呈环形；环状软骨弓，环状软骨板。（3）会厌软骨（4）杓状软骨：成对，位于环状软骨板上方。⑴关节连结：环杓关节、环甲关节⑵韧带或膜连结：

甲状舌骨膜(甲舌膜)弹性圆锥(环甲膜)上缘——声韧带

杓会厌膜(方形膜)上缘——杓会厌韧带下缘——前庭韧带(又称室韧带)2、喉软骨的连结喉软骨的连结喉软骨的连结喉软骨的连结喉软骨的连结3、喉肌(1)控制声门裂大小的肌；(2)调节声带紧张度的肌；(3)开大和关闭喉口的肌。StructurefeaturesTwopairsofshelflikefolds:Vestibularfolds前庭襞Vocalfolds声襞TwofissuresRimavestibulithe前庭裂Fissureofglottis声门裂Intermembranouspart膜间部anterior3/5,betweenvocal-foldsIntercartilagrnouspart软骨间部posterior2/5,betweenarytenoidscartilagesThreepartsLaryngealvestibule

喉前庭ExtendsfromtheapertureoflarynxtotherimavestibuliTubercleofepiglottis会厌结节Intermedialcavityoflarynx喉中间腔ExtendsfromtheleveloftherimavestibulitothelevelofthefissureofglottisVentricleoflarynx

喉室asmallrecessbetweenvestibularandvocalfoldsoneachsideInfraglotticcavity

声门下腔extendsfromthelevelofthevocalfoldstothelowerborderofthecricoidcartilageMovementsoftheVocalFolds㈢喉腔1、两对粘膜皱襞：上方——前庭襞(室襞)，呈浅红色下方——声襞，呈白色2、裂隙：

前庭裂

声门裂：两侧声襞及杓状软骨之间的裂隙。膜间部—前3／5软骨间部—后2／53、喉腔的分部：⑴喉前庭⑵喉中间腔⑶声门下腔TheTracheaDescendsintothemediastinumDividesintotwomainbronchiC-shapedcartilageringskeepairwayopenTheTrachea三、气管位置：颈前部正中及胸骨柄后方。形态结构：圆筒形，后壁略平，由14—16个气管软骨连成，气管软骨成“C”形。四、主支气管：由气管杈到肺门。

左主支气管：较长、细、水平；

右主支气管：较短、粗、陡直。BronchiintheConductingZoneTheLungsPosition:locatedinthethoraciccavitybybothsidesofmediastinumGeneralfeaturesCone-shaped,therightlungisshorterandbroader,theleftoneislongerandnarrowerApexoflung－rises2～3cmabovethemedialthirdofclavicleintoneckBase－concave,relatedtodiaphragm,alsocalleddiaphragmaticsurfaceCostalsurface－large,convex,relatedtothoracicwallMedialsurface－concave,relatedtomediastinumandvertebraeHilumoflung

肺门：areaonmedialsurfacewherestructuresinrootenterorleavelungRootoflung肺根ContentsPrincipalbronchusPulmonaryarteryandveinNervesandlymphaticsSurroundedbyconnectivetissueOrderofstructuresintherootoflungFrombeforebackward:V.A.B.Fromabovedownward:R.－B.A.V.L.－A.B.V.BordersPosterior－bluntInferior－sharpAnterior－sharpcardiacnotch心切迹

lingualinleftlung左肺小舌LobesandFissureRightlungTwofissures:horizontalobliqueThreelobes:superiormiddleinferiorLeftlungOnefissure:obliqueTwolobes:superiorinferior第二节肺一、肺的位置胸腔内，纵隔的两侧二、肺的形态近似圆锥形，有一尖、一底、两面、三缘。肺尖：钝圆，可高出锁骨内侧端上方2-3cm。肺底(膈面)前缘：锐利

心切迹(左肺)后缘：钝圆下缘：锐利外侧面(肋面)内侧面(纵隔面)：

肺门

肺门——肺内侧面中央凹陷处，有主支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、神经和淋巴管通过。

肺根——出入肺门诸结构被结缔组织和胸膜包绕成束。肺的分叶：

右肺：3叶(上中下)

左肺：2叶(上下)水平裂斜裂斜裂水平裂ThePleuraGeneralfeaturesSerousmembranesformingclosedsacsTwolayersVisceralpleura－adherestolung,continuouswithparietalpleuraatrootoflungParietalpleura－linesthethoraciccavity

Twopleurallayerscontinuewitheachotheratrootoflungformingclosedpotentialspace－pleuralcavity

胸膜腔ContainsasmallamountpleuralfluidSubatmosphericpressureinitNamedpartsofparietalpleuraCupulaofpleura胸膜顶

－extendsupintotheneck,overtheapexoflung,2～3cmabovethemedialthirdofclavicleCostalpleura肋胸膜

－linestheinnersurfaceofthewallofthechestMediastinalpleura纵隔胸膜LinesmediastinumPulmonaryligament肺韧带

－redundantpleuraatrootoflung,whichextendsdownward,allowsmovementofstructuresformingrootoflungDiaphragmaticpleura膈胸膜－Linesdiaphragm

Pleurarecesses胸膜隐窝－potentialspacesofpleuralcavitywhichlungsarenotoccupiedinquietrespirationCostodiaphragmaticrecesse肋膈隐窝－aretheslit-likeintervalsbetweencostalanddiaphragmaticpleuraeoneachside,thelowestpointofpleuralcavityCostomediastinalrecess肋纵隔隐窝－ontheleftsidebetweenthemediastinalpleuralandcostalpleuraThesurfaceprojectionoflowerborderoflun