法律文书英文

竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除法律文书英文篇一：法律文书翻译法律文书翻译一、定义(definitionoflegalinstrument)Legalinstrumentisalegaltermofartthatisusedforanyformallyexecutedwrittendocument.二、分类(categories)courtwritorprocess,oranylawpassedbyacompetentlegislativebodyinmunicipal(domestic)orinternationallaw.三、基本原则(Basicprinciples)对于法律翻译，译者不宜片面追求形式上的对等，要求译文的词类、语序和句子结构与原文基本保持一致。法律文件的翻译质量必须用译员对译文的反映程度来衡量。法律文体的翻译应该遵循奈达提出的“功能对等”翻译原则，即“译文读者对译文的反应等值于原文读者对原文的反应。1.公正性（impartiality）是法律专业人员要遵守的最为基本的原则。2.准确性(veracity)：要求语言使用者对法律概念及所涉及的行为进行严格表达。3.合适性(appropriateness)：合适性反映翻译的度，主要是对文本原意传达的充分程度。4.简洁，精练(conciseness)：Thesimplest,mostconciseEnglishisthebestforlegislation:四、用词的基本特点(Featuresofwords)1.措词精确、避免歧义(precisewords)原文：自9月20日起，甲方无权接受任何订单或收据。原译：PartyashallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyorderortoacceptanyorderstocollectanyaccountafterSeptember20.改译：PartyashallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyorderortoacceptanyorderstocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.2.惯用副词（adverbs）hereafter=afterthistime;今后hereby=bymeans/reasonofthis;特此herein=inthis;此中，于此hereinafter=laterinthiscontract;在下文thereafter=afterwards;此后，后来thereby=bythatmeans;因此；由此；在那方面therein=fromthat;在那里；在那点上thereinafter=laterinthesamecontract;以下；在下文whereby=bywhat;bywhich;由是；凭那个wherein=inwhat;inwhich;在哪里；在哪点上3.词语多并列（parallelwords）为表意准确，行文中大量使用词语并列结构，用“and”或“or”把两个或多个短语并列起来。这种并列结构有更强的包容性，同时也更加具有弹性。例如：“underorinaccordancewith”，“signedanddelivered”，“inwholeorinpart”，“withinEUorelsewhere”，“revocation，suspensionorimposition”，“bythegovernmentorbyanygovernment，publicorlocalauthority…orbyanypersonotherthanthepersonclaimingrelief”等等。五、句法特点(Featuresofsentences)1.多使用长句:逻辑性强，减少了产生歧义的可能性。译例1引自《联合国宪章》：Subjecttotheprovisionofarticle12，，regardlessoforigin，whichitdeemslikelytoimpairthegeneralwelfareorfriendlyrelationsamongnations，includingsituationsresultingfromaviolationoftheprovisionofthepresentchartersettingforththePurposesandPrinciplesoftheUnitednations.译文：“大会对于其所认为足以妨害国际间公共福利或友好关系之任何情势，不论其起源如何，包括由违反本宪章所在联合国之宗旨及原则之情势，建议使用和平调整方法，但以不违背第十二条之规定为限。”分析：该句独立成段，句子主干部分占不到全句的三分之一，其余皆为限定和修饰成分，短语有“subjecttotheprovisionofarticle12”和“regardlessoforigin”，从句有“which”从句，“which”从句还有它自己的修饰成分，由“including”引导。我们只有理解了这些结构之间的逻辑关系，才能正确的进行翻译。2.多用被动结构：隐藏和弱化动作的行为者（法律主体），使法律语言更客观公正译例2《气象法》第43条中国人民解放军气象工作的管理办法，由中央军事委员会制定。译文：administrativemeasuresgoverningthemeteorologicalworkinthechinesePeople’sLiberationarmyshallbeformulatedbythecentralmilitarycommission.分析：原法律文本用“由……”构成的非典型被动句，弱化了法律行为主体，其英文版本用被动语态如实再现了原文本的法律意图。3.多用名词化结构使法律条文更具有包容性，含盖任何人做出某个特定行为的可能性，从而扩大了法律的适用范围。译例4禁止抢采掠青、毁坏母树（《种子法》第24条）。译文：Plunderingofuipeseedsanddoingdamagetoothertreesareprohibited.分析：原文采用否定祈使句来表示对人人都适用的禁止性规范，“抢采”和“毁坏”都是动词，译文将它们分别译成带有名词性质的动名词“plundering”和“doingdamageto”就是通过把动词名词化的手段模糊和隐藏了动作的行为者，从而弱化了法律行为主体，扩大了法律适用范围，而且使语言更加简练。法律法规翻译“开场白”、“规定与罚则”以及“结束语”是每一部法律法规必不可少的内容，掌握了这三个部分的翻译，法律法规的翻译会变的简单、容易的多。一、先来看“开场白”。1.开场白一般有四个关键词。即“为了”、“根据”、“结合”、“制定”。下面是一部典型的地方法规的卷首语：第一条为加强市容和环境卫生管理，创造和维护整洁、优美的市容环境，保障人民身体健康，促进经济发展和社会文明进步，根据有关法律、法规，结合本市实际情况，制定本条例。（摘自天津市市容和环境卫生管理条例）article1TheseRegulationsareenactedinaccordancewithpertinentlawsandregulationsandinlightoftheconcreteconditionsofthismunicipality,withthepurposeofstrengtheningtheadministrationofcityscapeandenvironmentalsanitation,creatingandmaintainingaclean,beautifulcityscapeandenvironment,protectingpeople’shealth,promotingeconomicgrowth,civilizationandprogressofsociety.分析：根据英语行文特点，应该先翻“制定”，然后再翻译根据…结合…，最后翻译为了…，TheseRegulationsareenacted，使用enact会更加准确些。（2）“条例”与“本市”大写的目的是为了醒目、突出，并与本条例中提到的另外一些条例加以区别。（3）withthepurposeof或者withtheaimto后边都应该用动词+ing的形式。在开场白中，往往还有一些关键名词的解释，如实施本法的范围以及负责单位的任命等各项内容。现分别说明如下：2.关键名词解释：（1）实施范围：第二条在本市行政区域内从事建设工程的新建、扩建、改建等有关活动，以及对建设工程质量实施监督管理的，必须遵守本规定。article2TheseRegulationsapplytothenewly-built,expandedandrenovatedconstructionprojectscarriedoutinthismunicipalityandthequalitycontrolthereof.（2）负责单位：第六条天津经济技术开发区管理委员会（以下简称开发区管委会）是天津市人民政府（以下简称市人民政府）的派出机构，代表市人民政府对开发区实行统一管理。（摘自《天津经济技术开发区条例》）article6TheadministrativecommitteeoftheTianjinEconomic―Technologicaldevelopmentarea(hereinafterreferredtoasTEdaac)isdelegatedbytheTianjinmunicipalPeople’sGovernment(hereinafterreferredtoasthemunicipalPeople’sGovernment),andshallexerciseauniformadministrationofTEdaonbehalfofthemunicipalPeople’sGovernment.既然在中文法律文书行文中，开场白的上述内容是必不可少的，翻译起来，也有一些比较固定的译法。如“必须遵守本规定”或者“适用本规定”，可以一律翻译成“applyto”，没必要把前者翻译成“mustabideby”。二、“规定与罚则”。这两部分是相辅相成的。一般情况下，翻译罚则只要在规定前边加一个“不”字即可。请看《天津市收购废旧金属和信托寄卖业治安管理办法》里的例子：第三条（规定一）经营收购生产性废旧金属的单位，须经经营所在地的公安分局、县公安局审查，符合规定的，由市公安局核发特种行业许可证。第十一条违反本办法第三条第一款规定，非法收购生产性废旧金属的，予以取缔，没收非法收购的物品及违法所得；对单位或直接责任者可并处5000元以上１万元以下罚款。article11whereaunitorindividual,inviolationofparagraph1ofarticle3ofthesemeasures,illegallypurchaseswasteandusedindustrialmetals,theauthoritiesconcernedshallstopitsbusinessandconfiscatetheillegallypurchasedarticles，andtheillegallyobtainedprofits;itmayalsoimposeafineofnotlessthanRenminbi5,000yuanbutnotmorethanRenminbi10,000yuanontheunitorthepersondirectlyresponsible.在法律文书中表示“如果”的地方，不用if，而一般用where去翻译。规定与罚则的写法有各种不同的安排。如刚才的例子，是前后分列的，有的则把规定与罚则写在同一条款当中，这样，显得更加紧凑一些。下面是一个规定与罚则并列的例子。选自《天津市市容和环境卫生管理条例》。第三十一条禁止下列影响环境卫生清洁的行为:〈一〉随地吐痰、吐口香糖、便溺,乱倒粪便;〈二〉乱扔烟蒂、纸屑、瓜果皮核以及各类包装废弃物等;〈三〉乱倒、乱堆渣土、污泥或者其他废弃物,向道路、河道、公共场地上抛撒杂物、废弃物,由建筑物或者车辆向外抛掷杂物、废弃物。违反前款第〈一〉项规定的,责令即时清除,并处五十元以上一百元以下罚款;罚则中“xx至xx元”，有人简单地翻译成fromxxtoxx，似乎显得不那么正式。我们用notlessthanxx—butnotmorethanxx，文字上就比较庄重，严肃。其实，在翻译法律文书之前，认真读一下有关法律条文的译文，记住一些关键的表达法，在自己翻译过程中会十分有用的。三、“结束语”的翻译。结束语首先要说，本条例从何时起生效，有的时候还要说明以前制定的某某条例同时废止。例如在天津市市容和环境卫生管理条例的结束语中有提到：第五十九条本条例自公布之日起施行。1998年2月25目天津市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第四十次会议通过的《天津市环境卫生管理条例》同时废止。article.59TheseRegulationsshallbecomeeffectiveasfromthedateofpromulgation.TheRegulationsofTianjinmunicipalityonEnvironmentalSanitationthatwasadoptedatthe40thSessionoftheStandingcommitteeoftheTwelfthTianjinmunicipalPeople’scongressonFebruary25,1998shallbeabrogatedsimultaneously.w“生效”译法不一而足。经常选用的有：takeeffect，comeintoeffect，becomeeffective等等。“同时废止”则比较简单，译成beabrogatedsimultaneously即可。以上简要地给大家介绍了法律法规的基本框架，即“开场白”、“规定与罚则”以及“结束语”。掌握了这三部分的基本翻译方法，可以说法律文书翻译就入了门，只要在此基础上，不断实践，不断积累，不断学习，才能使自己的法律文书翻译的水平慢慢提高。其他法律文书的翻译一、员工手册1.会客ReceivingVisitors您在上班时间内应避免会见私人客人。如果有公事来访的客人，建议您将客人引至休息室或会议室交谈，避免客人坐在您的办公椅上等候、交谈或使用电话，从而不致影响其他同事工作或泄漏公司秘密。Yheeventthatthereisthevisitorforpublicaffairs,itissuggestedthatyoutakethevisitortotherestroomormeetingroomforconversation,andavoidthevisitor’swaitingatyourofficechair,talkingorusingthetelephone,incasethattheymayaffecttheworkofothercolleaguesordisclosethesecretsofcompany.2.个人财物PersonalProperties您的个人财物特别是贵重物品请不要存放在工作场所，否则若您不慎将其遗失公司不负责赔偿任何损失。篇二：法律英语范本XXLawyerScU,Shuangliucountychengdu(:法律文书英文),Sichuan10october20XXmr.angYongTongRegistrarSingaporeinternationalarbitrationcentre3Standrew'sRoadThirdLevelcityHallSingapore178958dearmr.ang:irepresentEquapack,inc.forcaseofEquapack,inc.v.medi-machines,S.a..ThecLaimanTEquapack,inc.statesthatthestatementmadebyRESPondEnThasnolawfulbasisinaccordancewithciSGandSiacRules.westronglyconvincedthattheruleshadbeendeclaredinthecontractshouldbeobserveandapply.Sincerely,________________counselEquapack,inc.STaTEmEnToFcLaimanT1.Theoperatingspeedofmodel14machinesdidnotconformtothecustomaryexpect.(1)TribunalappointedexpertengineerEur.ing.FranzvanHeath-Robinsontotestmodel14whichwasdeliveredtoEquapackbutthathadnotbeenusedforthepackagingofsalt.Hisreportsaidthefactthatthemetalpartsoftheproductpathswithinthemachinearenothighlypolishedleadstothelowerrateforthefinerproduct.withpolishedproductcomponentsintheproductpathscouldachievetherateof180bagsperminuteoffinerproducts.Hence,themodel14machinescouldbeusedinproductionlinepackaging,theproductionratesforproductsotherthancoffeebeanswerenoticeablybelowtheaverageindustryrateof180bagsperminuteforbothcoarseandfineproducts.2.RespondentviolatedsomerelatedarticlesofciSGandbreachedofcontract(2)accordingtociSG,article35(1)thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthequantity,qualityanddescriptionrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackagedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract.However,mr.drakeinhisletterof3July2002(claimant’sExhibitno.2)statedthatthemodel14machineswouldbetheappropriatemachinestopurchaseforuseinpackaging“awiderangeofproducts”withnoexpressedlimitationinregardtosalt.(3)ciSG,article35(2)(a)statesthat“Exceptwherethepartieshaveagreedotherwise,thegoodsdonotconformwiththecontractunlessthey:(a)arefitforthepurposesforwhichgoodsofthesamedescriptionwouldordinarilybeused.”Thesixmodel14auger-feederpackagingmachineswerenot“fitforthepurposesforwhichgoodsofthesamedescriptionwouldordinarilybeused”,ascalledforbyciSG,article35(2)(a),inthattheycouldnotpackthefullrangeofcoarseandfinebulkcommoditiesintoretailpackages.(4)asindicatedinthewitnessstatementofmr.Swan(claimant’sExhibitno.5)thetelephoneconversationbetweenmr.drakeandmr.Swanwasrecorded.atthispointitcanbesaidthatmr.Swanhadmentionedsalt.Hesaid“it’sagoodthingwearegettingsuchaversatilemachinefromyou.a2zwantsustogetgoingonpackagingtheirstuff.Theyhaveeverythinginmindfromlargebeanstosalttofinepowderandwearegoingtohavetodoitall.Someofthisisstuffwe’veneverhandledbefore,butiamsurewe’lldofinewithyourmachinestohelpus.”accordingtociSG,article35(2)(b)“thegoodsarefitforanyparticularpurposeexpresslyorimpliedlymadeknowntotheselleratthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract,exceptwherethecircumstancesshowthatthebuyerdidnotrely,orthatitwasueasonableforhimtorely,ontheseller'sskillandjudgement”.Therefore,thewordmadebymr.SwanillustrateEquapackinformedmedi-machinesthespecialpurposeclearly,thatistosayEquapackhadmetitsobligations.medi-machines,S.a.asantop-rankingmanufacturer,hasrichindustryexperienceinproducingpackagingequipment.whenhehearsanysensitivewordslike“salt”shouldreactatonce,ratherthanpeoplerepeatesthewordagainandagainuntilthelanguageissufficienttoalerthimself.3.claimanthassufficientreasontoavoidthecontract(5)duringthephonecallon24June20XX(claimant’sExhibitno.1),EquapackexplicitlycommandedThemachinescouldbeexpectedtobeusedoverawiderangeofproducts,nevertheless,Respondentofferedussixmodel14auger-feederpackagingmachineswhichhasbeendiscontinued,thatmeansifthereissomethingwrongwiththesemachines,claimantcouldnotfindthesamemodelmachinestoreplacethemandEquapackmustpurchasenewmachinestofinishhiswork.obviously,Respondentwasirresponsibleforthecontract.(6)Equapackhadbeenpackingsmallquantitiesofproductswitholdermachinesforsometime.However,ithadneverbeencalledupontopacksaltanddidnotknowandhadnoreasontoknowthatsaltissocorrosivethatitcannotbeputtedintomodel14machines,onlymachinesmadeofstainlesssteelcouldpackageit.Thesixmodel14auger-feederpackagingmachineswerenotfitfortheparticularpurposeofpackagingsalt.Equapackdidnotknowandhadnoreasontoknowthatthiswasaspecialpurpose,medi-machinesdidknowthatthemodel14machineswerenotappropriateforpackagingsalt.asamanufacturerofsuchequipmenttheRespondenthadspecialknowledgethatwasnothadbyEquapack.itneitherinquiredofEquapackatthetimeofcontractingwhetherthemachinesmightbeusedforpackagingsaltnorreactedwhenitfoundoutthattheywouldbeusedforpackagingsalt.(7)Frombeginningtoend,Respondenthadnotsupplyclaimantwiththeinstructionbookorinstructionmanualoftheirproducts.Theinformationofmachinesonwebsitecouldnotalertclaimantpayedenoughattentiontoit.meanwhile,claimantdidnotloseitsrighttodeclarethecontractavoided,initsletterdated19october20XX,claimantplacedthemachinesatRespondent’sdisposalanddemandedthereimbursementofthepurchaseprice.Thisdeclarationexactlycorrespondedtothelegalconsequencesofanavoidance.篇三：英文法律文书写作选词、用词英文法律文书写作选词、用词相同概念，相同用词应保证使用同一单词表述同一概念，避免使用不同的单词表述同一概念。如在叙述某一辆轿车时，不要既用“thecar”，又用“thevehicle”来表述，否则会引起不必要的误解，例如：Eventhoughthedefendantcommentedthatwhileinprobationhehadabettedtwominorsinpettylarceny,thisadmissionofillegalityisnotrelevanttothepresentcase.本句缺陷在于“commented”与“admission”实际表述有些微差别，应将“commented”改为“admitted”。[参考译文]即便被告承认在缓刑期间他曾教唆两名未成年人盗窃，但对该不法行为的承认与目前案件无关。顺手牵羊叫shoplifting,抢劫是robbery,武装抢劫armedrobbery,强奸是rape,偷窃的小case是pettytheft，大case是larceny，更大案件grandlarceny,半夜闯空门则是burglary.走私毒品drugtrafficking,重伤害seriousassault,殴打assaultandbattery,纵火arson.像这些字都常在警匪片中出现。律师的不同称谓一般来说，attorney指某一特定案件中代理一方应诉的律师。[例句1]attorneySchwartzmovedforanewtrial.施瓦兹律师请求法院再审此案。[例句2]Theattorneyforthedefenseobjectedtothequestion.被告律师反对这个问题。lawyer是社会对律师的泛称。[例句]Severalhundredlawyersattendedlastyear’saBaconvention.几百名律师参加了去年全美律师协会的会议。二者联系Unlessacontrarymeaningisplainlyindicated“attorney”issynonymouswith"lawyer"or"attorneyatlaw".另一个极为重要的律师称谓是Esquire(Esq.)，它在律师的名片和法院的文件中被广泛采用。intheUnitedStates,thetitleiscommonlygivenincourtesytolawyersandisoftenusedinthesuperscriptionoflettersinsteadofmr.orms.,forexample"williamclinton,Esq.".HistoricallyintheUK,barristers-at-lawusedthistitle,whilesolicitorusedtheterm“gentleman”.intheU.S.,wheretherolesofcounselandattorneywerecombined,theterm"esquire"wasadopted.注：Solicitor&Barrister区别Solicitor[英事务律师]—anattorneywhoadvisesclientsonlegalmatters,representsclientsincertainlowercourts,andpreparescasesforbarristerstopresentinthehighercourts.Barrister[英出庭律师]—acounseladmittedtopleadatthebarandundertakethepublictrialofcausesinanEnglishsuperiorcourt.区别一：分工不同。Solicitorsgenerallyhandleofficework,whereasbarristerspleadcasesincourt.However,thereissomeoverlap.Solicitorsmayappearaslegalcounselinthelowercourts,andbarristersoftenpreparetrialbriefs[上诉状]andotherwrittendocuments.区别二：数量不同。Therearemoresolicitorsthanbarristersbecausemostlegalworkisdoneoutsidethecourtroom.联系：Barristersdependonsolicitorstoprovidethemwithtrialworkbecausetheyarenotallowedtoacceptworkontheirown.Thesolicitormeetsprospectiveclients,hearstheclient'sproblems,giveslegaladvice,draftslettersanddocuments,negotiatesontheclient'sbehalf,andpreparestheclient'scasefortrial.whenacourtappearanceappearsinevitable,thesolicitorretains[聘请]abarristerontheclient'sbehalf.Thesolicitorinstructsthebarristeronhowtheclientwishestoproceedincourt.Thesolicitorservesasanintermediaryagentbetweenthebarristerandhisclient,negotiatingfeesandpreparingthecasefortrial.e.g.&i.e.用法法律英语中的forexample也可用e.g.[例如]表示；thatis也可用i.e.[也就是]表示：[例句1]The15(a)(6)motion[向法庭提的动议]succeeded,i.e.,thecasewasdismissed[被驳回].[例句2]acontractmaytakemanyforms,e.g.,awrittenletteroramereoralpromise.注意：正式的英语法律文书不提倡使用e.g.和i.e.，所以上面的例句最好改成：[例句1]The15(a)(6)motionsucceeded,thatis,thecasewasdismissed.[例句2]acontractmaytakemanyforms,suchasawrittenletteroramereoralpromise.Plaintiff,defendant,appellantandRespondent用法如果是泛指，应用冠词引领且第一个字母不用大写，如：theplaintiff,adefendant,theappellant或arespondent。如果是特指，则不用冠词且第一个字母要大写，如：Plaintiff,defendant,appellant或Respondent。appellant有时也被称为Plaintiffinerror，Respondent有时被称为defendantinerror。TheFactofthematterorTheFactThat请注意下列紫色单词，其表达方式略显赘述，应尽量避免使用。如：[例句1]Thefactofthematteristhattheplaintiffdidnotraisethisclaimuntilshelearnedofthedefendant’saffluence[富有]。此句应改为：Theplaintiffdidnotraisethisclaimuntilshelearnedofthedefendant’saffluence.[例句2]Thisfailurewascausedbythefactthatthemachinewasinadequatelydesigned.此句应改为：Thisfailurewascausedbythemachine’sinadequatedesign.PercentorPercentage用法Percent[百分比]常和具体数字一起使用，Percentage[比率]一般不和具体数字一起使用，请看例句：[例句1]Theattorneygetsapercentageforeveryrecovery[获偿]obtainedforhisclients.[例句2]Theattorneygets30percentofeveryrecoveryobtainedforhisclients.请记住：法律英语使用percent而不是percent，per和cent不能分开。aBHoRREncEoForaBHoRREncEFoR当表示憎恨或厌恶时请使用abhorrenceof而不要使用abhorrencefor。abhorrenceofterrorismcannotjustifyfloutinginternationallaw.对恐怖活动的憎恶不能使藐视国际法的行为合法化。THiS,THaT,orSaidSaid[上述、此、该]是陈旧的法律用语，现代法律英语大多采用this、that来代替。如：Saidcontractviolatesthepublicpolicyoftheforumstate[法院地国]andisthereforeunenforceable。尽管不乏在文书中出现said，但目前法律英语主张plainEnglish，因而said大多用that或this来替代。古英语的慎用古英语词汇在现代英语中所剩不多，但在法律英语中却常有出现。虽然古词语在现代英语中已不再广泛使用了，但法学家们却对它们情有独钟。因此，以下这些古词语就常常出现在各种法律文件中。LegalEnglish-------------PlainEnglishsaid---------------------------this,thataforesaid---------------------previousforthwith---------------------immediatelyhenceforth------------------fromnowonherein-------------------------inthisdocumenthereinafter------------------afterthisthenceforth-----------------afterthereafter--------------------afterthat,accordinglytheretofore------------------uptothattimehitherto-----------------------beforewhence-----------------------fromwhatplace,sourcewhereby----------------------through,inaccordancewhilst--------------------------during虽然上述左栏中的古词语可以使法律公文更加简练、庄重，给法律语言增加很强的文体特色，但不可避免在一定程度上脱离了大众。为此以美语为代表的法律语言倾向于运用简单明了的常用词汇，即简明的常用语言(plainEnglish)来表达法律意思，如右栏所示。if--Then结构的使用复杂的长句可以通过某些连词来表达逻辑关系。以if--Then结构为例：[较差]未使用if--Then结构：Enlargement.whenbytheserulesorbyanoticegiventhereunderorbyorderofcourtanactisrequiredorallowedtobedonewithinaspecifiedtime,thecourtforcauseshownmayatanytimeinitsdiscretion(1)withorwithoutmotionornoticeordertheperiodenlargedifrequestthereforeismadebeforetheexpirationoftheperiodoriginallyprescribedorasextendedbyapreviousorder,or(2)uponmotionmadeaftertheexpirationofthespecifiedperiodpermittheacttobedonewherethefailuretoactwastheresultofexcusableneglect.-----改编自美国联邦民事诉讼法FederalRulesofcivilProcedure,Rule6(b)[较好]使用if--Then结构修改后：Extendingatimeperiod.Thisruleappliestoactsthatmayormustbedonewithinacertaintimewhenthattimeisspecifiedby:1.theFederalRulesor2.anoticeissuedundertheFederalRulesor3.acourtorder.ifapartywishestoextendthetimeperiod,thepartymustshowcausetothecourttodoso.Thecourtmaythen,atitsdiscretion,extendthetimeundertwodifferentsetsofcircumstances:1.iftherequestismadebeforethetimeperiodexpires,thenthecourtmayextendtheoriginaltimeperiod(orapreviouslyextendedtimeperiod)withorwithoutmotionornotice.2.iftherequestismadeafterthetimeperiodexpires,thenthecourtmayextendtheoriginaltimeperiod,butonlyiffailuretoactwastheresultofexcusableneglectandifamotionismade.[相关术语提示]Enlargement--等于extendingatimeperiod时效延展applyto--适用于withinacertaintime--在特定时间之内Specifiedby--由?规定、列明courtorder--法院命令Showcause--表明原因、出具理由atitsdiscretion--由法院自由裁定Twodifferentsetsofcircumstances--两类不同情况Expire--到期、终止originaltimeperiod--原时效期Previouslyextendedtimeperiod--已延展过的时效期motion--向法庭提出的动议、请求Failuretoact--不作为、未行动Excusableneglect--可恕过失、非己过失、引诱过失asto,Regardingorconcerning用法asto可以作介词使用，其后跟宾语，例如：[例句1]astotheadjective:whenindoubtstrikeitout.关于形容词，当有疑问就不要使用。[例句2]astojurytrials,theamericansystemcompareswithfewothersintheworld.对于陪审团审理制世界很少有其它系统可以和美国的相比。但是asto在法律文书中很少使用，尤其是在文中已经使用过一次asto时，更应避免再次重复使用，此时应考虑使用regarding或concerning替换，如：[例句3]astoitsadmissibilityinjurytrials,hearsayevidencemayenjoyseveralexceptions.对于在陪审团审判中的可采纳性，传来证据有几项例外。此句中的asto就可改为：[例句4]Regardingitsadmissibilityinjurytrials,hear