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2019年5月北美
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Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
ThispassageisadaptedfromColmTóibín,TheMaster.
©2004byColmTóibín.ThenovelisbasedonthelifeofwriterHenryJames(1843-1916).
OnoneofhisstrollsinRye,HenrystoppedatthedoorofMr.Milson,whoafterthefirstmeetinggreetedhiminstantlyasMr.James,andknewhimastheAmericanwriter,havinghiswalkinaRyehewasslowlygrowingtoadmireandlove.UponhissecondorthirdconversationwithMr.Milson,duringhistimeasaresidentofPointHill,heobservedthathelongedforapermanentspotinthearea,inthecountryside,orindeedinthetownitself.Since
Mr.Milsonenjoyedtalking,andsincehewasnotinterestedinliterarymatters,andsincehehadnotbeentoAmericaandknewnootherAmericans,andsinceHenry’sknowledgeofironmongerywasrudimentary,thetwomendiscussedhouses,oneswhichhadbeenforrentinthepast,otherswhichhadbeenputonthemarketorsoldorwithdrawn,andothers,muchcoveted,whichhadneverbeenboughtorsoldorrentedinlivingmemory.Eachtimehevisited,oncetheyhadinitiatedtheirsubject,
Mr.MilsonshowedhimthecardonwhichHenry’s.Londonaddresswasinscribed.Hehadnotmislaidit,hehadnotforgotten,heinsisted,andthenenticinglywouldmentionsomegreatoldhouse,perfectforabachelor’sneeds,butsorrowfullywouldhavetoadmitthatthehouseremainedfirmlyinitsowner’shandsandseemedunlikelytoleavethemintheforeseeablefuture.
HenryviewedhisconversationswithMr.Milsonasaformofplay,justashisconversationswith
30fishermenaboutthesea,orwithfarmersabouttheharvest,wereformsofpoliterelaxation,awayofdrinkinginEngland,allowingitsflavorstocometohiminphrases,turnsofspeechandlocalreferences.Thusevenwhenheopenedtheletterwhicharrived
35athisLondonaddress,havingnoticedthatthehandwritingontheenvelopewasnotthatofsomeoneaccustomedtowritingletters,andevenwhenhesawthenameMilsonasthesender,hewasstillpuzzledbyitsprovenance.Onlywhenheread
40itasecondtimedidherealizewhoitwasfromandthen,asthoughhehadreceivedablowinthestomach,heunderstoodwhatthelettersaid.LambHouseinRyehadfallenvacant,Milsontoldhim,
andcouldbehad.Hisfirstthoughtwasthathewould
45loseit,thehouseatthequietcorneratthetopofacobbledhillwhosegardenroomEdwardWarrenhaddrawnsolovingly,theestablishmenthehadglancedatsoachinglyandcovetouslyonhismanytoursofRye,ahousebothmodestandgrand,both
50centralandsecluded,thesortofhousewhichseemedtobelongsocomfortablyandnaturallytoothersandtobeinhabitedsowarmlyandfruitfullybythem.
Hecheckedthepostmark.Hewonderedifhisironmongerwasfreelybroadcastingthenewsofthis
55vacancytoallcomers.Thiswas,morethananyother,thehousehelovedandlongedfor.Nothinghadevercomeeasily,magicallylikethis.Hecoulddowhatheliked,hecouldsendacable,hecouldtakethenexttrain,butheremainedsurethathewouldloseit.
60Therewasnopurchase,however,inthinking,or
regrettingorworryingtherewasonlyonesolutionandthatwastorushtoRye,thusinsuringthatnoomissiononhispartcouldcausehimnottobecomethenewinhabitantofLambHouse.
65 BeforehelefthewrotetoEdwardwarren,imploringhimtocometoRyealsoassoonashecouldtoinspecttheinsideofthehousewhoseexteriorhehadsoadmired.ButhecouldnotwaitforWarrenandhecertainlycouldnotwork,andon
70thetrainhewonderedifanyonewatchinghimwouldknowhowmomentousthisjourneywasforhim,howexcitingandhowpotentiallydisappointing.
Heknewthatitwasmerelyahouse;othersboughtandsoldhousesandmovedtheirbelongingswith
75easeandnonchalance.ItstruckhimashetraveledtowardsRyethatnoone,savehimself,understoodthemeaningofthis.Forsomanyyearsnowhehadhadnocountry,nofamily,noestablishmentofhisown,merelyaflatinLondonwhereheworked.
80Hedidnothavethenecessaryshell,andhisexposureovertheyearshadlefthimnervousandexhaustedandfearful.Itwasasthoughhelivedalife
whichlackedafacade,astretchoffrontagetoprotecthimfromtheworld.LambHousewouldofferhim
85beautifuloldwindowsfromwhichtoviewtheoutside;theoutside,inturn,couldpeerinonlyathisinvitation.
1
Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusofthenarrativeshiftsfrom
asummaryofthereasonsforHenry’sunhappinessinRyetoadescriptionofhisattempttofindhappinessthere.
adepictionoflifeinthetownofRyetoa
meditationonHenry’sreasonsfordecidingtomovethere.
acontrastbetweenHenry’spersonalityandMr.Milson’spersonalitytoapresentationofanimportantsimilaritybetweenthem.
anaccountofMr.Milson’ssearchforasuitablepropertyforHenrytoaportraitofHenry’smusingsonthemeaningofhavingahome.
2
WhichchoicebestsummarizeswhatislearnedaboutHenryandMr.Milsoninthefirstparagraphofthepassage?
Henryisdesperatetomovetothearea;therefore,Mr.MilsontellshimaboutchoicepropertiesthatareavailableforHenrytorent.
Theyhavelittleincommon;therefore,theytalkabouthousesintheareathatmaybeofinteresttoHenry.
Mr.Milsonisnotfondofnewarrivals;therefore,heengagesinsincerelyindiscussionswithHenry.
TheyarebothnewtoRye;therefore,theyagreetocollaborateinordertohelpeachotherfindplacestolive.
3
Whichchoicemostcloselycapturestheliteralmeaningofthefigurative“favors”referredtoinline32?
Thequalitiesofanobjectthatservetomakeitmemorable
Thefeaturesofanenvironmentthatappealmostdirectlytothesenses
Theaspectsofaplacethatgiveititsparticularcharacter
Thecharacteristicsofalocalethataccountforitspopularity
4
ThepassageindicatesthatHenryhaswhichreactionwhenhereceivesMr,Milson’sletter?
HehopestheletterhascomefromsomeoneotherthanMr.Milson.
Heinitiallyfailstoappreciatetheletter’ssignificance.
Hesuspectsthelettercontainsbadnews.
Heassumestheletterwillcommunicatefalseinformation.
5
8
ThepassagesuggeststhatafterreadingandunderstandingMr.Milson’sletter,Henry
wondersifMr.Milsonisactuallyknowledgeableaboutthepropertyinquestion.
regretsnothavingpaidmoreattentiontothehouseMr.Milsonisreferringto.
suspectsthatMr.Milsonmaynotbelookingoutexclusivelyforhisbestinterests.
%)remainsconfusedaboutMr.Milson’smotivationforhelpinghim.
6
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?
Lines34-39(“Thus...provenance”)
Lines39-42(“Only...said”)
Lines53-55(“Hewondered...comers”)
Lines55-56(“This...for”)
WhichchoicebestsupportstheclaimthatHenryfeelsthathislifehasbeencharacterizedbyastruggleattainthingsthathedesired?
Lines56-57(“Nothing...this”)
Lines60-64(“Therewas...House”)
Lines68-72(“Buthe...disappointing”)
Lines73-75(“Heknew...nonchalance”)
9
Thelastparagraphmainlyservesto
sketchasetofeventsthatcarryHenry’sadventuretoitslogicalconclusion.
providecontextthatexplainsHenry’sparticularaspiration.
createamoodofanticipationthatheightensthedramaofHenry’sarrival.
describeanenvironmentthatwillserveasthenewsettingforHenry’sexperiences.
7
10
ItcanbeinferredthatHenryfearsthathewilllosethepossibilityofbeingabletoliveinLambHousebecausehe
realizesthathiscommitmentsinLondonwilldelayhistravels.
cannotbelievethatawishhefeelssointenselycouldpossiblybefulfilled.
worriesthathistreatmentofMr,Milsonmayhavecompromisedhischances.
realizesthathisinnateindecisivenessmightcausehimtodoubthisownjudgment.
Thewords“shell,”“exposure,”“facade,”and“frontage”inlines81-83primarilyserveto
establishaparallelbetweenaspectsofHenry’spersonalityandcertainfeaturesofhouses.
identifysomeofthearchitecturalfeaturesthatfirstmadeLambHouseattractivetoHenry.
emphasizeacontrastbetweenLambHouseandtheotheravailablehousesinRye.
provideametaphorforHenry’spessimismaboutbeingabletoacquirethehousehedesires.
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Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.
Thispassageandaccompanyingfigureareadaptedfrom
WorldDevelopmentReport2015Mind,Society,andBehavior.
©2015byInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank.
Behindeveryinterventionliesanassumptionabouthumanmotivationandbehavior.WhenatunnelprovidingwatertothecityofBogotá,Colombia,partiallycollapsedin1997,triggeringawatershortage,thecitygovernmentdeclaredapublicemergencyandinitiatedacommunicationprogramtowarninhabitantsofthethreatofacrisis:70percentofthecitywouldbeleftwithoutwaterifcurrentwaterusewasnotreduced.
Thecity’sstrategywasbasedontheassumptionthatifindividualswereinformedofthesituation,theywouldadjusttheirbehaviorandreduce
usage—afterall,noonewantstobewithoutwater.Buttheassumptionwaswrong.Infact,thecity’sstrategyincreasedwaterconsumption.Manypeopledidnotchangetheirbehaviorbecausetheydidnotthink
theycouldmakeadifferenceanddidnotknowwhichstepsweremostimportant.Somepeopleevenstartedtostockpilewater.
Recognizingthemistakeinitsassumptions,thecitygovernmentchangeditsstrategy.First,thegovernmentremindedpeopletotakeactionbyconservingwaterattimeswhentheyweremostlikelytooveruseit.StickersfeaturingapictureofastatueofSanRafael—whichwasthenameoftheemergencyreservoirthecitywasrelyingonafterthetunnelcollapse—weredistributedthroughoutthecity.
Peoplewereaskedtoplaceastickerbythefaucetthataparticularhousehold,office,orschoolusedmostfrequently.Thestickersmadetheneedtoconservewateratalltimessalient.Dailyreportsofthecity’swaterconsumptionwereprominentlypublishedinthecountry’smajornewspapers.Thereportsbecame
apartofpublicdiscussionsabouttheemergency.
Second,thecitygovernmentlaunchedengagingandentertainingcampaignstoteachindividualsthe
mosteffectivetechniquesforhouseholdwaterconservation.Thecampaignscontainedmemorableslogansandorganized4,000youthvolunteerstogothroughoutthecitytoinformpeopleabouttheemergencyandteachthemeffectivestrategiestoreduceconsumption.ThemayorhimselfappearedinaTVadtakingashower,explaininghowthetapcouldbeturnedoffwhilesoaping.
45 Third,thecitygovernmentpublicizedinformationaboutwhowascooperatingandwhowasnot.ThechiefexecutiveofficerofthewatercompanypersonallyawardedhouseholdswithexceptionalwatersavingsaposterofSanRafaelwith
50thelegend,“Herewefollowarationalplanforusingthepreciousliquid.”Theseawardsweremadevisibleinthemedia.Threemonthslater,whenasecondtunnelcollapsedinthereservoir,thecityimposedsanctionsfordespilfarradores(squanderers),those
55withthehighestlevelsofoverconsumption.While
thesanctionswereminor—squanderershadtoparticipateinawater-savingworkshopandweresubjecttoanextradayofwatercuts—theywereneverthelesseffectivebecausetheytargetedhighly
60visibleactors.Car-washingbusinesses,althoughcollectivelynotamajorsourceofwaterwaste,weretheprimarytargets.
Theassumptionunderlyingthenewstrategywasthatconservationwouldimproveifthecitycreateda
65greaterscopeforsocialrewardsandpunishmentsthathelpedtoreassurepeoplethatachievingthepublicgood—continuedaccesstowater—waslikely.Thistime,theassumptionwascorrect.Thechangeinstrategyhelpedtocreateasocialnormofwater
70conservation.Bytheeighthweekofthecampaign,citywidewatersavingshadsignificantlyexceededeventhemostoptimistictechnicalpredictions.Moreover,thereductionsinwaterusepersistedlongafterthetunnelwasrepairedandtheemergencyhad
75beenaddressed.
WaterdemandinBogotáColombia,1997-2009
Year
11
14
Themainpurposeofthepassageisto
analyzetheunderlyingreasonsforacity’senvironmentalchallenges.
comparethestrategiesusedbyacityinmanagingtwoemergencies.
promotethetechnologyusedbyacityintocopewithanongoingdifficulty.
discussaneffectivecityinitiativetoaddressacriticalsituation.
Thepassageimpliesthatthecity’sfirstattempttoaddressthewatershortagewasinadequateinthatitfailedto
applyconservationmeasuresconsistentlytoallneighborhoods.
explaintoresidentshowtomakethebestofthenewinformation.
establishamechanismbywhichresidentsdemonstratetheircompliance.
instructresidentsaboutthelong-termdangersofthesituationathand.
12
Whichchoicebestdescribestheoverallstructureofthepassage?
Acomplexproblemisdescribed,afailedattempt
toresolvethatproblemissummarized,andthenthedetailsofasuccessfulresolutionarepresented.
Along-termdilemmaisdiscussed,two
differentsolutionstothatdilemmaareexplored,andthenastudyofthecostofeachsolutionisconsidered.
Arecurrentconflictisexamined,apopularmeansofaddressingthatconflictiscriticized,andthenaseeminglyoutdatedmethodischampioned.
Amajorprogramisoutlined,severalobstaclestothatprogram’sfeasibilityareanalyzed,andthenanargumentforwhytheprogramcanworkisarticulated.
13
Whichchoicebestsupportstheclaimthatcreativetacticswereemployedtoencouragepeopleto
conservewater?
Lines2-9(“When...reduced”)
Lines10-13(“Thecity’s...water”)
Lines21-24(“First...overuseit”)
Lines42-44(“Themayor...soaping”)
15
Asusedinline18,“steps”mostnearlymeans
measures.
strides.
stairs.
phrases.
16
Accordingtothepassage,thepurposeofthestickersdistributedbytheBogotácitygovernmentwasto
remindpeopleoftheongoingneedtoavoidwastingwater.
cautionpeopleaboutthepossibilityoffuturecrises
inspirePeopletotakeprideintheircity’sconservationefforts.
rewardpeopleforsucceedingatwaterconservation.
17
Asusedinline58,“cuts”mostnearlymeans
channels.
reductions.
grades.
shares.
’
18
20
TheconclusionbestdrawnfromtheresultsoftheBogotácitygovernment’scampaignisthatpeopleare
moreresponsivetopraisethantopunishmentinmostsituations.
interestedinlearningaboutnewsubjectsifhelpfulinformationalmaterialisavailable.
abletoeducateeachotherregardingthemosteffectivemeansofhandlingemergencies.
willingtoadoptnewbehaviorsifadequateincentivesareprovided.
19
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?
Lines33-34(“Thereports...emergency”)
Lines47-51(“Thechief...liquid”)
Lines63-68(“Theassumption...correct”)
Lines70-72(“Bythe...predictions”)
Accordingtothefigure,waterdemandinBogotáin2005wasapproximately
14cubicmeters/second.
14.25cubicmeters/second.
14.5cubicmeters/second.
14.75cubicmeters/second
21
Accordingtothedatapresentedinthefigure,waterdemandinBogotáisbestdescribedashaving
droppedconsiderablyfrom1999to2002.
risendramaticallyfrom2000to2001.
declinedsteadilyfrom2002to2004.
remainedstablefrom2007to2009.
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45
Questions22-32arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.
ThispassageisadaptedfromEdYong,”RazzleDazzle’Em.”
©2014byReedBusinessInformationLtd.
In1909,theprevailingbeliefwasthatanimalshidthemselvesbymatchingtheirsurroundings.ThenthepainterandnaturalistAbbottHandersonThayersuggestedadifferentmechanismwasatwork:highlyconspicuousmarkings,suchasthezebra’sstripesandtheoystercatcher’sblack-and-whiteplumage,areactuallydisguises.Predators,hereasoned,locatetheirpreybylookingfortheiroutlines,soanimalswithhigh-contrastmarkingsthatdisrupttelltaleedgesandcreatefalseonescanevadedetection.
Withthisandotherideasaboutanimalmarkings,Thayerearnedhimselfthetitle“fatherofcamouflage”.Butalthoughdisruptivecamouflagewascitedincountlesstextbooks,itremainedlargelyuntesteduntil2005,whenInnesCuthill,MartinStevensandtheircolleaguesattheUniversityofBristol,UnitedKingdom,devisedanexperimentusingfakemothsmadefrompapertriangles.Bypinningthemtooaktrees,theresearchersfoundthat“moths”withblackmarkingsontheiredgeswerelesslikelytobeattackedbybirdsthanthosewithcentralmarkingsoruniformcolors.“Itshowedthatdisruptionwasindeedaverygoodwayofbeinghidden,”saysStevens,nowattheUniversityofExeter,UnitedKingdom.Usingasimilarapproach,heandCuthilllaterdiscoveredthathigh-contrastmarkingsbecomelesseffectiveoncetheircontrastexceedsthatinthecreatures’naturalenvironment.
Onewaytoavoidthisisforsomepartsofthebodytoblendinwhileothersstandout.
CuthillandStevensrevivedinterestindisruptivecamouflage,butthefirstrealinsightsintojusthowitworkscameonlylastyear.RichardWebsteratCarletonUniversityinOttawa,Canada,askedvolunteerstosearchforvirtualmothsonacomputerscreenwhileaneye-trackermonitoredtheirgaze.“Wecouldalmostgetinsidepeople’seyes,”hesays.Hefoundthatthemorepatchesmothshadontheiredges,themoreoftenvolunteersfailedtonoticethem,andtheyneededtofixatetheirgazeon
Themforlongertohaveanychanceofspottingthem.Theeye-trackingvindicatedThayeragain:bybreakingupananimal’soutline,disruptivecamouflagedoesimpairapredator’sabilitytospotitsprey.
Althoughinstructive,theexperimenthadanobviousshortcoming:humansdonotpreyonmoths,letalonecomputer-generatedones.Totestwhetherdisruptivecolouringfoolsitsintendedaudience,
50Stevenshasstartedfieldtrials.InZambiaandSouthAfrica,histeamisstudyingground-nestingbirdsthatrelyondisruptivecamouflage,includingnightjarsandplovers.Histeammeasuresthepatternsonthebirds’featherstoquantifyhowwellhiddentheyare
55intheirenvironment.Theyalsotrackthebirds’survivaltodeterminehoweffectivelytheyevadepredators.
Nightjarsandploversaredifficulttospotinthefirstplace,sotheresearchershaveemployedsharp-
60sightedlocalguidestohelpfindthem.Thisraisesthequestionofwhetherpredators,liketheguides,mightbelesseasilyfooledbydisruptivemarkingsastheybecomemorefamiliarwiththem.Lastyear,Stevensandhisteamfoundthatpeopledograduallyget
65betteratspottingvirtualmoths,especiallyiftheyseeseveralatthesametime.Hesuspectsthatthevolunteerslearntostopthefutilesearchforoutlines,andinsteadstartscanningforthehigh-contrastmarkings.
70 Whethernon-humanpredatorsadoptthesametacticishardtosay.Theymaynotevenseecamouflagemarkingsinthesamewaythatwedo.Butifpredatorscanlearntoseethroughdisruptivecamouflage,itwouldsuggestthatthisconcealment
75strategyismorelikelytoevolveinpreythatfaceshort-livedorgeneralistpredatorsthanlong-livedorspecialistones.
Figure1
SurvivalProbability
ofVirtualMothTargets
Numberofedgepatches
Figure2
SearchTimetoDetectVirtualMothTargets
Numberofedgepatches
FiguresadaptedfromRichardJ.Websteretal,“DisruptiveCamouflageImpairsObjectRecognition.”©2013byRichardJ.Websteretal.
22
Themainpurposeofthepassageisto
explainhowpredatorsareabletohuntanimalsthatusedisruptivecamouflageasadefense.
explorehowdisruptivecamouflagehelpsscientiststrackwingcolorationpatternsinmoths.
discusstheimplicationsofseveralscientificstudiesconcerningdisruptivecamouflage.
defendatheoryregardingdisruptivecamouflageagainstitscritics.
24
Thepassageprovidesachronologicalaccountofhowscientists
increasedtheirunderstandingofaparticularcamouflagestrategy.
acceptedandthenrejectedsuccessivecamouflagemechanisms.
graduallylostinterestincamouflage-relatedresearch.
steadilyincorporatedhumansubjectsintocamouflage-relatedresearch.
25
WhichchoicebeststatestherelationshipbetweenCuthillandStevens’sworkandThayer’swork?
CuthillandStevensprovidedempiricalsupportforThayer’stheory.
CuthillandStevensrefinedthelogicunderlyingThaver’sassumptions.
CuthillandStevenscontinuedanexperientialprocedurethathadbeenintroducedbyThayer.
CuthillandStevenspopularizedanideaofThayer’sthathadbeenlargelyoverlooked.
26
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion
Lines11-13(“With...ofcamouflage”)
Lines13-18(“But...triangles”)
Lines25-28(“Using...environment”)
Lines29-30(“One...out”)
23
Theauthor’scentralclaimaboutdisruptivecamouflageisthatitis
readilyneutralizedbyscanningforoutlines.
aonce-effectiveprotectionstrategythathasbecomeobsolete.
aviabledefenseagainstparticularpredators.
mostusefulwhenitemployscolorsthatdifferfromtheenvironment.
27
31
Theauthormostlikelyusestheword“countless”(line14)to
describethevarietyoftextbookstowhichcamouflageresearchershavecontributedmaterial.
emphasizethewidespreadandlong-standingacceptanceofanuntestedtheoryofcamouflage.
characterizethenumberofdifferentcamouflagepatternsobservedinnature.
D suggesttheimpracticalityofstudyingcamouflagepatternsineveryrelevantspecies.
Thedatainfigurebestsupportwhichstatementaboutthemeanprobabilityofsurvivalforthevirtualmoths?
Itisdirectlycorrelatedwiththetotalnumberofvirtualmothsthatarepresent.
Itiseasiertodeterminethanisthenumberofedgepatchesthatarepresent.
Iteventuallystartstodecreaseasthenumberofedgepatchesincreases.
Itincreaseswiththenumberofpatchesthatarepresent.
28
32
Asusedinline22,“uniform”mostnearlymeans
indistinguishable.
simple.
unvarying.
symmetric.
Accordingtothedatapresentedinfigure2,whatwasthemeansearchtime,inseconds,tolocatevirtualmothswithexactlyfiveedgepatches?
2
4
6
8
29
Inthepassage,theauthorsuggeststhathumansandnonhumanpredatorsmaydifferintheirabilitytoperceive
perceivevisualpatterns.
detectsmallmotions.
locateground-nestingbird.
hearhigh-pitchedsounds.
30
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?
Lines38-41(“Hefound...spottingthem”)
Lines46-50(“Although...trials”)
Lines63-69(“Last...markings”)
Lines70-72(“Whether...do”)
Questions33-42arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Passage1isadaptedfromaspeechdeliveredtotheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyin1948byEleanorRoosevelt,“OntheAdoptionoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.”Passage2isadaptedfromEricPosner,“TheCaseagainstHumanRights.”©2014byGuardianNewsandMediaLimited.
40 ThisDeclarationisbaseduponthespiritualfactthatmanmusthavefreedominwhichtodevelophisfullstatureandthroughcommonefforttoraisethelevelofhumandignity.Wehavemuchtodotofullyachieveandtoassuretherightssetforthinthis
45Declaration.Buthavingthemputbeforeuswiththemoralbackingof58nationswillbeagreatstepforward.
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Passage1
Ingivingourapprovaltothedeclarationtoday,it
isofprimaryimportancethatwekeepclearlyinmindthebasiccharacterofthedocument.Itisnotatreatyitisnotaninternationalagreement.Itisnotanddoesnotpurporttobeastatementoflaworoflegalobligation.ItisaDeclarationofbasicprinciplesofhumanrightsandfreedoms,tobestampedwiththeapprovaloftheGeneralAssemblybyformalvoteofitsmembers,andtoserveasacommonstandardofachievementforallpeoplesofallnations.
WestandtodayatthethresholdofagreateventbothinthelifeoftheUnitedNationsandinthelifeofMankind,...
Atatimewhentherearesomanyissuesonwhichwefinditdifficulttoreachacommonbasisofagreement,itisasignificantfactthat58stateshavefoundsuchalargemeasureofagreementinthecomplexfieldofhumanrights.ThismustbetakenastestimonyofourcommonaspirationfirstvoicedintheCharteroftheUnitedNationstoliftmen
everywheretoahigherstandardoflifeandtoagreaterenjoymentoffreedom.Man’sdesireforpeaceliesbehindthisDeclaration.TherealizationthattheflagrantviolationofhumanrightsbyNaziand
Fascistcountriessowedtheseedsofthelastworld
warhassuppliedtheimpetusfortheworkwhichbringsustothemomentofachievementheretoday.
InarecentspeechinCanada,GladstoneMurraysaid:
Thecentralfactisthatmanisfundamentallyamoralbeing,thatthelightwehaveisimperfect
doesnotmattersolongaswearealwaystryingtoimproveit...weareequalinsharingthemoralfreedomthatdistinguishesusasmen.
Man’sstatusmakeseachindividualanendinhimself.Nomanisbynaturesimplytheservantofthestateorofanotherman...theidealand
factoffreedom—andnottechnology—arethetruedistinguishingmarksofourcivilization.
Passage2
Manypeoplearguethattheincorporationoftheideaofhumanrightsintointernationallawisoneof
50thegreatmoralachievementsofhumanhistory.Becausehumanrightslawgivesrightstoallpeopleregardlessofnationality,itdeprivesgovernmentsoftheirtraditionalripostewhenforeignerscriticisethemforabusingtheircitizens–namely
55“sovereignty”(whichislaw-speakfor“noneofyourbusiness”).Thus,internationalhumanrightslawprovidespeoplewithinvaluableprotectionsagainstthepowerofthestate.
Andyetitishardtoavoidtheconclusionthat
60governmentscontinuetoviolatehumanrightswithimpunity.Why,forexample,domorethan
150countries(outof193countriesthatbelongtotheUN)engageintorture?Whyhasthenumberofauthoritariancountriesincreasedinthelastseveral
65years?Whydowomenremainasubordinateclassinnearlyallcountriesoftheworld?Whydochildrencontinuetoworkinminesandfactoriesinsomanycountries?
Thetruthisthathumanrightslawhasfailedto
70accomplishitsobjectives.Thereislittleevidencethathumanrightstreaties,onthewhole,haveimprovedthewellbeingofpeople.Therea
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