22种修辞汇总(新)

RhetoricaDevice(FigureofArhetoricaldeviceisatechniqueusedinlanguagetoconveyideasandmessagesinapersuasiveway.Figuresofspeecharewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.修辞格(figuresofSimile(明喻)isafigureofspeechinvolvingacomparisonbetweentwoormorethings,whichareessentiallydifferentbuthaveatleastonepropertyorcharacteristicincommon.Wordslikeas,as...as,asif,asthough,as…so,andlikearethecommonlyusedexpressionstomakethecomparison.E.g.Justicewillrolldownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightstream.Itissomethinglikeimprovingthefoodintheprisonwhilethepeopleremainsecurelyincarceratedbehindbars.ThatscoundrelisasslyasanTogetawordfromhimwaslikepullingThefirsttimeIreadabook,itistomeasifIhadgainedanewHehadgivenmetheimpressionofabsoluterigidity,asthoughhehadswallowedapoker.What句型:ReadingistothemindwhatexerciseistotheWhatsculptureistotablockofmarble,educationistotheThan:AhomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutaHehadnomoreideaofmoneythanaAstudentcannomoreobtainknowledgewithoutstudyingthanfarmercangetharvestwithoutplowing.AndAwordandastoneletgocannotbeWordsandfeathersaretossedbytheTruthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.Metaphor(暗喻)isalsoafigureofspeechinvolvingacomparisonbetweentwoormorethings,whichshareatleastonepropertyorcharacteristic,butthecomparisonisnotexplicitlystated.E.g.Psychologicalfreedomisthemostpowerful…thelongnightofphysicalAlltheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyTheboywolfeddown(狼吞虎咽般地吃)thefoodthemomentheThemountainous(ft一般的巨浪)wavesswalloweduptheAntithesis(平行对照)isafigureofspeechwherecontrastingwordsorideasaredeliberatelyarrangedinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.E.g.Themindisenslaved,thebodycanneverbeEducationmakesapeopleeasytolead,butdifficulttodrive;easytogovern,butimpossibletoenslave.Marryinhasty,repentinleisure.Toerrishuman,toforgivedivine.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.WorkhasabitterrootbutsweetItwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingtheotherway…—CharlesDickens:AtaleofTwoCities4.Parallelstructure(parallelism)(平行结构):Inparallelconstructionitisnecessarytobalancewordforword(nounwithnoun,verbwithverb,adjectivewithadjective,etc.),phrasewithphrase,clausewithclause,sentencewithE.g.AnEnglishmanthinksseated;aFrenchman,standing;anAmerican,pacing;anIrishman,afterward.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.(Theworldlistens.Theworldwatches.Theworldwaitstoseewhatwewilldo.(句子平行)Theyvanishfromaworldwheretheywereofnoconsequences,wheretheyachievednothing;wheretheywereamistakeandfailureandafoolishness;wheretheyleftnosignthattheyhadexisted.(从句平行)Chiasmus(交错配列):arhetoricaldevicethatconsistsoftwobalancedstatements,thesecondofwhichreversestheorderofthewordsinthefirst,withorwithoutarepetition.E.g.Itispreciselythiscollisionofimmoralpowerwithpowerless(lesson1,BookAbsenceofevidenceisnotevidenceofabsence.(Lesson6,Book5)Iloveyouasyouloveme.Hewasanangelonthesurface,butatheartaknave.(olduse—dishonestman)Youhaveseenhowamanbecameaslave;youshallseehowaslavebecomesaman.Fortyistheoldageofyouth;fiftyistheyouthofoldAsknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou—askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.(lesson7,Book6)Paradoxisastatementthatappearstobelogicallycontradictoryandyetmaybetrue,thepurposeofwhichistoprovokefreshthought.E.g.we’llendupwithsolutionsthatdon’tsolve,answersthatdon’tanswer,explanationsthatdon’tIcanresisteverythingbuttemptation.Morehaste,lessspeed.Lovethatwecannothaveistheonethatlaststhelongest,hurtsthedeepest,andfeelsthestrongest.MakeawayoutofnoAnaphora(therhetoricaldeviceofrepeatingawordorphraseatthebeginningofsuccessiveclausesorsentences.E.g.I’mconcernedThroughviolence….throughviolence…Letusbedissatisfieduntil….Allusion):isafigureofspeechthatmakesareferenceorrepresentationofortoawell-knownperson,place,event,literarywork,myth,orworkofart.Sourcesofallusion:fairytales,myths,legendsandE.g.ChinadistraughtasLiuXiang’sAchellisheeldashesgoldendream.Research,frombeingtheCinderellaifindustry,wouldbecomeitsfavoredchild.Theboywhocriedwolf,sourgrapes(Biblical)allusion(圣经典故)isafigureofspeechinvolvingallusiontoBiblestories.Figleaf,TowerofBabelLesson1:StoryinPara.23Para.25:Justicewillrolldownlikewatersandrighteouslikeamightystream.Thelionandthelambshallliedowntogether,…“OutofonebloodGodmadeallmen..”Para.28:“Benotdeceived,Godisnotmocked….”ThecandidatemethisWaterloointhenationalelections.EnglishdramaandliteraryworksRomeoandJuliet,Frankenstein,Catch-22historicaleventsandBushasMr.ThecandidatesmethisWaterloointhenationalEverymanhasinhimselfacontinentofundiscoveredHappyishewhoactstheColumbustohisownTransferredepithet()isafigureofspeechwhereanadjectiveordescriptivephraseistransferredfromthenounitshouldmodifytoanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorE.g.Thetragicwall;themerrymonthofMaysleeplessHeclimbedupthecranetoadizzyheight.(Aheightthatcausespeopletofeeldizzy.)Alliteration(头韵)isafigureofspeechinwhichsuccessivewords(morestrictly,stressedsyllables)beginwiththesameconsonantsound.Assonanceisakindofalliterationthatusesrepeatedinitialvowelsounds.E.g.thelionandthelambshallliedownPeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledNexttohealth,heart,home,happinessformobileAmericansdependsupontheautomobile.IhadseenherattheKozyKampusKoxymoron(isacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoiningoftwocontrasting,contradictoryterms.E.g.adj.+udhumility;athunderoussilence,painfuladj.+adj.bittersweetmemories;poorrichguys,amiserable,merryChristmas,orderlychaos;adv.+adj.Falselytruth,awiselystupidn.+n.alife-deathstruggle,alove-hatev.+adv.Diemerrily,hastenslowly;IdespiseitsvastnessandE.g.partingissuchasweet----Shakespeare,"RomeoandE.g.Ithasthepoorestmillionaire,thelittlestgreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers,thedolefulestpleasuresofanytownIeversaw.又如:livingdeath(虽生犹死)、visibledarkness(若明若暗)、avictoriousdefeat(胜利的失败)、acleverfool(聪明的傻瓜)、audiblestillness(听得见的寂静)、sweetpangs(甜蜜的痛苦)、pleasure(悲喜交集)、anopensecret(公开的秘密)、cruelkindness(残忍zeugma)isfigureofspeechthatasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,eitherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.E.g.Postwarrichlivingandtheautomobileallbuttookawaythecountry’sbreathandlegs.We’llseetoitthattheblousesappealtoeyeaswellastotheYesterdayhehadablueheartandSheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessSynecdoche()isafigureofspeechthatapartisusedforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathing,orreverseofanyoftheses.Agoodsynecdocheisbasedonanimportantpartofthewholeandnotaminorpart,usuallythepartselectedtostandforthewholeisthepartmostdirectlyassociatedwiththesubjectunderdiscussion.E.g.weneed50handsfortheItisafleetoftwentysailslendmeyourearsreferstopeoplewhoaremouthstofeedreferstohungrypeople.SolomonreferstoaHepaidtheworkers$5perhead.AustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.Shewasdressedinsilksandsatins.Metonymy(借代)isafigureofspeechthatthenameofonethingisusedinplaceifanotherassociatedwithorsuggestedbyit.E.g.Whatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave.(“cradle”and“grave”referto“birth”and“death”ThepenismightierthantheTheWhiteHouseactuallyreferstotheauthoritieswhoaresymbolizedbytheWhiteHouse;TheCrownforakingdomisanotherexampleofthiskindofmetonymy.Ellipsis(省略)isalsoafigureofspeech,theomissionofawordorwordsrequiredbystrictgrammaticalrulesbutnotbysense.Themissingwordsareimpliedbythecontext.E.g.Sameage,samebackground,butdumbasanPatembracesMeredith,andMeredith,Hyperbole(夸张)isafigureofspeech,whichinvolvesadeliberateuseofexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.E.g.Belindasmiled,thewholeworldwasI’mdyingtoseePersonification(拟人):Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).e.g.:Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.Mosquitoeswereusingmyneckforfillingstations.LiquortalksmightyloudwhenitgetsloosefromtheOnomatopoeia:(拟声)Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestiveofsomeactionormovement.E.g.MyheartisbanginginmyTheticklingoftheclockistheonlysoundthatgreetedhim,fornotssoundremained.Irony(isafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisoramusingeffectbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeantorintended.E.g.:Hewassuchamarvelousteacherthatwheneverherecognizedasparkofgeniusyoucouldbesurehe’dwaterThepubliciswonderfullytolerantitforgiveseverythingexceptHowIenjoythefreezingPun(isafigureofspeechinvolvingaplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Thewordsmayhavetwoormoremeanings.E.g.:Womenhaveawonderfulsenseofrightandwrong,butlittlesenseofrightandleft.AnambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthefoodofhisIfwedon’thangtogether,weshallassumedlyhangEuphemism(委婉语)(goodspeech,sweettalk,gildedwords,cosmeticwords)—theuseofapleasant,politeorharmlesssoundingtermintheplaceofthoseconsideredunpleasant,rude,oroffensive.disabledpeople:disabled,handicapped,inconvenienced,visuallyretarded,mentallychallenged;beingold:seniorcitizen;goldenage,sunsetyears,advancedexcrete:washone’shand,relieveoneself,answerthecallofnature,passair,death:depart,passaway,beatrest,returntodust,beasleepinthearmsofGod,runone’srace.E.g.WehadthreemaindifficultieswithregardtothoseTheboyusedtotakethingswithoutpermission