关联理论视角下文化负载词的英译研究美版《甄嬛传》为例

福州大学本科生毕业论文PAGE18PAGE19ContentsTOC\o"1-2"\h\u7952ChineseAbstract 2English208Abstract 3299901.Introduction 4110881.1ResearchBackground 4285461.2ResearchObjectiveandSignificance 4200412.LiteratureReview 5208792.1ResearchesonRelevanceTheory 5101662.2ResearchesonCulture-loadedWords 6323253.TheoreticalFramework 774423.1RelevanceTheory 779843.2Relevance-theoreticalAccountofTranslation 9275104.ApplicationofRelevanceTheoryinTranslationofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalace 1010804.1

ClassificationsofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalace 1084224.2TranslationofCulture-loadedWordsandRelevanceTheory 12140654.3ApplicationofRelevanceTheoryinTranslationofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalace 1335185.Conclusion 1826360References 19关联理论视角下文化负载词的英译研究——以美版《甄嬛传》为例摘要近年来，随着信息网络化时代不断深入发展，影视作品成为世界各国人民了解彼此文化及语言的重要媒介。《甄嬛传》作为一部经典的清朝宫廷剧，台词中涉及大量反映中国传统文化的文化负载词。如何准确流畅地翻译这些文化负载词，同时向外国读者展示原汁原味的中华文化，对译者来说是一个很大的挑战。本文以关联理论为指导，从最佳关联原则的角度探讨美版《甄嬛传》中文化负载词的英译。作者将《甄嬛传》中的文化负载词进行分类解析，列举较为典型的翻译实例，着眼于译者对不同类别文化负载词所使用的翻译策略，探讨关联理论在文化负载词翻译中的应用。希望通过对《甄嬛传》中文化负载词的翻译分析，本文可以为字幕翻译研究开辟崭新的视野。关键词：文化负载词；关联理论；翻译；美版《甄嬛传》OnC-ETranslationofCulture-loadedWordsfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheory—ACaseStudyofEmpressesinthePalace AbstractInrecentyears,withthein-depthdevelopmentofnetworkinformationera,filmsandTVserieshavebecomeimportantmediaforpeopleofallcountriestounderstandculturesandlanguagesaroundtheworld.EmpressesinthePalace,asaclassicpalacedramaoftheQingDynasty,containsalargenumberofculture-loadedwordsreflectingtraditionalChineseculture.Itisreallyagreatchallengeandpainstakingtaskforthetranslatortopresentfluentandaccuratetranslationsofculture-loadedwordsandtointroduceourauthenticChinesecultureeffectivelytoforeignreaders.Thethesis,undertheguidanceofrelevancetheory,offersadetailedanalysisonthetranslationsofChineseculture-loadedwordsintheAmericanversionofEmpressesinthePalaceaccordingtotheprincipleofoptimalrelevance.Theauthorclassifiesandanalyzesculture-loadedwordsinthework,enumeratessometypicaltranslationexamples,andfocusesonthetranslationstrategiesusedbytranslatorsfordifferentcategoriesofculture-loadedwords,aswellastheapplicationofrelevancetheoryinthetranslationofculture-loadedwords.ByillustratingthetranslationofChineseculture-loadedwordsinEmpressesinthePalace,hopefullyanewperspectiveforsubtitletranslationcanbeprovided. Keywords:culture-loadedwords;relevancetheory;translation;EmpressesinthePalace1.Introduction1.1ResearchBackgroundWiththeprosperityofthedomesticculturalmarket,anincreasingnumberofforeignersareattractedbyChineseculture,ChineseTVseriesaretremendouslypopularintheoverseasmarket.Inthiscase,subtitlesinfilmsandtelevisionworksassumethemomentousresponsibilityforculturaltransmission.TheAmericanversionofEmpressesinthePalacebroadcastonthemainstreamAmericantelevision,whichpresentedthehistoryoftheQingDynastyandtraditionalChineseculturetoWesternaudiences.ThelinesofEmpressesinthePalaceinvolvequantitiesofculture-loadedwordsthatreflecttraditionalChineseculture.Withthedeepeningofinternationalexchanges,thedifferencesbetweenEasternandWesterncultureshavebecomeincreasinglyprominentintheprocessoftranslation.Thetranslationofculture-loadedwordshasbecomemoresignificant,whichdirectlyaffectscross-culturalcommunication.Tillnow,manyscholarshaveconductedrelevantresearchonthetranslationofculture-loadedwordsinanattempttobettersolvetheconfusionaboutfilmandTVseriescausedbyculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandthewest.Alargenumberoftranslatorsbothathomeandabroadhaveputforwardtranslationtheoriesandmethodswithinstructiveandimportantsignificance.Relevancetheory,asatheoryofcommunicationandcognition,providesthemostpowerfultheoreticalframeworkforinterpretingtranslation.Hence,thisthesisintendstotakeEmpressesinthePalaceasanexampletostudytheEnglishtranslationofChineseculture-loadedwordsfromtheperspectiveofrelevancetheory.1.2ResearchObjectiveandSignificanceWiththecontinuousdevelopmentofinternationalsociety,atremendousnumberofexcellentChinesefilmandTVserieshaveenteredtheinternationalfilmindustry.Howtoaccuratelytranslatetheculture-loadedwordsinChinesefilmandTVserieshasbecomeanurgentproblem.SuccessfulsubtitletranslationnotonlyenablestheaudiencetoappreciatethecharmoffilmandTVplays,butpromotesthefurtherdevelopmentofculturalexchanges.Therefore,itrequirestranslatorstofaithfullyconveytheessenceoflanguagewhileaccuratelyunderstandingtheculturalconnotationandculturaldifferences,andshowtheworldasplendidandvibrantChineseculture.Relevancetheory,asamajortheoryguidingthetranslationofculture-loadedwords,emphasizestheoptimalrelevancebetweenthetargettextandthereader,therebyguidingamorecomprehensiveandreasonableevaluationofthetranslation.However,therewerefewstudiesonrelevancetheoryinChina,andevenfeweronitscombinationwithspecificworks.Inaddition,scholarspaidmoreattentiontotheartisticvalueofEmpressesinthePalace,butrarelystudieditsChineseculturalimprintsoftheQingDynasty.However,thetranslationofculture-loadedwordsinthedramaplaysanimmeasurableroleinthespreadandexchangeofEasternandWesterncultures.Thisthesisaimstoadoptrelevancetheorytoanalyzethetranslationofculture-loadedwordsintheAmericanversionofEmpressesinthePalace,andexplorehowthetranslatorfindtheoptimalrelevancesoastoaccuratelyconveytheinformationintentionorcommunicativeintentiontotheTVaudience.Finally,itsummarizessometranslationmethodsandstrategiesofculture-loadedwords,aimingtoarousepeople’sattentiontothetranslationofculture-loadedwords,improvethequalityofEnglishtranslationofdomesticfilmandTVseriessubtitles,andmeettheexpectationsoftargetlanguageaudiencesintoday’ssociety.Simultaneously,itconducestobetterunderstandingthegreatsignificanceofculture-loadedwordstranslationforculturalexchangeandhasastrongguidingsignificancefortranslationpractice.2.LiteratureReview2.1ResearchesonRelevanceTheoryRelevancetheoryisaninterpretativetheorythatemergedinthefieldoflinguisticsinthe1980s.Itfocusesoncommunicationandcognition,andthefunctionistomakeareasonableexplanationofhumancognitionandcommunicationrules.2.1.1PreviousStudiesonRelevanceTheoryAbroadDanSperberandDeirdreWilsonreorganizedandinnovatedGrice’sConversationalPrinciple,thenputforwardthefamousrelevancetheoryinRelevance:CommunicationandCognitionin1986,whicharousedgreatrepercussionsabroad.Theymadeadetailedstudyofutteranceinterpretationfromtheperspectiveofrelevance,positioningcommunicationasanostensive-inferentialmodel.ErnstAugustGuttfirstlyappliesrelevancetheorytotranslationpractice.Heputforwardtheconceptofrelevance-theoretictranslationtheoryinTranslationandRelevance:CognitionandContextin1991.Thisconceptprovidesapowerfulandsystematictheoreticalframeworkfortranslationstudies.Thedifferencebetweenrelevance-theoreticaltranslationandtraditionaltheoryisthat“translationisaverbalcommunicativeactandaninferentialprocesscloselyrelatedtobrainmechanism”(Gutt,2004:34).Translationembodiesthedualprocessofinferenceandostension,whichisaspecialspeechintercommunication.Nidaadmits:“Gutthasmadeallimportantcontributiontotranslationstudiesbypointingoutadifferenttheoreticalapproachtoissueofcommunicativeresemblance”(Nida,2001:229).Manyforeignscholarshavepaidgreatattentiontorelevancetheory.Asthemostinfluentialwriter,Guttappliedthemainideasofrelevancetheorytotranslationstudiesandmadeabundantcontributionstotranslationresearch.2.1.2PreviousStudiesonRelevanceTheoryatHomeLinKenanpublishedanarticleABriefIntroductiontoRelevanceandTranslation,whichgaveabriefdescriptionoftheemergenceandargumentativebasisofrelevancetheoryandgraduallyopenedthedoorfordomesticscholarstostudyrelevancetheory.HeZiran(1997)publishedamonographPragmaticsandEnglishlearning,inwhichheintroducedandstudiedrelevancetheoryandtranslation.Hefoundthatpragmatictranslationisbasedonrelevancetheory.ThesearethereferencesfortheinitialstudyofrelevancetheoryinChina.ZhaoYanchun(1999)indicatedthattranslationisanactofintralingualorinterlingualoffensive-inferentialinterpretationofthesourcetext.Thetranslatorexistsasadoubleidentityofreaderandcommunicatorduringtranslation.MengJiangang(2002)proposedthatneitherforeignizationnordomesticationshouldbepersistedinasingleway,andtheirpracticeshouldbemainlybasedonthecommunicativeintentionoftheoriginalauthorandthetranslator.Inaddition,healsosuggestedthatthetheoryofdomesticationandforeignizationshouldbecombinedundertheframeworkofrelevancetheory.Manyotherscholars,suchasZhaoXinhong,MoAiping,LuoXuanmin,havealsostudiedthetranslationconceptofrelevancetheoryandputforwardpracticalsuggestions.2.2ResearchesonCulture-loadedWordsCulture-loadedwordsrefertowords,phrases,andidioms,whichreflecttheuniquenationalculture,traditionalcustomsandhabits.Asthecarrieroflanguage,culture-loadedwordscanhighlightthedifferencesofdifferentcultures.Hence,bothdomesticandforeignscholarshavestudiedthetranslationofculture-loadedwords.2.2.1PreviousStudiesonCulture-loadedWordsAbroadInwesterncountries,asearlyasthelastcentury,manytranslationtheoristshavemadedistinguishedexplorationsontheculturalfactorsintranslatingliteraryworks.ThesetheoristsincludeEugeneA.Nida,SusanBassnett,PeterNewmark,SusanStempleski,BarryTomalin.InLanguageandCulture:ContextinTranslating,EugeneA.Nida,afamousAmericantranslationtheorist,dividesculturalfactorsintofivecategories,“(1)ecologicalculture;(2)materialculture;(3)socialculture;(4)religiousculture;(5)linguisticculture”(Nida,1993:91).Inordertosucceedincross-culturalcommunication,Nidaregardsthatwemustfullyunderstandthefivebranchesofculture.Afterthat,manytranslatorsfurtherstudyandputforwardtheconceptofculture-loadedwords.SusanBassnettbelieves“theprocessoftranslationisnotmerelyalinguisticonebutinvolvesawholesetofextra-linguisticcriteriaalso”(Bassnett,2001:13).Sincethen,numeroustranslatorshavebeguntoadoptdifferenttranslationtheoriestoexploretheculture-loadedwords.2.2.2PreviousStudiesonCulture-loadedWordsatHomeWiththeenhancementofcommunicationbetweentheEastandtheWest,peopleinChinadipdeeperintoculture-loadedwords.SinceProfessorXuGuozhangpublishedCulture-loadedWordsandEnglishLanguageTeachingin1980,theresearchonculture-loadedwordshasbeenhighlyvaluedamongforeignlanguageteachersandlinguistsinChina.LiaoQiyi,afamousscholarinChina,describesculture-loadedwordsas“words,phrasesandidiomsthatmarksomethinguniquetoacertainculture.Thesewordsreflectthedistinctwaysofactivitiesaccumulatedbyspecificethnicgroupsoverthelonghistoricalprocess,whicharedifferentfromotherethnicgroups”(廖七一,2000:232).HuWenzhongbelievesthatculture-loadedwordshavetheirownuniquenationalculture,whichcanreflectanation’sculture(胡文仲,1999).BaoHuinanpointsoutthatculture-loadedwordsarealsocalledlexicalvacancy,whichmeansthatthesourcewordscarryingculturalinformationdonothavecorrespondingwordsinthetargetlanguage(包惠南,2004).YuanQing,inthearticleCulture-loadedWordsandTheirTranslationMethods,believesthatculture-loadedwordsarewordscontainedwithinaspecificculturalscope,whichdirectlyorindirectlyreflectnationalcultureinvocabulary,includingidiomsandallusions(袁清,2007).Onbalance,culture-loadedwordsaretheembodimentofspecificculturalphenomena.Acomparativestudyofculture-loadedwordsexertsgreatimpactonimprovingthequalityoftranslationandpromotingcross-culturalcommunication.3.TheoreticalFramework3.1RelevanceTheorySincethe1980s,thecognitivestudyoflanguagefunctionhasincreasinglybecomeanimportantpartofcognitivelinguistics.Thetwomajorthemesofpragmaticsarediscoursegenerationanddiscourseunderstanding.InthestudiesofLeech,Levinson,Horn,SperberandWilson,themostinfluentialistherelevancetheoryputforwardbySperberandWilsonintheirmonographRelevance:CommunicationandCognition. 3.1.1BriefIntroductiontoRelevanceTheorySperberandWilsondevelopedrelevancetheoryonthebasisofGrice’sRelevanceMaxim.In1986,theyfirstproposedacognitivepragmatictheoryoflanguagecommunicationbasedoncognitivepsychologyintheirbookRelevance:CommunicationandCognition.Inthistheory,therearetwomodesforverbalcommunicationsimultaneously:themostbasicistheinferentialmodel,andtheotheriscodemodel.Relevanceisanostensive-inferentialprocessinvolvinginformationintentionandcommunicativeintention.Relevanceisdefinedastherelationshipbetweenthesameseriesofcontexts,thatis,thesemanticandpragmaticrelationshipbetweenthelatterdiscourseandtheformerdiscourseintheprocessofconversation,aswellasthecontextonwhichconversationdepends(卜杰民,2004).Inotherwords,languagecommunicationisregardedasanostensive-inferentialprocess.Fromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics,itisproposedthatlanguagecommunicationisacognitiveactivitybasedoncertainrulesofinference.Relevancetheorybreaksthroughthetraditionalconceptandpaysmoreattentiontocognitivemethodology,whichisthereasonwhyitiscategorizedascognitivepragmatics.Relevancetheoryfocusesoncompetenceratherthanbehavior.Itdealswiththeprocessofcommunicationandattemptstoshedlightonhowthehumanbrainprocessesinformationtoenableustocommunicatewithothers.3.1.2Ostensive-inferentialCommunication“Thesuccessofcommunicationisnotwhenthehearerrecognizesthelinguisticmeaningoftheutterance,butwhentheyinferthespeaker’smeaningfromtheutterance”(Sperber&Wilson,1986:38-64).Communicationisaprocessofostensionandinference.Ostensionreferstotheaddresser’sexplicitintentiontoexpressinformation,whileinferencereferstotheaddressee’sunderstandingoftheaddresser’scommunicativeintentionaccordingtotheaddresser’scontextualassumption.SperberandWilson(1986)believethathumanscancommunicatewitheachotherthroughtheoperationalcapabilitiesofthebrain,sothatdifferentconclusionscanbedrawnthroughdifferentbehaviorsofeachother.MengJiangangoncepointedoutthatostensive-inferentialcommunicationincludesthreeparts:informationintention,communicativeintentionandostensivestimulusbehavior(孟建钢,2002).Ostensive-inferentialcommunicationcanbeexplainedasfollows:astimulusissentoutbythecommunicator,whichwillgeneratemutualunderstandingbetweentheaudienceandthecommunicatorasexpectedbythecommunicator.Throughthisstimulus,theaudiencecandrawaseriesofhypotheses.Relevancetheoryholdsthatthewholeprocessofcommunicationisdynamicandinferstheinformationofcontext.Thesamewayofexpressioncanconveydifferentcommunicativeintentions.Thesuccessofcommunicationmainlydependsonwhetherthecommunicatorhasclearlyexpressedhisinformationintentiontotheaudience,andwhethertheaudiencehasdrawnthecorrectinferencefortheinformationprovidedbythecommunicator.3.1.3OptimalRelevanceTherelevanceprincipleis:“everyostensive-inferentialcommunicationshouldbeassumedtohaveoptimalrelevance”(Sperber&Wilson,1986:158).Accordingtorelevancetheory,themaximumrelevanceistoachievethegreatestcontextualeffectwiththeleastprocessingeffort;theoptimalrelevanceistoobtainthebestcontextualeffectwiththeeffectiveeffortinunderstandingdiscourse.Generallyspeaking,theheareralwaysfollowstheoptimalrelevanceprincipleincommunication.Whenthehearerthinksthathehasachievedthedesiredcontextualeffectaftermakingcognitiveefforts,hiscognitiveeffortswillstop.Optimalrelevance,thecoreprincipleofrelevancetheory,istheresultthatpeopleexpectinverbalcommunication.Ingeneral,humancognitionisalwaysinlinewiththemaximumrelevance,whileanyostensivecommunicationbehaviorexpectstoproducetheoptimalrelevance.“Optimalrelevanceisthegoalthattranslatorsstrivetoachieveandtheprinciplestandardoftranslationresearch”(林克难,1994:7).Thetargetreadersoftenexpecttheoptimalrelevanceofthetargettext,sothetranslatorshouldtrytomakethetargettextreachtheoptimalrelevance.Thisrequiresthetranslatornotonlytounderstandtheinformationintentionofthesourcetext,butalsotounderstandthecommunicationintentionimpliedinthesourcetext,andthentofullyconsiderthecognitivecontextofthetargetreaders,toseektheoptimalrelevancebetweenthecognitivecontextofthesourcelanguageandthecognitivecontextofthetargetlanguageasmuchaspossible,soastoachievethesamecommunicativepurposeastheoriginaltext.3.2Relevance-theoreticalAccountofTranslationRelevance-theoreticaltranslationisatranslationtheorywithstrongexplanatorypower,whichisbasedonrelevancetheory(proposedbySperberandWilson).Gutt,thepioneerwhoappliesrelevancetheorytotranslationresearch,pointingoutthattranslationisakindofspeechcommunicationbehaviorandaninferentialprocesscloselyrelatedtobrainmechanism.Relevancetheoryemphasizestheunderstandingoflanguageincontext,andholdsthatlanguagecommunicationisacognitiveactivitybasedoncertainrulesofinference.Thiscognitiveactivityaimstoachievethebestcontextualeffectwiththeminimalmentaleffort,thatis,toachievethemaximumrelevance.Relevance-theoreticaltranslation,ontheotherhand,isarelativeconcept.Underthesameconditions,thesmallertheprocessingeffort,thestrongertherelevancewillbe;thelargerthecontextualeffect,thestrongertherelevancewillbe.Duetothedifferencebetweencognitiveenvironmentandcontext,thekeyofhumancommunicationliesincreatingakindofexpectationfortheoptimalrelevance,thatis,listeningtotheexpectationthattheexplanationheistryingtomakewillproduceenoughcontextualeffectwiththelowestprocessingeffort.Astranslationiscommunicationbetweentwolanguages,andthecognitiveenvironmentorcontextoftheoriginalauthorandthetargetreaderaredifferent,translatorsarerequiredtoassumedoubleresponsibilitiesintranslation.Thetranslatorshouldrecreatetheauthor’swritingintentionandmakethetranslationinlinewiththereader’sexpectationasmuchaspossible.Theoptimalrelevanceisnotonlythegoalthatthetranslatorshouldstrivetoachieveintheprocessoftranslation,butalsotheprincipleandstandardoftranslation.Agoodtranslationcannotonlyexplaintheauthor’sintention,butalsodonotrequirethereadertospendunnecessaryprocessingeffortsintheprocessofunderstandingthetranslation.4.ApplicationofRelevanceTheoryinTranslationofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalace4.1

ClassificationsofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalaceAsculture-loadedwordsareincreasinglyandcloselyrelatedtotheculture,itisessentialtomakeaclassificationofculture-loadedwordswithregardtoculturalelementsinEmpressesinthePalace.ConsideringthatNida’sclassificationofcultureisrelativelypersuasiveintheworld,basedonthefivetypesofsub-culture,theauthorthinksthatcorrespondingly,theculture-loadedwordsinEmpressesinthePalacecanbeclassifiedintofivecategories,namely,ecologicalculture-loadedwords,materialculture-loadedwords,socialculture-loadedwords,religiousculture-loadedwords,andlinguisticculture-loadedwords.Eachcategorywillbestudiedingreatdetailrespectively.4.1.1EcologicalCulture-loadedWordsEcologicalculture-loadedwordscanreflecttheclimate,geologicalandnaturalenvironmentconditionsortherelationshipbetweenhumanandnaturalenvironmentinaparticularlanguage.Thesewordsincludeplants,animals,mountains,rivers,cities,villagesandsoon.Itemphasizesthelanguageexpressionswithdistinctiveregionalfeatureshapedbyspecificecologicalenvironment.Intermsofanimals,therearemanycultureloaded-wordsanduniqueexpressionsinEmpressesinthePalace.Forexample,冰上飞燕—FlyingSwallowoftheIce(literaltranslation),鹤顶红—crane’sredcrown(literaltranslation),惊鸿舞—FlyingWildGoose(literaltranslation),蛇蝎女子—awickedsoul(freetranslation),招蜂引蝶—todrawtheattentionofmen(freetranslation),狐媚东西—theminx(freetranslation),龙体—yourhealth(omission),鸡犬升天—riseupthroughhersuccess(freetranslation),青梅竹马—childhoodplaymates(freetranslation).4.1.2MaterialCulture-loadedWordsMaterialculture-loadedwordscanreflectthemeansofproductionandlivelihoodusedinhumanachievements,includingeconomy,science,technology,food,clothing,handicraftindustry,andconstructionindustry.Thesewordscarrythedailylifeofhumanbeingsandreflectthewisdomoflaboringpeople.InEmpressesinthePalace,forexample,养心殿—YangxinHall(transliteration),燕鸣关—YanmingPass(transliteration),倚梅园—YimeiGarden(transliteration),琉璃花樽—thecoloredglassvase(literaltranslation),冷宫—ColdPalace(literaltranslation),宗人府—theImperialClanCourt(literaltranslation),一丈红—theScarletRed(literaltranslation),金缕衣—GoldenEmbroideredGarments(literaltranslation),腰牌—entrypass(freetranslation).“寿康宫”reflectstheChinesepeople’sdesireforalongandhealthylifesinceancienttimes,andplacesagoodmoralandaspirationonit.BecausethecorrespondingwordscanbefoundinEnglish,theliteraltranslationmethodisadopted.Iftransliterationisadopted,translationinto“Shoukang”mayconfuseforeignlanguagereaders.Atthesametime,literaltranslationalsoconformstotheprincipleoffaithfulnessintranslation,soittranslatesinto“theHallofLongevityinWellbeing”.4.1.3SocialCulture-loadedWordsSocialculture-loadedwordscanreflectthelifestyle,habits,historyandsocialactivitiesofspecificlanguagegroups.Socialculture-loadedwordshavethedeepestmeaningandcoverawiderange,includingthestructureofhumansociety,traditionalcustomsandbehavior,literature,artandsoon.InEmpressesinthePalace,forexample,满军旗—theManchuBanners(transliteration),惠嫔—ImperialConcubineHui(transliteration),钮钴禄—Niohuru(transliteration),御前侍卫—imperialguards(literaltranslation),懿旨—decree(literaltranslation),撂牌子—bepassedover(freetranslation),万岁万岁万万岁—LonglivetheEmperor(omission).Apartfromthetranslationof“Empress”,thetranslationofothertitlesremainstobediscussed.Thetranslationof“官女子”into“FemaleAttendant”onlyreflectsthe“female”literally,butitcan’treflectthehierarchicalrelationshipwith“答应”and“常在”;thetranslationof“贵人”into“Lady”and“NobleLady”isthesame.Inwesterncountries,forexample,inBritain,whichstillretainsthehereditarysystemofthearistocracy,ladyandnobleladycanbeusedtorefertotheladiesofanyaristocracy,thatistosay,theconcubinesintheplaycanbecalledLadyandNobleLady.Duetothedifferentcognitiveenvironmentandcontext,literaltranslationofthesetitleswillinevitablycausedifficultiesforforeignaudiencestoclarifytherelationshipbetweencharacters.Foreignaudiencesneedtospendextraprocessingeffortstoobtaintheinformationintentionoftheplay,whichisinconsistentwiththeprincipleofoptimalrelevance.Fromabove,wecanseethattheuseofEnglishtoexpressthetitlesoftheChinesecourthasresultedinthelexicalgap,anditisdifficulttospecificallyexpressthehierarchyinthecourt.Therefore,whentranslatingfilmandTVseries,thesetitlesmustbeannotatedwithculture,otherwisetheaudiencewillbeunabletounderstand.4.1.4ReligiousCulture-loadedWordsReligiousculture-loadedwordscanreflectthereligiousbeliefsandvaluesofspecificlanguagegroups.Buddhism,TaoismandConfucianismhaveaprofoundimpactontheuniversalvaluesofChinesepeople.Therefore,therearemanyculture-loadedwordsrelatedtoreligiouscultureinChinese.InEmpressesinthePalace,forexample,甘露寺—GanluTemple(transliteration),沐浴熏香—bathingandburningincense(literaltranslation),阿弥陀佛—Buddhabetrusted(freetranslation),法师—priest(replacement),听天命—leavetofate(replacement),平安符—amulets(replacement),住持—Abbess(replacement),天恩—imperialgrace(replacement),经幡—prayerflags(literaltranslation),妖孽—fiend(literaltranslation).4.1.5LinguisticCulture-loadedWordsLinguisticculture-loadedwordscanreflectthecharacteristicsofpronunciationandspellingofaspecificlanguage.InChinese,typicallinguisticculture-loadedwordsmainlyrefertoancientpoems,allegory,idioms,puns,reduplicationandsoon.InEmpressesinthePalace,forexample,左右逢源—tocurryfavorwithbothsides(literaltranslation),招摇过市—swaggeredthroughthestreets(literaltranslation),萤烛之辉—insignificantskill(freetranslation),东施效颦—followherexample(freetranslation),日久生情—proximitybreedsfondness(freetranslation),燃眉之急—pressingneed(omission),口是心非—playingadoublegame(replacement),如履薄冰—Itwasawalkacrossthinice(literaltranslation),太阳打哪儿出来了？—Pigsmaywellfly!(replacement).“逆风如解意,容易莫摧残”istranslatedinto“Maythegalethatrushesintotheblossom,caressherandneverletherbebroken”.Thetranslatordoesnotadoptsimpleliteraltranslation,buttakesintoaccounttheoverallenvironmentofthesourcelan